Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Conditioning |
ConditioningNoun1. A learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "conditioning" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1900. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Electrical Engineering | The cyclical charging and discharging of a battery to ensure that it is fully charged when supplied. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A process of adjusting the characteristics of a gaseous fuel as required, by the admixture of other gases or liquids. In the USA the term embraces both the removal of objectionable constituents and the addition of desirable constituents. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Food & Agriculture | Temporary wet storage of live bivalve molluscs, whose quality does not indicate need for relaying or treatment in a purification plant, in tanks or any other installation containing clean seawater, to remove sand, mud or slime and to improve product palatability. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The storage of live bivalve molluscs, whose quality does not indicate the need for relaying or treatment in a purification plant, in tanks or any other installation containing clean sea water or in natural sites to remove sand, mud or slime. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| The treatment applied at the conclusion of a seasoning schedule to reduce moisture gradients within the pieces of timber and/or bring the moisture content of the charge to the specified level. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| In general, the adjustment of the moisture content of timber or other material to the conditions and purposes for which it is to be used, by e. g. exposure to site conditions or by treatment in a kiln or a conditioning chamber. Also to improve its penetrability to preservatives. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Industry | Treatment in order to give the product a prescribed and an uniform moisture content and temperature. Source: European Union. (references) |
Metallurgy | Removal of surface defects from semifinished steel by chipping, scarfing, grinding or machining to prepare it for further processing. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | Stage of froth-flotation process in which the surfaces of the coal or associated impurities present in a pulp are treated with appropriate chemicals to influence their reaction when the pulp is aerated. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | Those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal. Source: European Union. (references) |
Post & Telecom | The improvement of transmission properties of a voiceband transmission line by correcting the amplitude and phase characteristics of the line amplifier. Source: European Union. (references) |
Public Administration | Conditioning is the exposure of a specimen to an environmental condition in order to determine the effect of such a condition on it. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Conditioning is the common psychological term for what Pavlov (1927) described as the development of "conditional" behavior through learning. The most famous example of conditioning involves the development of conditional salivary responses in Pavlov's dogs. If a tone was reliably sounded before the dogs were fed, the dogs would eventually start salivating when they heard the tone. The dog's responses (salivation) to the tone are said to be conditional upon the dogs' experience with the pairings of the tone and food. Dogs that have not experienced this condition do not salivate when they hear tones. Pavlov's dogs are therefore said to have been conditioned. Their reactions to the tone have been changed through experience. Most psychologists believe that there are two types of conditioning, Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning: Classical conditioning--also called "pavlovian conditioning" or "respondent conditioning"--involves learning about the association of two or more (usually external) stimuli. Classical conditioning is generally associated with Ivan Pavlov. When two things generally occur together, encountering one can bring the other to mind (c.f., Aristotle's law of contiguity). Thus, when Pavlov's dog hears the tone, salivation and other food-related responses occur because the tone and food commonly occurred together in the dog's experience.Operant conditioning, also called "instrumental conditioning", involves the modification of behavior due to the consequences of behavior. When a response or act is followed by a reinforcing consequence, the future probability of the response increases. When a response or act is followed by a punishing consequence, the future probability of the response decreases. Operant conditioning is generally associated with B.F. Skinner (1938, 1953, 1957). During reinforcement and punishment, the behavior of an organism is changed by the experience of the coincidence of the response and consequence (some would say the contingency between the response and consequence). The organism (or the response) is thus said to have been conditioned.
- In the most famous example of classical conditioning, Pavlov exposed dogs to repeated pairings of a tone and food. Again and again, a tone was audible for several seconds and then the dog was given a small portion of food. Before these pairings, the dog had innate, unconditional, food-related responses (most famously, salivation) to the food, but no food-related reactions to the tone. The food, therefore, was called an unconditional stimulus (abbreviated US or UCS), and salivation was called an unconditional response (abbreviated UR or UCR). These terms were chosen to reflect that no experience or conditions were needed for this stimulus-response relationship to occur. The food and tone were part of an unconditional reflex.
- The tone, however, initially elicited no food-related responses, and was therefore termed a neutral stimulus (abbreviated NS). After the dog experienced the pairings of the tone and food, however, the effects of the tone were changed. The previously neutral tone began to elicit salivation. The newly conditioned tone, therefore, was called a conditional stimulus (abbreviated CS) because its effects on food-related responses were conditional upon the dog's experiences. The salivation elicited by the tone, also conditional upon the dog's experience, was called a conditioned (or conditional) response (abbreviated CR). After conditioning, the tone and salivation were part of a conditional reflex.
- Extinction of a conditional reflex occurs when the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditional stimulus. Food-related responses to conditional stimulus generally cease over the course of extinction.
- Classical conditioning is involved in a number of important phenomena, like taste aversions, phobias, sexual fetishes, immune function, drug tolerance, and drug overdose.
As psychologists use the term, conditioning is less prescriptive than descriptive. While Pavlov explicitly conditioned his dogs to salivate to tones, the interest in Pavlov's work is that his explicit conditioning procedures are considered useful laboratory models for what happens in the natural world. People also display natural food-related behavior in response to stimuli that are reliably paired or associated with food. Pavlov merely provided a procedure for modeling and investigating these natural phenomena in the laboratory. Pavlov's model is still used to investigating the natural behavior of organisms. Similarly, reinforcement and punishment are understood to be natural phenomena occurring moment by moment in the lives of all animals. Laboratory studies are designed to enlighten the investigator into the nature of these phenomena rather than to discover better techniques of social, political, or economic control.
- A typical example of operant conditioning in the laboratory would be a comparison of the response rates of rats under two conditions. In the first, rats are allowed to press a lever with no programmed consequence. In the second, rats are allowed to press a lever with the result that each lever press is immediately followed by giving the rat a small portion of food. Generally, the rate of lever pressing is higher in the second condition. It is then said that lever pressing was reinforced by the presentation of food, or that the response-contingent presentation of food strengthed lever pressing.
- Consequences can be either reinforcing (strengthening the response) or punishing (weakening the response).
References
- Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. (G. V. Anrep, Trans.). London: Oxford University Press.
*Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. Acton, MA: Copley.
*Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York. Macmillan.
*Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
*Siegel, S. (1978). Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 498-506.See Also
- Observational learning
*Psychology
*Behaviorism
*Radical behaviorism
*ReinforcementExternal Links
Conditioning is also an engineering term for putting something (for example a communications link) into a particular condition.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Conditioning."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Refrigeration | Air conditioning, central air conditioning; air conditioner; fan, attic fan; dehumidifier. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Space Conditioning (1960) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Looking through a cannon port towards the azure waters of the southern Gulf of Mexico. These openings also served as air conditioning and let the sea breeze through. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Mutton snapper hatchery - two broodstock conditioning tanks in the foreground - nursery tanks in the background. 25,000 liter tanks. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Air Service Command. Corporal Frank Hoffman, airplane mechanic with a mobile unit. Corporal Hoffman comes from 25 Moyston Street, Schenectady, New York where he was a sheet metal worker for an air conditioning company. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Potomac Electric Power Co. air conditioning and lighting. Anacostia liquor store I. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Electric Institute of Washington, Potomac Electric Power Co. Air conditioning displays I. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Mayflower Hotel. Construction of air conditioning on roof of Mayflower Hotel. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Air conditioning vent" by Jason Krieger Commentary: "A macro shot of a dusty air conditioning vent." | "Nice tubes" by Jerry Zee Commentary: "Yellow tubes which delivered cold air for air conditioning into a bank during construction." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | Air conditioner; fan; cooling; ventilator; Freon; air conditioning; climate control; temperature regulator. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | In this state Frank Churchill had found her, she trembling and conditioning, they loud and insolent |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp., commonly found in lakes, swimming pools, tap water, and heating and air conditioning units. (references) | |
Outbreaks of legionellosis have occurred after persons have breathed mists that come from a water source (e.g., air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, showers) contaminated with Legionella bacteria. (references) | ||
For travelers to areas with dengue, a well as people living in areas with dengue, the risk of being bitten by mosquitoes indoors is reduced by utilization of air conditioning or windows and doors that are screened. (references) | ||
Business | The Government plans to install air conditioning. (references) | |
Approximately 3.1 million houses use air conditioning. (references) | ||
In 1999 the market for central air conditioning units reached 3,500 units. (references) | ||
Economic History | Chile | Local manufacturing of air conditioning or refrigeration equipment is minimal. (references) |
Ukraine | Nearly all-local manufacturers import chemical binding, conditioning, and coupling agents. (references) | |
Greece | High tech, portable lightweight tools are also in demand, as is central air conditioning equipment. (references) | |
Trade | Canada | For example, the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute and the CSA have harmonized performance standards for air conditioners and heat pumps, packaged water chillers, and water-source heat pumps. (references) |
Travel | Russia | Summers, while brief, can be surprisingly hot, and air conditioning is still rare outside big-city hotels. (references) |
Nigeria | Air conditioning and hot water are often a problem in hotels, in addition to the frequent breakdown of elevators. (references) | |
Worker Rights | El Salvador | Some of the largest plants have dust control, air conditioning, on-site medical facilities, and enforced safety regimes. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Conditioning" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 66.35% of the time. "Conditioning" is used about 425 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 66.35% | 282 | 17,376 |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 23.06% | 98 | 33,072 |
| Noun (proper) | 5.41% | 23 | 72,767 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 5.18% | 22 | 74,468 |
| Total | 100.00% | 425 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "conditioning": Air Conditioning ♦ all year air conditioning ♦ Aroma Behavior Conditioning ♦ aversion conditioning ♦ aversive conditioning ♦ classical conditioning ♦ Conditioning (Psychology) ♦ conditioning effect ♦ conditioning zone ♦ instrumental conditioning ♦ line conditioning ♦ operant conditioning ♦ SuperShape Psychological Conditioning System ♦ Tissue Conditioning (Dental) ♦ Transplantation Conditioning ♦ year round air conditioning. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "conditioning": air-conditioning, culture-conditioning, deep-conditioning, exposure-conditioning, home-conditioning, over-conditioning, pre-conditioning, skin-conditioning. | |
Containing "conditioning": air-conditioning duct, air-conditioning plant, air-conditioning system, air-conditioning unit. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "conditioning"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | kondicionim (air conditioning, air cooling). (various references) | |
Arabic | تكييف (accommodation). (various references) | |
Chinese | 适应 (acclimatise, Acclimatize, Acclimatized, Acclimatizing, Adapt, Adaptation, Adapted, Adapting, Adaption, back-geared, Conditioned, geared). (various references) | |
Czech | podmiòování. (various references) | |
Danish | udligning (compensation, equalisation, equalization, equalizing, offset, reconciliation, regeneration, shift), tilvænning (habituation), tilpasning (adaptation, adjustment), rensning (brushing, cleaning, decontamination, dirt removal, do up, purification, refining, scavenging, scraping, scrubbing, shake, shaking, stripping, winnowing), liniekorrektion (line conditioning), konditionering (condition, those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal, treatment), betingning, behandling (treatment). (various references) | |
Dutch | conditionnering, conditionering (packaging, those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal, treatment), conditioneren (set conditions, stipulate), voorbereiding (preparation), verwatering, lijnaanpassing (line conditioning), konditionering (those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal), konditioneren (equalizing), klimatiseren (condition), klaarmaken (finish, prepare), dressen (dressing, truing), behandeling (treatment), afristen (dressing, truing). (various references) | |
Esperanto | klimatizo (air conditioning), klimatizilo (air conditioning). (various references) | |
Finnish | tasapainotilaan asettaminen (equalizing), suhditus, sopeuttaminen (adjustment), siistiminen, muokkaus (editing, forming, shaping, soil cultivation, soil working, tillage, tillage operations, tilling), linjavahvistimen säätö (line conditioning), linjasäätö (line conditioning), linjakorjaus (line conditioning), ilmastointi (air-conditioning), formeeraus, ehdollistuminen. (various references) | |
French | conditionnement (condition, line conditioning, those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal). (various references) | |
German | konditionierend. (various references) | |
Greek | καθορισμός (delimitation), προετοιμασία (prep, preparation, preparatory), εξάρτηση (dependence, dependency, reliance). (various references) | |
Hebrew | התניה (stipulation). (various references) | |
Hungarian | szabályozás (rating, regulation, setting), pihentetés (ageing), nedvességtartalom szabályozás, kondicionálás. (various references) | |
Italian | condizionamento (condition, equalizing, line conditioning, those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal, treatment). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 条件づけ , 条件付け , コンテナ船 (condense, condensed milk, condenser, condition, conditioner, container ship, contemporary, contents, contra, contrabass, contract, contraction, contralto, contrast, control, control amp, control program, control tower, controller, tale). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | コンディショニング , じょうけんづけ. (various references) | |
Korean | 조절 (Modulating). (various references) | |
Papiamen | erkondeshon (air conditioning), erko (air conditioning). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | onditioningcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | correcção de transmissão (line conditioning), condicionamento, relativo a condensado, equilibração (equilibration), acondicionamento (packaging, stowage, turn-out), acabamento (complement, completion, consummation, finish, finishing, workmanship). (various references) | |
Russian | кондиционирование (air-conditioning), обработка (adaptation, cultivation, elaboration, manipulation, manufacture, refinement, tillage, treatment, working), подготовка;согласование. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | uslovljavanje. (various references) | |
Spanish | condicionamiento (treatment), climatización (air conditioning), tratamiento (discussion, endeavor, endeavour, enquiry, medication, processing, style, treatment, usage), igualado (evening out), equilibrador de humedad (equalizing), de condicional, acondicionamiento de la línea (line conditioning), acondicionamiento (bolting, packaging, screening, sifting, those operations which transform the concentrates produced by treatment and other dispersable wastes into forms suitable for transport and/or storage and/or disposal), acondicionado (equalizing). (various references) | |
Swedish | konditionering (equalizing), betingning. (various references) | |
Tagalog | air con (air conditioning). (various references) | |
Turkish | klima tesisatı (air conditioning), iklimleme (air conditioning), havalandırma (aeration, air conditioning, airing, blower, fanner, ventilating, ventilation). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | кондиціювання (seasoning), кондиційований. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "conditioning": counterconditioning, deconditioning, preconditioning, reconditioning. (additional references) | |
Words containing "conditioning": counterconditionings. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "conditioning" (pronounced kundi"shuning) |
| 10 | k u n d i" sh u n i ng | reconditioning. |
| 7 | -d i" sh u n i ng | auditioning. |
| 6 | -i" sh u n i ng | commissioning, decommissioning, partitioning, petitioning, positioning, repositioning. |
| 5 | -sh u n i ng | apportioning, auctioning, captioning, cautioning, cushioning, fashioning, freshening, functioning, malfunctioning, mentioning, motioning, rationing, sanctioning, sectioning, stationing, vacationing. |
| 4 | -u n i ng | abandoning, awakening, bargaining, battening, beckoning, blackening, bludgeoning, brightening, broadening, burdening, burgeoning, championing, cheapening, christening, coarsening, dampening, darkening, deadening, deafening, deepening, determining, disciplining, disheartening, disillusioning, enlightening, envisioning, examining, fastening, fattening, flattening, frightening, gardening, glistening, happening, hardening, hastening, heartening, heightening, imagining, imprisoning, jettisoning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, likening, listening, loosening, maddening, margining, opening, orphaning, pardoning, poisoning, provisioning, questioning, quickening, reasoning, reawakening, reckoning, reexamining, reopening, ripening, ruining, saddening, seasoning, sharpening, shortening, sickening, siphoning, slackening, softening, stiffening, straightening, strengthening, summoning, sweetening, thickening, threatening, tightening, toughening, unquestioning, weakening, whitening, widening, worsening. |
| 3 | -n i ng | abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, awning, ballooning, banning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, boning, branning, brining, Browning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, careening, cartooning, chaining, chaperoning, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, cocooning, coining, combining, complaining, concerning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, dawning, declining, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disdaining, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, entertaining, evening, explaining, fanning, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, frowning, gaining, ginning, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, headlining, honing, Horning, housecleaning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, lightning, lining, loaning, machining, maintaining, Manning, meaning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, mourning, obtaining, opining, ordaining, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, penning, pertaining, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, postponing, preening, preplanning, pruning, quarantining, raining, realigning, reassigning, reclining, redefining, redesigning, redlining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, running, scanning, screening, shining, shunning, signing, sinning, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stoning, straining, streamlining, stunning, sunning, sustaining, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thinning, toning, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unreasoning, Vining, waning, warning, weaning, whining, wining, winning, yawning, yearning, zoning. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-d-g-i-i-i-n-n-n-o-o-t" | |
-3 letters: cognition, condition, condoning, connoting, digitonin, incognito, indicting, indiction, indigotin. | |
-4 letters: ignition, inciting, inditing, intoning, nonionic, noticing. | |
-5 letters: coining, coition, condign, conning, diction, dinning, dinting, donning, gonidic, idiotic, nicotin, nooning, tinning. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-d-g-i-i-i-n-n-n-o-o-t" | |
+2 letters: deconditioning, reconditioning. | |
+3 letters: preconditioning. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Sounds | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
