Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Condense |
CondenseVerb1. Undergo condensation; change from a gaseous to a liquid state; "water condenses". 2. Make more concise; "condense the contents of a book into a summary". 3. Remove water from; "condense the milk". 4. Cause a gas or vapor to change into a liquid; "The hot air condensed the steam". 5. Become more compact or concentrated; "Her feelings condensed". 6. Develop due to condensation; "All our planets condensed out of the same material". 7. Compress or concentrate; "Congress condensed the three-year plan into a six-month plan". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "condense" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i.e. density, crystal structure, index of refraction, and so forth.) The most familiar examples of phases are solids, liquids, and gases. Less familiar phases include plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates, and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials.
Phases are sometimes called states of matter, but this term can lead to confusion with thermodynamic states. For example, two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states, but the same "state of matter".
Definitions
Although phases are conceptually simple, they are hard to define precisely. A good definition of a phase of a system is a region in the parameter space of the system's thermodynamic variables in which the free energy is analytic. Equivalently, two states of a system are in the same phase if they can be transformed into each other without abrupt changes in any of their thermodynamic properties.
All the thermodynamic properties of a system -- the entropy, heat capacity, magnetization, compressibility, and so forth -- may be expressed in terms of the free energy and its derivatives. For example, the entropy is simply the first derivative of the free energy with temperature. As long as the free energy remains analytic, all the thermodynamic properties will be well-behaved.
When a system goes from one phase to another, there will generally be a stage where the free energy is non-analytic. This is known as a phase transition. Familiar examples of phase transitions are melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling (liquid to gas), and condensation (gas to liquid). Due to this non-analyticity, the free energies on either side of the transition are two different functions, so one or more thermodynamic properties will behave very differently after the transition. The property most commonly examined in this context is the heat capacity. During a transition, the heat capacity may become infinite, jump abruptly to a different value, or exhibit a "kink" or discontinuity in its derivative.
Possible graphs of heat capacity (C) against temperature (T) at a phase transition.In practice, each type of phase is distinguished by a handful of relevant thermodynamic properties. For example, the distinguishing feature of a solid is its rigidity; unlike a liquid or a gas, a solid does not easily change its shape. Liquids are distinct from gases because they have much lower compressibility: a gas placed in a large container expands to fill the container, whereas a liquid forms a puddle in the bottom of the container. Not all the properties of solids, liquids, and gases are distinct; for example, it is not useful to compare their magnetic properties. On the other hand, the ferromagnetic phase of a magnetic material is distinguished from the paramagnetic phase by the presence of bulk magnetization without an applied magnetic field.
Emergence and universality
Phases are emergent phenomena produced by the self-organization of a macroscopic number of particles. Typical samples of matter, for example, contain around 1023 particles (Avogadro's number). In systems that are too small -- even, say, a thousand atoms -- the distinction between phases disappears, since the appearance of non-analyticity in the free energy requires a huge, formally infinite, number of particles to be present.
One might ask why real systems exhibit phases, since they are not actually infinite. The reason is that real systems contain thermodynamic fluctuations. When a system is far from a phase transition, these fluctuations are unimportant, but as it approaches a phase transition, the fluctuations begin to grow in size (i.e. spatial extent). At the ideal transition point, their size would be infinite, but before that can happen the fluctuations will have become as large as the system itself. In this regime, "finite-size" effects come into play, and we are unable to accurately predict the behavior of the system. Thus, phases in a real system are only well-defined away from phase transitions, and how far away it needs to be is dependent on the size of the system.
There is a corollary to the emergent nature of phase phenomena, known as the principle of universality. The properties of phases are largely independent of the underlying microscopic physics, so that the same types of phases arise in a wide variety of systems. This is a familiar fact of life. We know, for example, that the property that defines a solid -- resistance to deformation -- is exhibited by materials as diverse as iron, ice, and Silly Putty. The only differences are matters of scale. Iron may resist deformation more strongly than Silly Putty, but both maintain their shape if the applied forces are not too strong.
Phase diagrams
The different phases of a system may be represented using a phase diagram. The axes of the diagrams are the relevant thermodynamic variables. For simple mechanical systems, we generally use the pressure and temperature. The following figure shows a phase diagram for a typical material exhibiting solid, liquid and gaseous phases.
A typical phase diagram.The markings on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy is non-analytic. The open spaces, where the free energy is analytic, correspond to the phases. The phases are separated by lines of non-analyticity, where phase transitions occur, which are called phase boundaries.
In the above diagram, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the critical point. This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable. In water, the critical point occurs at around 647 K (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064 MPa.
The existence of the liquid-gas critical point reveals a slight ambiguity in our above definitions. When going from the liquid to the gaseous phase, one usually crosses the phase boundary, but it is possible to choose a path that never crosses the boundary by going to the right of the critical point. Thus, phases can sometimes blend continuously into each other. We should note, however, that this does not always happen. For example, it is impossible for the solid-liquid phase boundary to end in a critical point in the same way as the liquid-gas boundary, because the solid and liquid phases have different symmetry.
An interesting thing to note is that the solid-liquid phase boundary in the phase diagram of most substances, such as the one shown above, has a positive slope. This is due to the solid phase having a higher density than the liquid, so that increasing the pressure increases the melting temperature. However, in the phase diagram for water the solid-liquid phase boundary has a negative slope. This reflects the fact that ice has a lower density than water, which is an unusual property for a material.
Polymorphism
Many substances can exist in a variety of solid phases each corresponding to a unique crystal structure. These varying crystal phases of the same substance are called polymorphs. Diamond and graphite are examples of polymorphs of carbon. Graphite is composed of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, in which each carbon atom is strongly bound to three neighboring atoms in the same layer and is weakly bound to atoms in the neighboring layers. By contrast in diamond each carbon atom is strongly bound to four neighboring carbon atoms in a cubic array. The unique crystal structures of graphite and diamond are responsible for the vastly different properties of these two materials.
Each polymorph of a given substance is usually only stable over a specific range of conditions. For example, diamond is only stable at extremely high pressures. Graphite is the stable form of carbon at normal atmospheric pressures. Although diamond is not stable at atmospheric pressures and should transform to graphite, we know that diamonds exist at these pressures. This is because at normal temperatures the transformation from diamond to graphite is extremely slow. If we were to heat the diamond, the rate of transformation would increase and the diamond would become graphite. However, at normal temperatures the diamond can persist for a very long time. Non-equilibrium phases like diamond that exist for long periods of time are said to be metastable.
Another important example of metastable polymorphs occurs during the processing of steel. Steels are often subjected to a variety of thermal treatments designed to produce various combinations of stable and metastable iron phases. In this way the steel properties, such as hardness and strength can be adjusted by controlling the relative amounts and crystal sizes of the various phases that form.
Phase separation
Different parts of a system may exist in different phases, in which case the phases are usually separated by boundary surfaces.
Gibbs' phase rule describes the number of phases that can be present at equilibrium for a given system at various conditions. The phase rule indicates that for a single component system at most three phases (usually gas, liquid and solid) can co-exist in equilibrium. The three phases can all co-exist only at a single specific temperature and pressure, characteristic of the material, called the triple point. The conditions where two phases become indistinguishable is called a critical point. The phase rule also indicates that two phases can only co-exist at equilibrium for specific combinations of temperature and pressure. For example for a liquid-gas system if the vapor pressure is lower than that corresponding to the temperature, the system will not be at equilibrium, rather the liquid will tend to evaporate until the vapor pressure reaches the appropriate level or all of the liquid is consumed. Likewise, if the vapor pressure is too great for the given temperature condensation will occur.
For the case of multi-component systems the phase rule indicates that additional phases are possible. A common example of this occurs in mixtures of mutually insoluble substances such as water and oil. If a few drops of oil are poured into pure water, there will be a small amount of intermixing, but there will be two distinct phases: one primarily oil and the other primarily water. The exact composition of the phases will be a function of the temperature and pressure but not a function of the amount of oil. It may be possible to change the temperature such that one of the phases disappears: for example, if the mixture is heated, it is possible that at some temperature, all of the oil is dissolved in the water. Above this temperature there is only one phase, and the composition of the phase does depend on how much oil was put in.
Phase separation can also exist in two dimensions. The boundaries between phases, the surfaces of materials, and the grain boundaries between different crystallographic orientations of a single material can also show distinct phases. For example, surface reconstructions on metal and semiconductor surfaces are two dimensional phases.
See also
- Condensed matter physics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Phase (matter)."
Synonyms: CondenseSynonyms: concentrate (v), contract (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Compendium | Abbreviate; (shorten); condense; (compress); compile; (collect). |
Conciseness | Verb: be concise; Adjective: condense; abridge; abstract; come to the point. |
Contraction | Render smaller, lessen, diminish, contract, draw in, narrow, coarctate; boil down; constrict, constringe; condense, compress, squeeze, corrugate, crimp, crunch, crush, crumple up, warp, purse up, pack, squeeze, stow; pinch, tighten, strangle; cramp; dwarf, bedwarf; shorten; circumscribe; restrain. |
Density | Condense, thicken, gel, inspissate, incrassate; compress, squeeze, ram down, constipate. |
Fluidity | Verb: be fluid. Adjective: flow. (water in motion); liquefy, melt, condense . |
Liquefaction | Verb: render liquid; liquefy, run; deliquesce; melt. (heat); solve; dissolve, resolve; liquate; hold in solution; condense, precipitate, rain. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Condense |
| English words defined with "condense": cloud chamber, Condensed milk ♦ Ens ♦ Glover's tower ♦ Planish ♦ Recondense ♦ sublimate, sublime, summing up ♦ Wilson cloud chamber. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "condense": ACID-POLYMERIZATION OPERATOR ♦ BELLOWS FILLER ♦ Chemical Vapor Deposition, condensation rate, CONDENSER SETTER, CRACKING-UNIT OPERATOR, critical pressure ♦ Dewpoint, DISTILLER II ♦ incondensable gas, incondensible gas ♦ leakage manifestations ♦ meteorological code ♦ Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ♦ PUMP OPERATOR, BYPRODUCTS, pump tender ♦ recovery-unit operator ♦ STILL OPERATOR, STILL TENDER ♦ tar-and-ammonia pump operator. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Condense" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. French (condenses). |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Tomorrow's tomatoes might have less water and more of the compounds called solids that processors condense at the factory. The concentrate, rich in fiber and natural sugars, becomes the starting point for tomato paste and most of the other tomato-based foods at your supermarket. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Dabb (Thubb)" by MESH'AL A. Commentary: "Dabb (Thubb) Saudi Arabia's most well known creature. this beast can survive the desert without the need of water, it condense air into liquid. it got strong jaws. if it bites your finger.. will, you probably wont be able to count up to ten :}." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | Condense some daily experience into a glowing symbol and an audience is electrified. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | We will condense in a few words a portion of what we have just said |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Condense" is generally used as a lexical verb (infinitive) -- approximately 63.93% of the time. "Condense" is used about 61 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 63.93% | 39 | 55,036 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 34.43% | 21 | 76,261 |
| Noun (singular) | 1.64% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 61 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "condense": condense a chapter ♦ condense dye ♦ condense gas. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
condense | 3 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "condense"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | trash (thicken), shkurtoj (abbreviate, abridge, ax, axe, buck, clip, compress, curtail, cut, cut back, cut down, detruncate, dock, epitomize, pare, poll, prune, razee, retrench, shorten, truncate, undercut, whittle down), përmbledh (abridge, abstract, brief, collect, compress, precis, recapitulate, sum up, summarize), kondensoj. (various references) | |
Arabic | كثف (compress, concentrate, exalt, inspissate, intensify, thicken), لخص (abridge, abstract, brief, digest, epitomize, recap, recapitulate, sum, summarize), تكثف (compress, precipitate), أوجز (outline, resume, speak short), ركز (center, centre, compress, concentrate, distil, fasten, fix, focus). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | съкращавам (abbreviate, abridge, cancel, contract, curtail, cut short, discard, elide, prune, reduce, retrench, slash, take off, terminate, truncate), усилвам напрежението, сгъстявам (coagulate, compact, compress, evaporate, inspissate, set, squeeze, thicken), концентрирам (center on, concentrate, focus), кондензирам (evaporate), втечнявам (liquefy), охлаждам (chill, cool, damp, dash, freeze, ice, nip, quench, refrigerate). (various references) | |
Chinese | 凝聚 (Coherence, Coherency, Condensed, Condensing). (various references) | |
Czech | zkrátit (abbreviate, abridge, Bob, curtail, cut, cut back, cut down, cut short, dock, reduce, shorten), zhustit (compress, inspissate), zestruènit (abridge, compress, epitomize), srážet (discourage), kondenzovat. (various references) | |
Danish | kondenserings-farvestof (condense dye). (various references) | |
Dutch | koppelingskleurstof (condense dye). (various references) | |
Farsi | منقبض کردن (Constrict, Contract, Retract, Scrunch, Shrug), متراکم کردن (Amass, Inflame, Jam), مختصرومفیدکردن , هم چگال کردن , چگالیدن , تغلیظکردن (Gaduate), خلاصه کردن (Abbreviate, Abstract, Cutdown, Epitomize, Summarize). (various references) | |
Finnish | tiivistyä (be condensed, become tight, tighten), tiivistää (pack, seal up, stop caulk, tighten), nesteytyä (liquefy), nesteyttää (liquefy), lauhduttaa (appease, cool, soothe). (various references) | |
French | condenser (compress, concentrate). (various references) | |
German | verdichten (compact, compress, concondense, heighten, intensify, packing, solidify, squeeze, to concondense, to condense, to solidify, to squeeze), kondensieren (distill, evaporate, to condense). (various references) | |
Greek | συνοψίζω (brief, digest, epitomize, sum up, summarise, summarize, tabulate), συμπυκνώνω (boil down, compact, compress, concentrate). (various references) | |
Hebrew | לתמצת (abbreviate, abstract, epitomize, summarize), לתקצר (epitomize, summarize), לעבות (become thick, thicken), להתעבות (thicken), לדחוס (compress, cram, crowd, jam, stuff, supercharge, tamp, wedge), לרכז (concentrate, focus, funnel, mass). (various references) | |
Hungarian | cseppfolyósít (liquefy, to condense, to dissolve, to flux, to liquefy), sûrít (boil down, compress). (various references) | |
Italian | condensarsi (thicken), condensare (boil down, digest). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 集光 , コンテナ船 (condensed milk, condenser, condition, conditioner, conditioning, container ship, contemporary, contents, contra, contrabass, contract, contraction, contralto, contrast, control, control amp, control program, control tower, controller, tale). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | しゅうこう (amity, boating, circle tour by ship, circumnavigation, disgracefulconduct, friendship, going into commission, navigation, sailing, shameful behavior), コンデンス . (various references) | |
Korean | 집광하십시요. (various references) | |
Manx | giarrey (abbreviate, abridge, abridging, axe, beat out, bob the tail; severance, bob; severance, carve, castrate, cleave, clip, clip as words; slicing, clip; slicing, condensation, condensing, crop, crop as tail, curtail, curtailment, cut, cut away, cut back, cut short, cut up, disconnect, disconnection, dissect, erupt, eruption, flux, gash, hack, hew, incise, incision, infliction, intersect, intersection, lance, levy, lop, mark out, nicking, prune, pruning, puncture, reaping, scission, section, sever, shear, sink, slash, slit, snip, truncate). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ondensecay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | condensar (abridge, compress, gut), concentrar (center, centre, compress, concentre, focus attention on, focus on, inspissate, localise, localize, zero in on), resumir (abstract, boil down, brief, compact, compress, digest, epitomize, extract, precis, resume, shorten, sum up, summarize, wind up), liquefazer (dissolve, fade away, flux, fuse, liquate, liquefy, liquidize, melt). (various references) | |
Romanian | condensa (compact, compress, concentrate), concentra (bend, center, centre, compress, concentrate, concentre, focus), comprima (compress, constrain, curb, hold, jam, pack, repress, sack, squash), se condensa (inspissate, precipitate), se comprima, prescurta (abbreviate, abridge, curtail, reduce, riddle, shorten), mãri intensitatea. (various references) | |
Russian | конденсировать. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | zgusnuti (inspissate, thicken), sabiti (compress, impact, pack, press), sažeti (abridge, abstract, compress, epitomize, summarize), kondenzovati. (various references) | |
Spanish | condensar (abridge, boil down, compress, condensate, precipitate). (various references) | |
Swedish | kondensera (liquefy, liquify, precipitate), förtäta (inspissate). (various references) | |
Turkish | yoğunlaştırmak (compact, concentrate, intensify, thicken), yoğunlaşmak (center, centre, concentrate, intensify, precipitate, thicken, zero in on, zoom), sıvı hale dönüşmek, koyulaşmak (become darker, coagulate, darken, deepen, thicken). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | стисло висловлювати, конденсуватися, конденсувати (condensate). (various references) | |
Welsh | tewychu (fatten, thicken). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | condensare, densabuntur, referte. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "condense": condensed, condenser, condensers, condenses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "condense": recondense. (additional references) | |
Words containing "condense": recondensed, recondenses. (additional references) | |
| |
"Condense" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: candense, candese, codens, comense, compense, conden, condence, condene, condens, condensa, condensew, conese, congense, Conodonta, consense, Kondeyne. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "condense" (pronounced kunde"ns) |
| 4 | -d e" n s | dense. |
| 3 | -e" n s | commence, commonsense, defence, defense, dispense, expense, fence, hence, immense, incense, intense, nondefense, offense, pence, pretense, sense, Spence, suspense, tense, thence, whence. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-d-e-e-n-n-o-s" | |
-1 letter: donnees, encodes, seconde. | |
-2 letters: censed, codens, conned, donees, donnee, encode, neoned, nonces, second. | |
-3 letters: cedes, cense, coden, codes, coeds, coned, cones, conns, decos, denes, dense, donee, donne, needs, nenes, neons, nodes, nonce, nones, nosed, onces, scend, scene, scone, sonde. | |
-4 letters: cede, cees, code, cods, coed, cone, conn, cons, deco, dees, dene, dens, docs, does. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-d-e-e-n-n-o-s" | |
+1 letter: condensed, condenser, condenses, consented, denounces, ensconced. | |
+2 letters: condemners, condensate, condensers, condescend, contenders, declension, denouncers, descension, endocrines, indolences, recondense, uncensored, unenclosed. | |
+3 letters: comediennes, condensable, condensates, condensible, condescends, condolences, confidences, contredanse, declensions, descensions, despondence, despondency, encrimsoned, nonselected, recondensed, recondenses, tendencious, unconfessed, uncontested. | |
+4 letters: benedictions, codefendants, codependents, coincidences, condescended, confusedness, consternated, contredanses, corespondent, crescendoing, declensional, decongestant, decongesting, decongestion, despondences, disconnected, discontented, endonuclease, misconnected, nickelodeons, nonevidences, nonresidence, nonresidency, nonscheduled, recondensing, unconsidered. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Images: Photo Album | 5. Images: Digital Art 6. Quotations: Familiar 7. Quotations: Fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Translations: Ancient | 13. Derivations 14. Rhymes 15. Anagrams 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
