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Code

Definition: Code

Code

Noun

1. A set of rules or principles or laws especially written ones.

2. A coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy.

3. (computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions.

Verb

1. Attach a code to; "Code the pieces with numbers so that you can identify them later".

2. Convert ordinary language into code; "We should encode the message for security reasons".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "code" was first used: sometime around 1303. (references)

Specialty Definition: Code

Domain	Definition
Computing	Code n. The stuff that software writers write, either in source form or after translation by a compiler or assembler. Often used in opposition to "data", which is the stuff that code operates on. This is a mass noun, as in "How much code does it take to do a bubble sort?", or "The code is loaded at the high end of RAM." Anyone referring to software as "the software codes" is probably a newbie or a suit. Source: Jargon File.
Aerospace	1. A system of Symbols or signals for representing information, and the rules for associating them. 2. The set of characters resulting from the use of a code as defined in sense 1. 3. Specifically, to translate a problem to a routine expressed in machine language for a specific computer.4. To express given information by means of a code, to encode. (references)
Census	See geographic code. (references)
Post & Telecom	One or more digits, other than those comprising a subscriber's local number, which determine the routing of a call. Source: European Union. (references)
Slang	Noun. Source: Unknown. Definition: The way to alert hospital staff members to certain actions over an intercom. Context: A code was announced for doctors of the neonatal to report as fast as they could to the maternity ward. Social Source: Medical Community. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Code

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another object or action, not necessarily of the same sort. One reason for this is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, a cable code replaces words (eg, ship, invoice, ...) into shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively. Another example is the use of semaphore flags, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.

Codes versus ciphers
The term code is very often confused with the term cipher.
These can be destinguished best by the scope of the transformation. A code is just a set of rules to represent meaningful information in another way - this doesn't necessarily imply secrecy. When the information should not be known to somebody else but the intended recipient, there has to be some secret knowledge not known to anybody else to decode it. A code which requires such secret knowledge (or is this secret knowledge) is a cryptographic code and the secret information is a codebook.
A cipher by contrast, does not work at the level of meaningful information. While a code might transform "attack" into FRGPL or "fruit pie", a cipher transforms elements below the semantic level, ie, below the level of meaning. The "a" in attack might be converted to "Q", the first "t" to "f", the second "t" to "3", and so on. Cyphers are more convenient than codes in some situations, there being no need for a codebook. Codes on the other hand, were believed to be more secure than cyphers, there being (if one's codebook constructor did a good job) no pattern of transformation to discover. With the advent of automatic processors (ie, in recent times the electronic computer), cyphers have come to dominate cryptography.
The following paragraph needs to be rewritten: split it an put the pieces at the proper place Another use of codes is cryptography, where a code or cipher is used to disguise a message, preventing those not in on the secret from understanding a transmission. One simple method is to use a "codebook" with a list of common phrases replaced by phrases with completely different meanings, so that people without the codebook who may intercept the message hear a conversation that is entirely unrelated to the real intended message, or alternatively, complete gibberish. A cable code would be one such.

Codes in communication used for brevity
Code can be used for brevity. When telegraph messages were the state of the art, elaborate commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single words (typically five-letter groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), BMULD("You're a skunk!"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronouncability, etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commecial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceeding for espionage codes, ... Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated. The purpose of these codes was, mostly, to save on cable costs.
Nowadays there are "codes" for data compression, e.g. Huffman coding, which uses short codes for frequent symbols and longer codes for seldom used symbols - the same principle is used in the Morse code.
An example: the ASCII code
Probably the most widely known data communications code (aka character representation) in use today is ASCII. In one or another (somewhat compatible) version, it is used by nearly all personal computers, terminalss, printerss, and other communication equipment. Its original version represents 128 characters with seven-bit binary numbers--that is, as a string of seven 1s and 0s. In ASCII a lowercase "a" is always 1100001, an uppercase "A" always 1000001, and so on. Extensions to ASCII have included 8-bit characters (for letters of European languages and such things as card suit symbols), and in fullest flowering have included glyphs from essentially all of the world's writing systems (see Unicode).

Codes to detect or correct errors (eg, in storage or transmission)
Codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage. Such a "code" is called an Error-correcting code, and works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored (or transmitted) data. Examples include Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon, Reed-Muller, Golay, Goppa, and Galagher codes.
Codes and acronyms
Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought. Occasionally a code word achieves an independent existence (and meaning) while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word. For example, the number "86" was once used as a code word in restaurants meaning "We're out of the requested item". It is now commonly used to mean the removal or destruction of something. '30' was widely used in journalism to mean "end of story", and it is sometimes used in other contexts to signify "the end".

In computer programming, the word code refers to instructions to a computer in a programming language. In this usage, the noun "code" typically stands for source code, and the verb "to code" means to write source code, to program. This usage may have originated when the first symbolic languages were developed and were punched onto cards as "codes".
Engineers often use the word "code" to mean a single program. They might say "I wrote a code" or "I have two codes". No software engineer or computer scientist would say that. They would say "I wrote some code" or "I have two programs".
In linguistics a code is often just a mere synonym for a variety of a language (a dialect, sociolect). A sociolect is the language of a specific social group. The term code has some technical connotation.
In the genetic code, which is the same for all living beeings, codes specify which amino acids to use for creating proteins.
A code is also a rule or a set of rules, such as code of honor, code of laws, or dress code. See civil code, codification.
This word has acquired a large number of subtly, and grossly, incompatible meanings, particularly in cryptographic contexts. Use it with care.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Code."

Encode

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In telecommunication, the term encode has the following meanings:
1. To convert data by the use of a code, frequently one consisting of binary numbers, in such a manner that reconversion to the original form is possible.
2. [To] Convert plain text to equivalent cipher text by means of a code.
3. To append redundant check symbols to a message for the purpose of generating an error detection and correction code.
See also: Character encoding
Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 and from the National Information Systems Security Glossary
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Encode."

Genetic code

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The genetic code is a mapping that biological cells use to "translate sequences of three nucleotide bases (called "triplets" or "codons") into amino acids. The mapping indicates, for example, that when the sequence "adenine, adenine, adenine" is encountered, the amino acid lysine should be produced. When the code is followed repeatedly, many amino acids are created, and are strung together to form proteins.
In the process of protein biosynthesis, a sequence of DNA called a gene is first transcribed (copied) into RNA. The RNA is a sequence of repeating units (nucleotide bases). Each position in the RNA may have four possible "values", signified by the four types of bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. This sequence of bases encodes a protein. A protein is a sequence of amino acids. There are twenty possible amino acids. The RNA is broken up into units of three, called a codon. Each codon specifies one amino acid. For example, the RNA sequence UUUAAACCC specifies three codons (UUU-AAA-CCC), which each specify one amino acid. This RNA sequence, then, encodes a protein sequence three amino acids in length (as we will see, it encodes Phenylalanine-Lysine-Proline). There are sixty-four possible codons.
Nearly all living things use the same genetic code. The standard version is given in the following tables, which show what amino acid each of the 4³ = 64 possible codons specify (Table 1), and what codons specify each of the 20 amino acids involved in translation (Table 2). For instance, GAU codes for the amino acid Asp (asparagine), and Cys (cysteine) is coded for by the codons UGU and UGC. These are called forward and reverse codon tables, respectively. The bases in the table below are adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil, which are used in the mRNA; in the DNA, thymine takes the place of uracil.

Table 1 : Codon table. This table illustrates the 64 possible codon triplets.
2nd base

U C A G

1st base U UUU Phenylalanine
UUC Phenylalanine
UUA Leucine
UUG Leucine
UCU Serine
UCC Serine
UCA Serine
UCG Serine
UAU Tyrosine
UAC Tyrosine
UAA Ochre Stop
UAG Amber Stop
UGU Cysteine
UGC Cysteine
UGA Opal Stop\
UGG Tryptophan

C CUU Leucine
CUC Leucine
CUA Leucine
CUG Leucine
CCU Proline
CCC Proline
CCA Proline
CCG Proline
CAU Histidine
CAC Histidine
CAA Glutamine
CAG Glutamine
CGU Arginine
CGC Arginine
CGA Arginine
CGG Arginine

A AUU Isoleucine
AUC Isoleucine
AUA Isoleucine
¹AUG Methionine
ACU Threonine
ACC Threonine
ACA Threonine
ACG Threonine
AAU Asparagine
AAC Asparagine
AAA Lysine
AAG Lysine
AGU Serine
AGC Serine
AGA Arginine
AGG Arginine

G GUU Valine
GUC Valine
GUA Valine
GUG Valine
GCU Alanine
GCC Alanine
GCA Alanine
GCG Alanine
GAU Aspartic acid
GAC Aspartic acid
GAA Glutamic acid
GAG Glutamic acid
GGU Glycine
GGC Glycine
GGA Glycine
GGG Glycine

¹The AUG codon both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site; the first AUG in an mRNA's coding region will be the site where translation into protein begins.

Table 2 : Reverse codon table. This table shows the 20 amino acids used in proteins, together with the codons that code for them.
Ala GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG

Arg CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG Lys AAA, AAG

Asn AAU, AAC Met AUG

Asp GAU, GAC Phe UUU, UUC

Cys UGU, UGC Pro CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG

Gln CAA, CAG Ser UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC

Glu GAA, GAG Thr ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG

Gly GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG Trp UGG

His CAU, CAC Tyr UAU, UAC

Ile AUU, AUC, AUA Val GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

START AUG, GUG STOP UAG, UGA, UAA

In classical genetics, the STOP codons were given names - UAG was amber, UGA was opal, and UAA was ocher. These names were originally the names of the specific genes in which mutation of each of these stop codons was first detected. Translation starts with a chain initiation or START codon, but unlike STOP codons these are not sufficient by themselves to begin the process; nearby initiation sequences are also required to induce transcription into mRNA and binding by ribosomes. The most notable start codon is AUG, which also codes for methionine. CUG and UUG, and in prokaryotes GUG and AUU, will also work.
It is notable that the standard genetic code contains features which provide for basic forms of error correction. Many codons which differ by only one base still encode the same amino acid and most often the single base that differs is the last one, which happens to be the base which is most often misread by the translation process. Furthermore, amino acids which tend to occur more frequently in proteins on average tend to have more codons which code for them.
Numerous variations on the standard genetic code are found inside mitochondria, energy-burning organelles that were probably derived from symbiotic bacteria. The ciliate protozoa also show some variation in the genetic code: UAG and often UAA code for Glutamine, a variant also found in some green algae, or UGA codes for Cysteine. One more variant is found in some species of the yeast Candida, but interestingly not in all, where CUG codes for Serine. There are also a few "non-standard" amino acids which are substituted for some stop codons in some species of bacteria and archaea; UGA can code for selenocysteine and UAG can code for pyrrolysine. Other non-standard amino acids and codon interpretations may be present but currently unknown.
Despite these variations, the genetic code used by all known life on Earth displays a very large degree of similarity. Since there are many possible genetic codes that are thought to have similar utility to the one used by Earth life, the theory of evolution suggests that the genetic code was established very early in the history of life.

External Links

Online DNA → Amino Acid Converter by bdesham
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Genetic code."

Programming language

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

User:K.lee/Programming_language_rewrite has been proposed. Please council it when you plan to rewrite the article entirely. A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. It is a set of syntactic and semantic rules used to define computer programs. A language enables a programmer to precisely specify what kinds of data a computer will act upon, and precisely what actions to take under various circumstances.

Introduction
A primary purpose of programming languages is to enable programmers to express their intent for a computation more easily than they could with a lower-level language or machine code. For this reason, programming languages are generally designed to use a higher-level syntax, which can be easily communicated and understood by human programmers. Programming languages are important tools for helping software engineers write better programs faster.
Understanding programming languages is crucial for those engaged in computer science because today, all types of computation are done with computer languages.
During the last few decades, a large number of computer languages have been introduced, have replaced each other, and have been modified/combined. Although there have been several attempts to make a universal computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed. The need for a significant range of computer languages is caused by the fact that the purpose of programming languages varies from commercial software development to scientific to hobby use; the gap in skill between novices and experts is huge and some languages are too difficult for beginners to come to grips with; computer programmers have different preferences; and finally, acceptable runtime cost may be very different for programs running on a microcontroller and programs running on a supercomputer.
There are many special purpose languages, for use in special situations: PHP is a scripting language that is especially suited for Web development; Perl is suitable for text manipulation; the C language has been widely used for development of operating systems and compilers (so-called system programming).
Programming languages make computer programs less dependent on particular machines or environments. This is because programming languages are converted into specific machine code for a particular machine rather than being executed directly by the machine. One ambitious goal of FORTRAN, one of the first programming languages, was this machine-independence.
Most languages can be either compiled or interpreted, but most are better suited for one than the other. In some programming systems, programs are compiled in multiple stages, into a variety of intermediate representations. Typically, later stages of compilation are closer to machine code than earlier stages. One common variant of this implementation strategy, first used by BCPL in the late 1960s, was to compile programs to an intermediate representation called "O-code" for a virtual machine, which was then compiled for the actual machine. This successful strategy was later used by Pascal with P-code and Smalltalk with byte code, although in many cases the intermediate code was interpreted rather than being compiled.
If the translation mechanism used is one that translates the program text as a whole and then runs the internal format, this mechanism is spoken of as compilation. The compiler is therefore a program which takes the human-readable program text (called source code) as data input and supplies object code as output. The resulting object code may be machine code which will be executed directly by the computer's CPU, or it may be code matching the specification of a virtual machine.
If the program code is translated at runtime, with each translated step being executed immediately, the translation mechanism is spoken of as an interpreter. Interpreted programs run usually more slowly than compiled programs, but have more flexibility because they are able to interact with the execution environment. See interpreted language for detail. Although the definition may not be identical, these typically fall into the category of scripting programming languages.

Features of a Programming Language
Each programming language can be thought of as a set of formal specifications concerning syntax, vocabulary, and meaning.
These specifications usually include:
Data and Data Structures
Instruction and Control Flow
Reference Mechanisms and Re-use
Design Philosophy

Most languages that are widely used, or have been used for a considerable period of time, have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language, and discuss extending or supplementing the already extant definitions.

Data and Data Structures
Internally, all data in a modern digital computer are stored simply as on-off (binary) states. The data typically represent information in the real world such as names, bank accounts and measurements and so the low-level binary data are organised by programming languages into these high-level concepts.
The particular system by which data are organized in a program is the type system of the programming language; the design and study of type systems is known as type theory. Languages can be classified as statically typed systems, and dynamically typed languages. Statically-typed languages can be further subdivided into languages with manifest types, where each variable and function declaration has its type explicitly declared, and type-inferred languages. It is possible to perform type inference on programs written in a dynamically-typed language, but it is entirely possible to write programs in these languages that make type inference infeasible. Sometimes type-inferred and dynamically-typed languages are called latently typed.
With statically-typed languages, there usually are pre-defined types for individual pieces of data (such as numbers within a certain range, strings of letters, etc.), and programmatically named values (variables) can have only one fixed type, and allow only certain operations: numbers cannot change into names and vice versa. Examples of these languages are: C, C++ and Java.
Dynamically-typed languages treat all data locations interchangeably, so inappropriate operations (like adding names, or sorting numbers alphabetically) will not cause errors until run-time. Examples of these languages are: Lisp, JavaScript, Tcl and Prolog.
Type-inferred languages superficially treat all data as not having a type, but actually do sophisticated analysis of the way the program uses the data to determine which elementary operations are performed on the data, and therefore deduce what type the variables have at compile-time. Type-inferred languages can be more flexible to use, while creating more efficient programs; however, this capability is difficult to include in a programming language implementation, so it is relatively rare. Examples of these languages are: MUMPS and ML.
Sometimes statically-typed languages are called type-safe or strongly typed, and dynamically-typed languages are called untyped or weakly typed; confusingly, these same terms are also used to refer to the distinction between languages in which it is impossible to use a value as a value of another type and possibly corrupt data from an unrelated part of the program or cause the program to crash, and languages in which it is possible to do this. Examples of strongly typed languages are: Eiffel, Oberon, Lisp, Scheme and OCaml. Examples of weakly typed languages are: Forth, C, assembly language, C++, and most implementations of Pascal.
Most languages also provide ways to assemble complex data structures from built-in types and to associate names with these new combined types (using arrays, lists, stacks, files).
Object oriented languages allow the programmer to define data-types called "Objects" which have their own intrinsic functions and variables (called methods and attributes respectively). A program containing objects allows the objects to operate as independent but interacting sub-programs: this interaction can be designed at coding time to model or simulate real-life interacting objects. This is a very useful, and intuitive, functionality. Programs such as Python and Ruby have developed as OO (Object oriented) languages. They are comparatively easy to learn and to use, and are gaining popularity in professional programming circles, as well as being accessible to non-professionals. These more intuitive languages have increased the public availablity and power of customised computer applications.
Aside from when and how the correspondence between expressions and types is determined, there's also the crucial question of what types the language defines at all, and what types it allows as the values of expressions (expressed values) and as named values (denoted values). Low-level languages like C typically allow programs to name memory locations, regions of memory, and compile-time constants, while allowing expressions to return values that fit into machine registers; ANSI C extended this by allowing expressions to return struct values as well. Functional languages often allow variables to name run-time computed values directly instead of naming memory locations where values may be stored. Languages that use garbage collection are free to allow arbitrarily complex data structures as both expressed and denoted values.
Finally, in some languages, procedures are allowed only as denoted values (they cannot be returned by expressions or bound to new names); in others, they can be passed as parameters to routines, but cannot otherwise be bound to new names; in others, they are as freely usable as any expressed value, but new ones cannot be created at run-time; and in still others, they are first-class values that can be created at run-time.

Instruction and Control Flow
Once data has been specified, the machine must be instructed how to perform operations on the data. Elementary statements may be specified using keywords or may be indicated using some well-defined grammatical structure. Each language takes units of these well-behaved statements and combines them using some ordering system. Depending on the language, differing methods of grouping these elementary statements exist. This allows one to write programs that are able to cover a variety of input, instead of being limited to a small number of cases. Furthermore, beyond the data manipulation instructions, other typical instructions in a language are those used to control processing (branches, definitions by cases, loops, backtracking, functional composition).

Reference Mechanisms and Re-use
The core of the idea of reference is that there must be a method of indirectly designating storage space. The most common method is through named variables. Depending on the language, further indirection may include references that are pointers to other storage space stored in such variables or groups of variables. Similar to this method of naming storage is the method of naming groups of instructions. Most programming language use macro calls, procedure calls or function calls as the statements that use these names. Using symbolic names in this way allows a program to achieve significant flexibility, as well as a high measure of reusability. Indirect references to available programs or predefined data divisions allow many application-oriented languages to integrate typical operations as if the programming language included them as higher level instructions.

Design Philosophies
For the above-mentioned purposes, each language has been developed using a special design or philosophy. Some aspect or another is particularly stressed by the way the language uses data structures, or by which its special notation encourages certain ways of solving problems or expressing their structure.
Since programming languages are artificial languages, they require a high degree of discipline to accurately specify which operations are desired. Programming languages are not error tolerant; however, the burden of recognising and using the special vocabulary is reduced by help messages generated by the programming language implementation. There are a few languages which offer a high degree of freedom in allowing self-modification in which a program re-writes parts of itself to handle new cases. Typically, only machine language and members of the Lisp family (Common Lisp, Scheme) provide this capability. Some languages such as MUMPS and Perl allow modification of data structures that contain program fragments, and provide methods to transfer program control to those data structures; languages that support dynamic linking and loading such as C, C++, and the Java programming language can emulate self-modification by either embedding a small compiler or calling a full compiler and linking in the resulting object code. Interpreting code by recompiling it in real time is called dynamic recompilation; emulators and other virtual machines exploit this technique for greater performance.
There are a variety of ways to classify programming languages. The distinctions are not clear-cut; a particular language standard may be implemented in multiple classifications. For example, a language may have both compiled and interpreted implementations.

History of programming languages
Charles Babbage is often credited with designing the first computer-like machines, which had several programs written for them (in the equivalent of assembly language) by Ada Lovelace.
Alan Turing used the theoretical construct of a Turing machine which behaves in principle in all relevant ways like modern computers, according to the low level program which is input.
In the 1940s when the first computers were created, it required programmers to operate machines by hand. Advances in electronic technology in the early 20th Century led to the construction of practical electronic computers. At that time, computers were extremely large and expensive. Only Konrad Zuse imagined the use of a programming language (developed eventually as Plankalkül) like those of today for solving problems.
Subsequent developments in electronic technology (transistors, integrated circuits, and chips) drove the development of more reliable and more usable computers, with a variety of standardised computer languages to run on them. This led to the massive exponential development which has resulted in the Internet, the ubiquity of personal computers, and increased accessibility of computer programming languages such as Python, Visual Basic, etc..
As the cost of computers has dropped significantly and the complexity of computer programs has increased dramatically, it has become apparent that development time is more valuable than computer time.
Newer integrated, visual development environments have brought clear progress. They have reduced expenditure of time, money (and nerves). Regions of the screen that control the program can often be arranged interactively. Code fragments can be invoked just by clicking on a control. The work is also eased by prefabricated components and software libraries with re-usable code.
Recent languages are emphasising new features, like mix-ins, delegation, and aspects.
Object-oriented methodology can substantially reduce the complexity of programs.
See programming paradigm

Categories of programming languages

General-purpose programming language
Functional programming language
Procedural programming language
Object-oriented programming language
Scripting programming language

Languages
The following languages are major languages used by several hundred thousand to several million programmers worldwide:

Ada
COBOL
C
C++
C#
ColdFusion
Java
JavaScript
FORTRAN
QBASIC
Visual Basic
Delphi
Perl
PHP
Postscript, which has been derived from Forth
Python
Ruby
Scheme - a variant of Lisp
Smalltalk
Tcl
See also

List of programming languages
Alphabetical list of programming languages
Categorical list of programming languages
Chronological list of programming languages
Generational list of programming languages
List of esoteric programming languages
Kind of programming languages
Dynamic programming language
Compiler
binding
Hello world program, examples of a simple program in many different programming languages

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Programming language."

Source code

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Source code (commonly just code) refers to any series of statements written in some human readable computer programming language. In modern programming languages, the source code which constitutes a software program is usually in several computer files, but the same source code may be printed in a book or recorded on tape (usually without a filesystem). The term is typically used in the context of a particular piece of computer software. A computer program's source code is the collection of files that can be converted from human-readable form to an equivalent computer-executable form. The source code is either converted into object code by an assembler or compiler for a particular computer architecture, or executed from the human readable form with the aid of an interpreter.
Purposes
Thus, source code is either used to produce object code, or to be run by an interpreter. Modifications are not carried out on object code, but on source code, and then converted again.
An other important purpose of source code is for the description of software. Also, source code has a number of other uses. It can be used as a tool of learning; beginning programmers often find it helpful to review existing source code to learn about programming techniques and methodology. It is also used as a communication tool between experienced programmers, due to its (ideally) concise and unambiguous nature. The sharing of source code between developers is frequently cited as a contributing factor to the maturation of their programming skills. Source code can be an expressive artistic medium; consider, for example, obfuscated code or PerlMonks.Org.
Source code is a vital component in the activity of porting software to alternative computer platforms. Without the source code for a particular piece of software, portability is generally so difficult as to be impractical and even impossible. Programmers frequently borrow source code from one piece of software to use in other projects, a concept which is known as Software reusability.
Organization
The source code for a particular piece of software may be contained in a single file or many files. A program's source code is not necessarily all written in the same programming language; for example, it is common for a program to be written primarily in the C programming language, with some portions written in Assembly language for optimization purposes. It is also possible for some components of a piece of software to be written and compiled separately, in an arbitrary programming language, and later integrated into the software using a technique called library linking.
Moderately complex software customarily requires the compilation or assembly of several, sometimes dozens or even hundreds, of different source code files. This complexity is reduced considerably by the inclusion of a Makefile with the source code, which describes the relationships among the source code files, and contains information about how they are to be compiled. The Revision control system is another tool frequently used by developers for source code maintenance.

Licensing
Software, and its accompanying source code, typically falls within one of two licensing paradigms: Free software and Proprietary software. Generally speaking, software is free if the source code is freely available, and proprietary if the source code is kept secret, or is privately owned and restricted. The provisions of the various copyright laws are often used for this purpose, though trade secrecy is also relied upon. For a further discussion of the differences between these paradigms, and the divisions within them, see software license.

Legal Issues
As of 2003, court systems are in the process of deciding whether source code should be considered a Constitutionally protected form of free speech in the United States. Proponents of the free speech argument claim that because source code conveys information to programmers, is written in a language, and can be used to share humour and other artistic pursuits, it is a protected form of communication. The opposing view is that source code is functional, more than artistic speech, and is thus not protected by First Amendment Rights of the U.S. Constitution.
One of the first court cases regarding the nature of source code as free speech involved University of California mathematics professor Dan Bernstein, who had published on the internet the source code for an encryption program that he created. At the time, encryption algorithms were classified as munitions by the United States government; exporting encryption to other countries was considered an issue of national security, and had to be approved by the State Department. The Electronic Frontier Foundation sued the U.S. government on Bernstein's behalf; the court ruled that source code was free speech, protected by the First Amendment.
In 2000, in a related court case, the issue was again brought under some scrutiny when the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) sued the 'hacker' magazine 2600 and a number of other websites for distributing the source code to DeCSS, an algorithm capable of decrypting scrambled DVD discs. The algorithm was developed to allow people to play legally purchased DVDs on the Linux operating system, which had no DVD software at the time. The US District court decision favored the MPAA; 2600 magazine was prohibited from posting or linking to the source code on their website. This ruling was widely considered a victory for the supporters of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, as it established a legal precedent for the notion that source code is not Constitutionally protected free speech. It was affirmed by the Appeals Court and as of late 2003 is being appealed to the US Supreme Court.
See also: Programming language, Legacy code
External link

Nupedia article
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Source code."

Unicode and HTML

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

HTML 4.0 uses Unicode as its official character set. The numeric code for non-Latin-1 characters can be obtained by using the browser Mozilla, where, after typing in text edit box and saving page, the characters automatically convert into Unicode.
Usually though, an 8-bit character encoding is used that can only represent a small slice of this set. It is still possible to have characters from the whole of Unicode inside an HTML document by using a numeric character entity reference &#N;, where N is a decimal number for the Unicode code point, or a hexadecimal number prefixed by x.
The support for hexadecimal in this context is more recent, so older browsers might have problems displaying those characters – but they will probably have a problem displaying Unicode characters outside the 8-bit range in the first place. It is still a common practice to convert the hexadecimal code point into a decimal value (e.g. ♠ instead of ♠).
In the Unicode standard, each code point is expressed in the notation U+hhhh, where hhhh are the hexadecimal digits.
There is also a standard set of named character entity references for commonly used symbols outside of some character encodings, so one can use —, for example, to represent an em dash—like this—in text even if the character encoding used doesn't contain that character.
Many browsers, though, are only capable of displaying a small subset of the full UCS-2 repertoire. Here is how your browser displays various Unicode code points:
   
Code Description What your browser displays

A Latin capital letter "A" A

ß Latin small letter "Sharp S" ß

þ Latin small letter "Thorn" þ

Δ Greek capital letter "Delta" Δ

Й Cyrillic capital letter "Short I" Й

ק Hebrew letter "Qof" ק

م Arabic letter "Meem" م

๗ Thai digit 7 ๗

ቐ Ethiopic syllable "Qha" ቐ

あ Japanese Hiragana "A" あ

叶 Simplified Chinese "Leaf" 叶

葉 Traditional Chinese "Leaf" 葉

냻 Korean Hangeul syllable "Nieun Yae Rieulhieuh" 냻
Some multilingual web browsers that dynamically merge the required font sets on demand, e.g., Microsoft's Internet Explorer 5.5 on Windows, or Mozilla/Netscape 6 cross-platform, are capable of displaying all the Unicode characters on this page simultaneously after the appropriate "text display support packs" are downloaded. MSIE 5.5 would prompt the users if a new font were needed via its "install on demand" feature. Other browsers such as Netscape Navigator 4.77 can only display text supported by the current font associated with the character encoding of the page. When you are using the latter type of browser, it is unlikely that your computer has all of those fonts, nor the browser can use all available fonts on the same page. As a result, the browser will not display the text above all correctly, though it may display a subset of them. Because they are encoded according to the standard, though, they will display correctly on any system that is compliant and does have the characters available. Further, those characters given names for use in named entity references are likely to be more commonly available than others.

Unicode 1-50
Unicode 51-75
Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999
Table of Unicode characters, 1000 to 1999

External links

Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources - Unicode fonts and information (www.alanwood.net/unicode).
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode
http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/cjk_compatibility_ideographs.html CJK Compatibility Ideographs
http://www.unicode.org/charts/ Unicode character charts

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Unicode and HTML."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Code

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
CODE	English	Computer Documentation for Exports	Computing, Business
Modified AMI code	English	Modified alternate mark inversion code	Telecom
CO	English	Colombia-ISO code	Geography, Meteorology & Standards
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Code

Synonyms: codification (n), computer code (n), cipher (v), cypher (v), encipher (v), encode (v), encrypt (v), inscribe (v), write in code (v). (additional references)

Antonym: decode (v). (additional references)

Synonyms within Context: Code

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Insulation, Fire extinction	Fire code, fire regulations, fire; fire inspector; code violation, citation.
Legality	Legislature; law, code, corpus juris, pandect, charter, enactment, statute, rule; canon; (precept); ordinance, institution, regulation; bylaw, byelaw; decree; (order); ordonnance; standing order; plebiscite; (choice).
Precept	Rule, canon, law, code, corpus juris, lex scripta, act, statute, rubric, stage direction, regulation; form, formula, formulary; technicality; canon law; norm.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Code

English words defined with "code": bar code, binary code ♦ Code civil, code flag, Code Napoleon ♦ Draconian code ♦ international Morse code ♦ Justinian code ♦ legal code ♦ Morse code ♦ Penal code, postal code ♦ source code ♦ triplet code ♦ Universal Product Code ♦ write in code ♦ zip code. (references)

Specialty definitions using "code": acquirer identification code, acquiring institution identification code, Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation, alternative code, alterning code, Amalfitan Code, American Standard Code for Information Interchange, assembly code, augmented operation code ♦ Baudot code, BCH code, BHC Code, Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem code, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Code ♦ census code, circuit identification code, Code 2.0, CODE AND TEST CLERK, code audit, code clerk, Code Division Multiple Access, code division multiplexing, code element, code figure, code independent system, code insensitive system, code management, Code of Federal Regulations, Code of the Geeks, code police, code position, code segment, code set, code value, code walk, computer instruction code, control code, cyclic code, cyclic redundancy code ♦ data code ♦ error detection code, error-checking code, error-detecting code, escape code, Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ♦ firewall code, five-unit code, Food Code ♦ G code, geographic code, gray code ♦ Haming Code, Hamming code ♦ I.M.D.G. Code, Identification Code or EPA I.D. Number, instruction code, ISO seven-bit code ♦ kangaroo code ♦ legacy code ♦ noncritical code analysis ♦ op code, Order Code Processor ♦ paired-disparity code, performance code, permuted cyclic code, prefix code, prescriptive code, pulse code, Pulse Code Modulation, punch tape code, punched tape code ♦ redundant code, reflected code ♦ SCAC Code, self-checking code, Short Code, signal code, source code escrow, spaghetti code, specification code, state code ♦ template code, threaded code, to code, Trellis Code Modulation, triangular code ♦ United States Code ♦ vacant code group, vertical interval time code ♦ write-only code ♦ ZIP Code Tabulation Area. (references)

Etymologies containing "code": Codicil. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Code" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Dutch (code), French (code, statute book), German (code).

Modern Usage: Code

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	I have two books at my bedside, Lieutenant: the Marine Corps Code of Conduct and the King James Bible (A Few Good Men; writing credit: Aaron Sorkin) Excuse me, officers, but I hate to ask a law enforcement official to bend the rules, especially for Penal Code 117, Section 33b, but our house is at stake (The Brady Bunch Movie; writing credit: Betty Thomas, written by Laurice Elehwany, Rick Copp, Bonnie Turner and Terry Turner) The code name of your assignment will be.Borus (True Lies; writing credit: Claude Zidi; Simon Michaël) My authorization code is E-A, T-M, E. (Alien: Resurrection; writing credit: Dan O'Bannon; Ronald Shusett) Give me the code. (Die Hard; writing credit: Jeb Stuart)
Lyrics	Oh I'm dead, mayday code red (Code Red; performing artist: Prince) You see I go by the code of the doctor of the mix, ("Rapper's Delight"; performing artist: Sugarhill Gang) And well he's on the table, and he's gone to code. (Jumper; performing artist: Third Eye Blind)
Clever	The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is 672. (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles	Due gattoni a nove code... e mezzo ad Amsterdam (1972) The Jensen Code (1972) Il Gatto a nove code (1971) Code Name: Rawhide (1971) FBI Code 98 (1963)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Code

Domain	Title
References	Bar Code System Equipment in Thailand: A Strategic Entry Report, 1997 (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C, 2nd Edition (reference) Beginning Java Objects: From Concepts to Code (reference) Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction (reference) National Electrical Code 2002 (reference) Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Askus Code Listing Directory (reference) California Code Of Regulations On Cd-rom (reference) California Parkers Labor Code (reference) Canadian Postal Code Directory (reference) City And County Of San Francisco Municipal Code - Fire Code (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Code Hunter (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Code (reference) Code Red (reference) No Code (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Aiwa HP-V600 Headphones with Acoustic Plus Technology and 2-Way Code Holder (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

Consumer Goods	Craftsman Book Company 1572180587 Contractor's Guide To The Building Code (reference) The Taunton Press 070562 Plumbing Code Check (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Code

Photo Album: Code

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Scientist is performing an amino acid analysis which is used to look at the detail of cellular molecules. Knowing the genetic code and the way it relates to proteins made by the body are tools to understand cancer cells. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer).		Pictured are two scientists in a laboratory setting. They are looking at a highlighted light board. Both are in lab coats. They are reading the genetic code in the DNA pictured. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer).
	Deciphering the genetic code of livestock could help researchers reduce the total numbers of live animals needed for studies. At the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, Nebraska, technician Kristen Katzberg reads DNA sequences. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Keith Weller..		Wheat seeds treated with bacteria like those colonized in this petri dish are nearly immune to wheat take-all, a root-destroying fungal disease. The sequencing gel in the background bears the genetic code for bacterial enzymes that synthesize natural antibiotics. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Jack Dykinga..
	Crewmen of USS Ellet (DD-398) look at the floating wreckage of a Japanese Navy Type 1 land attack plane (a type later code named "Betty"), which crashed during the aerial torpedo attack on the Allied invasion force off Tulagi Island on 8 August 1942. Credit: NAVY.		Largely intact floating wreckage of a Japanese Navy Type 1 land attack plane (a type later code named "Betty"), which crashed during the aerial torpedo attack on the Allied invasion force off Tulagi Island on 8 August 1942. Photographed from USS Ellet (DD-398). Credit: NAVY.
	The new code of chivalry or what we would have done. As approved by "The American:" For 1838. Credit: Library of Congress.		McLendon poking "Senate" wasp nest with "code of ethics" twig. Credit: Library of Congress.
	There ought to be a code against hoggin' all the spotlight!. Credit: Library of Congress.		Two U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees wearing headsets using Morse code. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Code


"Code" by Ibon San Martin Commentary: "Cash machine numbers."	"The source" by Paul Fris Commentary: "Short piece of javascript source code on lcd screen. Taken at the closest possible range: 0 mm."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Sounds Captioned with "Code".

Play	Caption
	High-pitched beeping of Morse code.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Historic Usage: Code

Author	Date	Quotation
Communist Manifesto	1848	Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff. (reference)
Treaty of Versailles	1919	The Commission shall not be bound by any particular code or rules of law or by any particular rule of evidence or of procedure, but shall be guided by justice, equity and good faith. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Use in Literature: Code

Title	Author	Quote
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	This the provisions of the special code punished by an addition of five years, two with the double chain, thirteen years
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Code

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Rare changes in a gene’s DNA code are called mutations. (references)
		DNA carries the code for every inherited characteristic of an organism. (references)
		Even slight alterations in the DNA code of a gene can produce a faulty protein. (references)
Business		All import requirements are listed by HS codes (tariff code). (references)
		In 1992, President Zayed issued a new code of civil procedure. (references)
		A Civil Code amendment protects buyers purchasing goods on the Internet. (references)
Children	Mozambique	Sexual abuse of a child under 16 also is illegal under the Penal Code. (references)
	Tunisia	In 1995 the Government promulgated laws as part of the Code for the Protection of Children. (references)
	Slovak Republic	Child prostitution is not addressed specifically in the Criminal Code, but is covered by more general provisions in the law. (references)
Civil Liberties	Bulgaria	Libel is punishable under the Criminal Code. (references)
	Morocco	It also called for the revision of the Press Code. (references)
	Georgia	The tax code grants tax exemptions only for the Orthodox Church. (references)
Economic History	Haiti	Unionization is protected by the labor code. (references)
	Armenia	Armenia's international production code is 485. (references)
	Spain	The provincial tax delegation provides the code. (references)
Human Rights	Iraq	They use the Iraqi legal code. (references)
	Madagascar	The law is based on the Napoleonic code. (references)
	Ecuador	In 1999 Congress passed a new Criminal Procedures Code. (references)
Indigenous People	Panama	Indigenous workers consistently do not receive the basic rights provided by the Labor Code, such as minimum wage, social security benefits, termination pay, and job security. (references)
Minorities	Czech Republic	Despite constitutional prohibitions on discrimination, a civil law framework to implement these provisions has not been incorporated to address specific offenses under the Criminal Code. (references)
	Pakistan	Government efforts to stem a wave of sectarian violence in the weeks leading up to Muharram, including mass arrests of those suspected of participating in sectarian violence and a public call for religious leaders to enforce a code of conduct, resulted in fewer deaths during Muharram compared with 2000. Antiterrorist courts handed down convictions against several individuals accused of sectarian violence during the year; however, government authorities did not detain suspects in many other cases of sectarian violence. (references)
Political Economy	SWEDEN	Sweden is a signatory to the GATT subsidies code. (references)
	UKRAINE	A new tax code is currently being considered by the Rada. (references)
	URUGUAY	Uruguay has not signed the GATT/WTO government procurement code. (references)
Political Rights	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	The parties generally adhered to the code during the campaign. (references)
	Tunisia	Narrowly written criteria in the Electoral Code greatly restrict the eligibility of persons to run for president. (references)
	Indonesia	Legislative reforms passed in October established a legislative code of ethics and streamlined the legislative process. (references)
Trade	Kenya	It also mandates an ethics code. (references)
	Mexico	Beside each HTS code is the applicable NOM, if any. (references)
	Moldova	Excise taxes are stipulated in the Tax Code, Title IV. (references)
Travel	Ukraine	Ukraine's country code is 380; Kyiv's city code is 44. (references)
	Ghana	The Sprint access code is 01900. Call Back Services have also become popular. (references)
	Italy	An example of a local call within Rome would be: 06-46741 (06 is the city code). (references)
Women	Tunisia	The 1956 Personal Status Code outlawed polygamy. (references)
	Tunisia	Rape is specifically prohibited by the Penal Code. (references)
	Saint Lucia	Charges must be brought under the ordinary Civil Code. (references)
Worker Rights	Honduras	Workers are not trained on the elements of this code. (references)
	Georgia	The old Soviet labor code, with some amendments, still is in effect. (references)
	Kiribati	Collective bargaining is provided for under the Industrial Relations Code. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Code

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Andy Rooney	There's an official flag code but it is routinely ignored. It is not proper to use the flag as a table cloth, not to be used as an awning or a canopy or plastered to the hood of a car.
Dennis Miller	Once hotbeds of free speech, college campuses across the country have engaged in an arms race to see who can craft the most restrictive speech code.
John E. Sununu	Well, I've always supported cutting capital gains taxes, because they do discourage investment and economic growth. But I think where the tax code is concerned, the most important thing we could do right now is simplify it, reform it.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speeches: Code

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
Andrew Jackson	1829-1837	As Congress will not form a new code, and as the people of the District can not make one for themselves, they are virtually under two governments.
Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893	The duty to obey and to execute embraces the Constitution in its entirety and the whole code of laws enacted under it.
Ronald Reagan	1981-1989	We ask only for a process, a direction, a basic code of decency, not for an instant transformation.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage Frequency: Code

"Code" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.25% of the time. "Code" is used about 4,213 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	97.25%	4,097	2,403
Lexical Verb (base form)	1.78%	75	38,535
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	0.92%	39	55,036
Noun (proper)	0.05%	2	245,945
Total	100.00%	4,213	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Name Usage Frequency: Code

The following table summarizes the usage of "code" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.

Name	Usage/Gender	Usage per 100 million Persons	Rank in USA
Code	Last name	200	38,357
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Expressions: Code

Expressions using "code": AC code ♦ access code ♦ acquirer identification code ♦ acquiring institution identification code ♦ action request/notification description code ♦ adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation ♦ agreement type code qualifier ♦ agreement type description code ♦ AIS90 injury code ♦ alphabetic code ♦ alternative code ♦ alterning code ♦ american Standard Code for Information Interchange ♦ animal identification code ♦ application error code ♦ area code ♦ ascii code ♦ assembly code ♦ assignment centre code ♦ audio code 3 ♦ augmented operation code ♦ bank code number ♦ bar code ♦ bar code reader ♦ Baudot code ♦ BCH code ♦ BHC Code ♦ binary code ♦ Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem code ♦ break a code ♦ brevity code ♦ building code ♦ carrier identification code ♦ chain code ♦ cipher code ♦ circuit identification code ♦ civil code ♦ code 2.0 ♦ code assignment plan ♦ code audit ♦ code breaker ♦ Code civil ♦ code converter ♦ code division multiple access ♦ code division multiplexing ♦ code element ♦ code elements ♦ code environment ♦ code figure ♦ code flag ♦ code form ♦ code grinder ♦ code group ♦ code independent system ♦ code insensitive system ♦ code letter ♦ code management ♦ code monkey ♦ code name ♦ Code Napoleon ♦ code notation ♦ code number ♦ code of behavior ♦ code of conduct ♦ code of fair information practice ♦ code of fair practice ♦ code of good practice ♦ code of honor ♦ code of honour ♦ code of land law ♦ code of law ♦ code of rules ♦ code of signals ♦ code of the Geeks ♦ code page ♦ code police ♦ code position ♦ code segment ♦ code set ♦ code value ♦ code violation ♦ code walk ♦ code word ♦ color code ♦ colour code ♦ commercial code ♦ communication code ♦ computer code ♦ computer instruction code ♦ control code ♦ country code ♦ crack a code ♦ criminal code ♦ currency type code qualifier ♦ cyclic code ♦ cyclic redundancy code ♦ data authentification code ♦ data code ♦ date or time or period format code ♦ dead code ♦ death code. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "code": code-block, code-books, code-break, code-breaker, code-breakers, code-breaking, code-characteristic, code-check, code-compatible, code-cracker, code-cracking, code-cum-driving, code-division, code-driven, code-free, code-is, code-making, code-mixing, code-name, code-named, code-names, code-of-conduct, code-path, code-phrase, code-room, code-share, code-sharing, code-sheet, code-sheets, code-switch, code-switched, code-switching, code-word.
	Ending with "code": bar-code, colour-code, law-code, machine-code, Z-code.
	Containing "code": bar-code-reading, byte-code compiler, byte-code interpreter.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Code

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
zip code	62,668	country code	2,237
area code	32,432	code enter matrix	2,208
cheat code	26,378	area code lookup	2,115
cheat code warcraft	16,104	airport code	2,000
code	8,160	zip code lookup	1,995
ps2 cheat code	7,009	zip code search	1,936
cheat code central	6,750	zip code map	1,915
cheat code play station 2	5,387	play station code	1,893
game code	5,132	cheat code enter matrix	1,839
x box cheat code	4,453	phone area code	1,809
ps2 code	3,924	code of federal regulation	1,780
zip code finder	3,753	game shark code	1,721
postal code	3,656	sic code	1,688
play station cheat and code	3,187	alt code	1,672
html code	3,137	find zip code	1,516
code for play station 2	2,917	area code search	1,450
x box code	2,675	pc cheat code	1,406
bar code	2,602	area code finder	1,399
zip code directory	2,340	us zip code	1,284
the sims cheat code	2,238	auto cheat city code grand theft vice	1,257
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Code

Language		Translations for "code"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans		kode. (various references)

Albanian		udhëzime programimi, shifroj (cipher, cypher, encipher, encode), shifër (cipher, cypher, digit, figure, numeral), rregulla (regulation, regulations), përmbledhje ligjesh (pandect), kodoj (cipher, cypher, encode), kode, kod (Canon, cipher, cypher, law book, statute book). (various references)

Arabic		‏مصطلح (expression, idiom, term), ‏مجموعة قوانين (digest, establishment), ‏ناموس (gnat, law), ‏نظم (adjust, arrange, array, bed, cast, codify, collocate, compose, construct, control, dispose, fix, form, groom, lay, line, marshal, mastermind, measure, order, organize, plan, poetize, put in order, put things straight, reform, regiment, regulate, regulation, right, seed, settle, shape, shuffle, sort, spruce up, stage, streamline, systematize, verse), ‏نظام شفري, ‏قانون (act, enactment, law, legislation, regulation, rule, statute), ‏صاغ في رموز شفرية, ‏رمز (allegory, attribute, character, denote, designate, emblem, ensign, figure, icon, image, indication, sign, stand for, symbol, symbolize, telltale, token, type, typify), ‏شفرة (blade), ‏شريعة (canon, dispensation, law, legislation, religious law), ‏دستور (constitution, rule), ‏درج (calibrate, grade, graduate, include, insert, inset, locker, scale, slot, staircase, stairs, step, stud, toddle). (various references)

Bulgarian		установени правила (order), сигнална система, шифър (character, cipher, cryptograph, pressmark), шифровам (codify), кодекс (pandect, statute book), кодирам, код (key, signal book). (various references)

Chinese		略碼 , 代码 (codes), 密碼 (password). (various references)

Czech		kód. (various references)

Danish		taellingsnoegle (coding scheme), retningsnummerkode, numerisk kode (key, numeric code), noegle (ball, coding scheme, key), kodningssystem (coding scheme, coding system), kodet tegnsæt (coded character set), kodeskema (coding scheme), koderepræsentation (code element, code value, coded representation, data code), kodenoegle (key, numeric code), kodeelement (code element, code value, coded representation, data code), kode (coding scheme, key, numeric code, pastern, to encode). (various references)

Dutch		code (coding scheme, key, numeric code). (various references)

Esperanto		kodo, ĉifro (secret code). (various references)

Faeroese		loyniskrift (secret code). (various references)

Farsi		مجموعه قانون تهیه کردن , نظام نامه , قانون (Edict, Law, Regulation, Rule, Statute), رمز (Cipher, Cranny, Crypt, Enigma, Mystery, Secret, Symbol, Token, Trick), بصورت رمزدراوردن (Codify, Cryptograph). (various references)

Finnish		koodi (code element, code value, coded representation, coding scheme, data code, key, numeric code). (various references)

French		code (coded character set, coding scheme, numeric code). (various references)

German		code (coding scheme, key, numeric code), schlüssel (cipher, clef, clefs, key, key's, passport, ratio, spanner, tools, wrench), kode (codes), chiffre (cipher, secret code). (various references)

Greek		κώδικας (statute book). (various references)

Hebrew		לשון סתרים (cypher, slander), תקנון (constitution, regulations, set of rules), קוד סתרים, קובץ חוקים, חוקי התנהגות, כללי התנהגות (etiquette), כתב מותנה, כתב סתרים (secret writing), צופן (cipher). (various references)

Hungarian		törvénykönyv (law book, statue-book, statute book), kód. (various references)

Icelandic		póstnúmer (postal code, ZIP code). (various references)

Indonesian		sandi, kode. (various references)

Irish		cód. (various references)

Italian		codice (codex, pandects, statute book), prefisso (prefix), cifrario (key). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		記号 (symbol), 規約 (agreement, rules), 略号 (mark, symbol), 符牒 (mark, password, secret price tag, sign, symbol), 符丁 (mark, password, sign, symbol), 暗証 (cipher), 暗号 (password), コート紙 (chord, chord-name, coated paper, code book, code-books, cord, cord pendant, cordless, cordless phone, cordovan). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		きごう (drawing, painting, symbol, writing), きやく (agreement, breaking a promise, irreducible, rules), ふちょう (bad condition, break-off, disagreement, disorder, head nurse, mark, not to work out, out of form, password, prefectural office, secret price tag, sign, slump, symbol), りゃくごう (mark, symbol), あんしょう (cipher, memorization, recitation, recite from memory, reef, sunken rock), あんごう (coincidence, password), コード (chord, cord). (various references)

Korean		부호 (codes). (various references)

Manx		screeuyn dorraghey (cryptogram), reill (govern, order, policy, principle, regulate, reign, rule), cur ayns coad (codify). (various references)

Norwegian		retningsnummer (dialling code), postnummer (postal code, ZIP code). (various references)

Pig Latin		odecay.(various references)

Portuguese		código (coding scheme, key, numeric code). (various references)

Romanian		codifica (cipher, codify, encipher, encode), codex, cod (cipher, cod, key, statute book), cifru (cipher, key), cifrat, cifra (cipher, codify), semnal (pre-print, sign, signal, target). (various references)

Russian		свод законов (corpus juris, law-book, pandect, statute book, statute-book), система кодирования, шифровать (codify, encode), кодекс (codex, law book, law-book), кодировка (coding), кодировать код;кодекс кодовый, кодировать (encipher, encode, encrypt), кодифицировать, код (cipher key, key, signal-book), законы, принципы. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		zbornik (anthology, collection, corpus), zakonik (law book, legal code, pandect, statute book), propisi (regulations), kodirati, kod (at, care: in care of, of, with), šifrovati (codify, encipher, scramble), šifra (cipher). (various references)

Spanish		código (cipher, cypher), clave (cembalo, cipher, clef, crypt, cypher, harpsichord, key). (various references)

Swedish		kod (coding scheme, key, numeric code), chiffer (cipher, monogram). (various references)

Thai		เข้ารหัส, เขียนโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์, ถอดรหัสพันธุกรรม, รหัส, ประมวลกฎหมาย (digest), มาตรการ. (various references)

Turkish		yasa kitabı, yasa (act, act of congress, enaction, law, regulation, statute), yönetmelik (guide, ordinance, precept, regulations, rule, standing orders, standing rule), tüzük (charter, constitution, covenant, regulations, rule, rules, standing rule, statute), prensipler, numaralamak (count off, number, numerate), kural (disposition, law, precept, regulation, rule, statute), kodlamak (codify, encipher, encode), kod, kanun (act, act of congress, act of parliament, Canon, enaction, law, rule, statute), kılavuz (baedeker, conductor, guide, lead, manual, pilot, pioneer, rudder), şifrelemek (cipher, codify, encipher, encode), şifre (cipher, code word, cypher, key word). (various references)

Turkmen		юifrlemek (r) (ciphere). (various references)

Ukrainian		шифр (cipher, cypher), кодувати (encode), кодекс (codex, corpus), кодифікувати (codify), код (cipher). (various references)

Vietnamese		quy tắc (canon, line, regulation, rule), mật mã, luật lệ, luật điều lệ, bộ luật. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Code

Language	Period	Translations
Old French	900-1400	code. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Derivations & Misspellings: Code

Derivations
	Words beginning with "code": codebook, codebooks, codebtor, codebtors, codec, codecs, coded, codefendant, codefendants, codeia, codeias, codein, codeina, codeinas, codeine, codeines, codeins, codeless, coden, codens, codependence, codependences, codependencies, codependency, codependent, codependents, coder, coderive, coderived, coderives, coderiving, coders, codes, codesign, codesigned, codesigning, codesigns, codetermination, codeterminations, codevelop, codeveloped, codeveloper, codevelopers, codeveloping, codevelops, codex. (additional references)
	Words ending with "code": decode, encode, microcode, miscode, ostracode, postcode, precode, recode, subcode. (additional references)
	Words containing "code": cacodemon, cacodemonic, cacodemons, decoded, decoder, decoders, decodes, encoded, encoder, encoders, encodes, microcodes, miscoded, miscodes, ostracoderm, ostracoderms, ostracodes, postcodes, precoded, precodes, recoded, recodes, subcodes, uncoded, vocoder, vocoders. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Code" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Cada, cadea, cadec, cadeo, cado, Cbde, ccd, cd, cde, Cdev, Cdo, cead, ceda, cedae, cedfe, cedi, choade, choda, cida, cide, Cidi, ciod, cioda, ckd, clodde, Clode, cmod, coae, codae, codan, codd, coddy, codec, codek, codeu, Codey, codge, codi, codien, codle, Codlea, codo, Codul, coee, cofe, cohe, Coid, coje, comdef, condi, coode, Cooden, cooe, Cooeee, coote, corda, corde, Cordee, cose, couda, coude, coue, cowe, coxe, coye, coze, croda, crode, Croyde, cuda, Cudi, cudo, cuide, cunde, fode, iode, koda, kode, Koder, koed, kude, Ocadu, ocd, scode, sode, zode. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Rhyming with "Code"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "code" (pronounced kō"d)
3	k ō" d	decode, encode.
2	-ō" d	abode, bestowed, bestrode, blowed, bode, busload, commode, corrode, crowed, load, lode, erode, explode, flowed, forebode, glowed, goad, implode, mode, mowed, node, ode, outmode, overflowed, overrode, owed, plateaued, reload, road, rode, rowed, sewed, showed, slowed, snowed, stowed, strode, toad, toed, towed, unbowed, unload.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Anagrams: Code

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Direct Anagrams: coed, deco.
	Words within the letters "c-d-e-o"
	-1 letter: cod, doc, doe, ode.
	-2 letters: de, do, ed, od, oe.
	Words containing the letters "c-d-e-o"
	+1 letter: codec, coded, coden, coder, codes, codex, coeds, coked, coled, coned, cooed, coped, cored, coted, coude, coved, cowed, coxed, coyed, credo, decor, decos, decoy, dolce, douce.
	+2 letters: acnode, bodice, canoed, ceboid, choked, chored, chowed, cloned, closed, cloyed, coaled, coated, coaxed, cocked, codded, codder, coddle, codecs, codeia, codein, codens, coders, codger, coedit, cogged, cohead, coifed, coiled, coined, colder, colead, comade, combed, comedo, comedy, comped, conked, conned, cooeed, cooked, cooled, cooped, copied, copped, corded, corder, corked, corned, coshed, cosied, costed, couped, cowled, cozied, credos, crowed, deacon, decoct, decode, decors, decoys, dioecy, docent, docile, docked, docker, docket, douche, echoed, encode, escudo, forced, geodic, hocked, locked, locoed, medico, mocked, nocked, ochred, ouched, pocked, ponced, recode, record, redock, rocked, scoped, scored, scowed, second, socked, voiced, yocked, zydeco.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern

5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art

9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Historic
11. Quotations: Fiction
12. Quotations: Non-fiction

13. Quotations: Spoken
14. Quotations: Speeches
15. Usage Frequency
16. Names: Frequency

17. Expressions
18. Expressions: Internet
19. Translations: Modern
20. Translations: Ancient

21. Abbreviations
22. Acronyms
23. Derivations
24. Rhymes

25. Anagrams
26. Bibliography

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.