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Definition: Club |
ClubNoun1. A team of professional baseball players who play and travel together; "each club played six home games with teams in its own division". 2. A formal association of people with similar interests; "he joined a golf club"; "they formed a small lunch society"; "men from the fraternal order will staff the soup kitchen today". 3. Stout stick that is larger at one end; "he carried a club in self defense"; "he felt as if he had been hit with a club". 4. A building occupied by a club; "the clubhouse needed a new roof". 5. Golf equipment used by a golfer to hit a golf ball. 6. A playing card in the minor suit of clubs (having one or more black trefoils on it); "he led a small club"; "clubs were trumps". 7. A spot that is open late at night and that provides entertainment (as singers or dancers) as well as dancing and food and drink; "don't expect a good meal at a cabaret"; "the gossip columnist got his information by visiting nightclubs every night"; "he played the drums at a jazz club". Verb1. Unite with a common purpose; "The two men clubbed together". 2. Gather and spend time together; "They always club together". 3. Strike with a club or a bludgeon. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "club" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: Club \Club\, noun. [Compare to Icelandic klubba, klumba, club, a clubfoot, Swedish klubba club, Danish klump lump, klub a club, German klumpen clump, kolben club, and English clump.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of being approached by a person bearing a club, denotes that you will be assailed by your adversaries, but you will overcome them and be unusually happy and prosperous; but if you club any one, you will undergo a rough and profitless journey. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Literature | Club A society of persons who club together, or form themselves into a knot or lump. The word was originally applied to persons bound together by a vow. (German, gelübde) (See Cards 4 clubs.) "[1190] was the era of chivalry, for bodies of men uniting themselves by a sacred vow, gelubde, which word and thing have passed over to us in a singularly dwindled condition, `club' we call it; and the vow does not rank very high"- Carlyle: Frederick the Great vol i. p 111. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Slang | Noun. Source: A group of people coming together with a common interest. Definition: A once a week gathering of high school kids to hang out and have fun, sing songs, play games, get to know each other, and hear a short talk from the Bible by a leader. Context: "Club" is used within the speech community to plan or talk about the weekly event. Social Source: Young Life leaders. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references) |
Slang in 1811 | CLUB. A meeting or association, where each man is to spend an equal and stated sum, called his club. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This article is about clubs referring to a particular organization of people. For other article subjects named club see club (disambiguation).A club (in Greek: Mupia, in Latin sodalitas) is generally considered to be an association of people not united together by any natural ties of kinship, real or supposed. For modern clubs see below. This article begins with an account of Greek and Roman clubs. Such clubs occur in all ancient states of which we have any detailed knowledge, and seem to have dated in one form or another from a very early period. One may reasonably suppose, in the absence of certain information, that the rigid system of groups of kin, i.e. family, gens, phratnia, etc., affording no principle of association beyond the maintenance of society as it then existed, may itself have suggested the formation of groups of a more elastic and expansive nature; in other words, that clubs became an expedient for the deliverance of society from a too rigid and conservative principle of crystallization.
Greek clubs
The most comprehensive statement we possess as to the various kinds of clubs which might exist in a single Greek state appears in a law of Solon quoted incidentally in the Digest of Justinian I (47.22), which guaranteed the administrative independence of these associations provided they kept within the bounds of the law. Those mentioned (apart from demes and phratries, which were not clubs as here understood) are associations for religious purposes, for burial, for trade, for privateering, and for the enjoyment of common meals. Of these by far the most important are the religious clubs, about which we have a great deal of information, chiefly from inscriptions; and these may be taken as covering those for burial purposes and for common meals, for there can be no doubt that all such unions had originally a religious object of some kind. But we have to add to Solon's list the political ~ratpLcu[?] which we meet with in Athenian history, which do not seem to have always had a religious object, whatever their origin may have been; and it may be convenient to clear the ground by considering these first.
In the period between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars we hear of hetairies within the two political parties, oligarchic and democratic; Themistocles is said (Plut. Anistides, 2) to have belonged to one, Pericles' supporters seem to have been thus organized (Plut. Per. 7 and 13), and Cimon had a hundred hetairoi devoted to him (Plut. Cim. 17). These associations were used, like the collegia sodalicia at Rome (see below), for securing certain results at elections and in the law-courts (Thuc. viii. 54), and were not regarded as harmful or illegal. But the bitterness of party struggles in Greece during the Peloponnesian War changed them in many states into political engines dangerous to the constitution, and especially to democratic institutions; Aristotle mentions (Politics, p. 1310 a) a secret oath taken by the members of oligarchic clubs, containing the promise, "I will be an enemy to the people, and will devise all the harm I can against them." At Athens in 413 BC the conspiracy against the democracy was engineered by means of these clubs, which existed not only there but in the other cities of the empire (Thuc. viii. 48 and 54), and had now become secret conspiracies (crvpwi.zoo-icu) of a wholly unconstitutional kind. On this subject see Grote, Hist. of Greece, v. 360; A. H. J. Greenidge, Handbook of Greek Constitutional History, 208 foll.
Passing over the clubs for trade or plunder mentioned in Solon's law, of which we have no detailed knowledge, we come to the religious associations. These were known by several names, especially thiasi, eranoi and orgeones, and it is not possible to distinguish these from each other in historical times, though they may have had different origins. They had the common object of sacrifice to a particular deity; the thiasi and orgeones seem to be connected more especially with foreign deities whose rites were of an orgiastic character. The organization of these societies is the subject of an excellent treatise by Paul Foucart (Les Associations religieuses chez les Grecs, Paris, 1873), still indispensable, from which the following particulars are chiefly drawn. For the greater part of them the evidence consists of inscriptions from various parts of Greece, many of which were published for the first time by Foucart, and will be found at the end of his book.
The first striking point is that the object of all these associations is to maintain the worship of some foreign deity, i.e. of some deity who was not one of those admitted and guaranteed by the state, the divine inhabitants of the city, as they may be called. For all these the state made provision of priests, temples, sacrifices, etc.; but for all others these necessaries had to be looked after by private individuals associated for the purpose. The state, as we see from the law of Solon quoted above, made no difficulty about the introduction of foreign worships, provided they did not infringe the law and were not morally unwholesome, and regarded these associations as having all the rights of legal corporations. So we find the cult of deities such as Sabazius, Mater Magna (see Great mother of the gods) and Attis, Adonis, Isis, Serapis, Men Tyrannos, carried on in Greek states, and especially in seaports like the Peiraeus, Rhodes, Smyrna, without protest, but almost certainly without moral benefit to the worshippers. The famous passage in Demosthenes (de Corona, sect. 259 foil.) shows, however, that the initiation at an early age in the rites of Sabazius did not gain credit for Aeschines in the eyes of the best men. We are not surprised to find that, in accordance with the foreign character of the cults thus maintained, the members of the associations are rarely citizens by birth, but women, freedmen, foreigners and even slaves. Thus in an inscription found by Sir C. Newton at Cnidus, which contains a mutilated list of members of a thiasos, one only out of twelve appears to be a Cnidian citizen, four are slaves, seven are probably foreigners. Hence we may conclude that these associations were of importance, whether for good or for evil, in organizing and encouraging the foreign population in the cities of Greece.
The next striking fact is that these associations were organized, as we shall also find them at Rome, in imitation of the constitution of the city itself. Each had its law, its assembly, its magistrates or officers (i.e. secretary, treasurer) as well as priests or priestesses, and its finance. The law regulated the conditions of admission, which involved an entrance fee and an examination (tloKLucwia) as to character; the contributions, which had to be paid by the month, and the steps to be taken to enforce payment, eg. exclusion in case of persistent neglect of this duty; the use to be made of the revenues, such as the building or maintenance of temple or club-house, and the cost of crowns or other honours voted by the assembly to its officers. This assembly, in accordance with the law, elected its officers once a year, and these, like those of the state itself, took an oath on entering office, and gave an account of their stewardship at the end of the year. Further details on these points of internal government will be found in Foucart's work (pp. 20 foil.), chiefly derived from inscriptions of the orgeones engaged in the cult of the Mother of the Gods at the Peiraeus. The important question whether these religious associations were in any sense benefit clubs, or relieved the sick and needy, is answered by him emphatically in the negative.
As might naturally be supposed, the religious clubs increased rather than diminished in number and importance in the later periods of Greek history, and a large proportion of the inscriptions relating to them belong to the Macedonian and Roman empires. One of the most interesting, found in 1868, belongs to the 2nd century A.D., viz, that which reveals the worship of Men Tyrannos at Laurium (Foucart, pp. 119 foll.). This Phrygian deity was introduced into Attica by a Lycian slave, employed by a Roman in working the mines at Laurium. He founded the cult and the eranos which was to maintain it, and seems also to have drawn up the law regulating its ritual and government. This may help us to understand the way in which similar associations of an earlier age were instituted.
Roman clubs
At Rome the principle of private association was recognized very early by the state; sodalitates for religious purposes are mentioned in the XII Tables (Gaius in Digest, 47. 22. 4), and collegia opificum, or trade gilds,, were believed to have been instituted by Numa, which probably means that they were regulated by the jus divinum as being associated with particular worships. It is difficult to distinguish between the two words collegium and sodalitas; but collegium is the wider of the two in meaning, and may be used for associations of all kinds, public and private, while sodalitas is more especially a union for the purpose of maintaining a cult. Both words indicate the permanence of the object undertaken by the association, while a societas is a temporary combination without strictly permanent duties. With the societates publicanorum and other contracting bodies of which money-making was the main object, we are not here concerned.
The collegia opificum ascribed to Numa (Plut. Numa, 17) include guilds of weavers, fullers, dyers, shoemakers, doctors, teachers, painters, etc., as we learn from Ovid, Fasti, ~ 819 foll., where they are described as associated with the cult of Minerva, the deity of handiwork; Plutarch also mentions flute-players, who were connected with the cult of Jupiter on the Capitol, and smiths, goldsmiths, tanners, etc. It would seem that, though these guilds may not have had a religious origin as some have thought, they were from the beginning, like all early institutions, associated with some cult; and in most cases this was the cult of Minerva. In her temple on the Aventine Hill almost all these collegia had at once their religious centre and their business headquarters. When during the Second Punic War a gild of poets was instituted, this too had its meeting-place in the same temple. The object of the gild in each case was no doubt to protect and advance the interests of the trade, but on this point we have no sufficient evidence, and can only follow the analogy of similar institutions in other countries and ages. We lose sight of them almost entirely until the age of Cicero, when they reappear in the form of political clubs (collegia sodalicia or compitalicia) chiefly with the object of securing the election of candidates for magistracies by fair or foul means, usually the latter (see esp. Cic. pro Flancio, passim). These were suppressed by a senatusconsultum in. 64 B.C., revived by Clodius six years later, and finally abolished by Julius Caesar, as dangerous to public order. Probably the old trade gilds had been swamped in the vast and growing population of the city, and these, inferior and degraded both in personnel and objects, had taken their place. But the principle of the trade gild reasserts itself under the Empire, and is found at work in Rome and in every municipal town, attested abundantly by the evidence of inscriptions. Though the right of permitting such associations belonged to the government alone, these trade gilds were recognized by the state as being instituted "ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent" (Digest, 50. 6. 6). Every kind of trade and business throughout the Empire seems to have had its collegium, as is shown by the inscriptions in the Corpus from any Roman municipal town; and the life and work of the lower orders of the municipales are shadowed forth in these interesting survivals. The primary object was no doubt still to protect the trade; but as time went on they tended to become associations for feasting and enjoyment, and more and more to depend on the munificence of patrons elected with the object of eliciting it. Fuller information about them will be found in G. Boissier, La Religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins, ii. 286 foll., and S. Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, pp. 264 foll. How far they formed a basis or example for the gilds of the early middle ages is a difficult question which cannot be answered here (see Gilds); it is, however, probable that they gradually lost their original business character, and became more and more associations for procuring the individual, lost as he was in the vast desert of the empire, some little society and enjoyment in life, and the certainty of funeral rites and a permanent memorial after death.
We may now return to the associations formed for the maintenance of cults, which were usually called sodalitates, though the word collegium was also used for them, as in the case of the college of the Arval Brothers (q.v.). Of the ancient Sodales Titii nothing is known until they were revived by Augustus; but it seems probable that when a gens or family charged with the maintenance of a particular cult had died out, its place was supplied by a sodalitas (Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, iii. 134). The introduction of new cults also led to the institution of new associations; thus in 495 BC when the worship of Minerva was introduced, a collegium mercatorum was founded to maintain it, which held its feast on the dies natalis (dedication day) of the temple (Liv. ii. 27. 5); and in 387 the ludi Capitolini were placed under the care of a similar association of dwellers on the Capitoline Hill. In 204 BC when the Mater Magna was introduced from Pessinus a sodalitas (or sodalitates) was instituted which, as Cicero tells us (de Senect. 3. 45) used to feast together during the ludi Megalenses. All such associations were duly licensed by the state, which at all times was vigilant in forbidding the maintenance of any which it deemed dangerous for religious or political reasons; thus in 186 BC the senate, by a decree of which part is preserved (C.LL. i. 43), made all combination for promoting the Bacchic religious rites strictly illegal. But legalized sodalitates are frequent later; the temple of Venus Genetrix, begun by Julius and finished by Augustus, had its collegium (Pliny, N.H. ii. 93), and sodalilates were instituted for the cult of the deified emperors Augustus, Claudius, etc.
We thus arrive by a second channel at the collegia of the empire. Both the history of the trade gilds and that of the religious collegia or sodalitates conduct us by a course of natural development to that extraordinary system of private association with which the empire was honeycombed.
As has been already said of the trade gilds, the main objects of association seem to have been to make life more enjoyable and to secure a permanent burial place; and of there the latter was probably the primary or original one. It was a natural instinct in the classical as in the pre-classical world to wish to rest securely after death, to escape neglect and oblivion. This is not the place to explain the difficulties which the poorer classes in the Roman empire had to face in satisfying this instinct; but since the publication of the Corpus Inscriptionum has made us familiar with the conditions of the life of these classes, there can be no doubt that this was always a leading motive in their passion for association. In the year A.D. 133 under Hadrian this instinct was recognized by law, i.e. by a senatusconsultum which has fortunately come down to us. It was engraved at the head of their own regulations by a collegium instituted for the worship of Diana and Antinous at Lanuvium, and runs thus:
"Qui stipem menstruam conferre volent in funera, in Id collegiwm coëant, neque sub specie ejus collcgii nisi semel in mense coeant conferendi - causa unde defuncti sepeliantur" (C.I.L. xiv. 2112). From the Digest, 47. 22. I, the locus classicus on this subject, we learn that this was a general law allowing the founding of funerary associations, provided that the law against illicit collegia were complied with, and it was natural that from that time onwards such collegia should spring up in every direction. The inscription of Lanuvium, together with many others (for which see the works of Boissier and Dill already cited), has given us a clear idea of the constitution of these colleges. Their members were as a rule of the humblest classes of society, and often included slaves; from each was due an entrance fee and a monthly subscription, and a funeral grant was made to the heir of each member at his death in order to bury him in the burying-place of the college, or if they were too poor to construct one of their own, to secure burial in a public columbarium. The instinct of the Roman for organization is well illustrated in the government of these colleges. They were organized on exactly the same lines as the municipal towns of the empire; their officers were elected, usually for a year, or in the case of honorary distinctions, for life; as in a municipal town, they were called quinquennales, curatores, praefecti, etc., and quaestors superintended the finances of the association. Their place of meeting, if they were rich enough to have one, was called schola and answered the purpose of a club-house; the site or the building was often given them by some rich patron, who was pleased to see his name engraved over its doorway. Here we come upon one of those defects in the society of the empire which seem gradually to have sapped the virility of the population - the desire to get others to do for you what you are unwilling or unable to do for yourself. The patroni increased in number, and more and more the colleges acquired the habit of depending on their benefactions, while at the same time it would seem that the primary object of burial became subordinate to the claims of the common weal. It may also be asserted with confidence, as of the Greek clubs, that these coliegia rarely or never did the work of our benefit clubs, by assisting sick or infirm members; such objects at any rate do not appear in the inscriptions. The only exceptions seem to be the military collegia, which, though strictly forbidden as dangerous to discipline, continued to increase in number in spite of the law. The great legionary camps of the Roman province of Africa (Cagnat, L'Armée romaine, 457 foll.) have left us inscriptions which show not only the existence of these clubs, but the way in which their funds were spent; and it appears that they were applied to useful purposes in the life of a member as well as for his burial, e.g. to travelling expenses, or to his support after his discharge (see especially C.I.L. viii. 2552 foll.).
As the Roman empire became gradually impoverished and depopulated, and as the difficulty of defending its frontiers increased, these associations must have been slowly extinguished, and the living and the dead citizen alike ceased to be the object of care and contribution. The sudden invasion of Dacia by barbarians in A.D. 166 was followed by the extinction of one collegium which has left a record of the fact, and probably by many others. The master of the college of Jupiter Cernenius, with the two quaestors and seven witnesses, attest the fact that the college has ceased to exist. "The accounts have been wound up, and no balance is left in the chest. For a long time no member has attended on the days fixed for meetings, and no subscriptions have been paid" (Dill, op. cit. p. 285). The record of similar extinctions in the centuries that followed, were they extant, wculd show us how this interesting form of crystallization, in which the well-drilled people of the empire displayed an unusual spontaneity, gradually melted away and disappeared.
Besides the works already cited may be mentioned Mommsen, de Collegils et Sodaliciis (1843), which laid the foundation of all subsequent study of the subject; Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, iii. 134 foIl.; de Marchi, Il culto privato di Roma antica, ii. 75 foll.; Kornemann, s. v. "Collegium" in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie.
British Clubs (In particular London clubs)
The word "club," in the sense of an association to promote good-fellowship and social intercourse, only became common in England at the time of The Tatler and The Spectator (1709 - 1712). It is doubtful whether its use originated in its meaning of a knot of people, or from the fact that the members "clubbed" together to pay the expenses of their meetings. The oldest English clubs were merely informal periodic gatherings of friends for the purpose of dining or drinking together. Thomas Occleve (temp. Henry IV.) mentions such a club called La Court de Bone Compaignie, of which he was a member. John Aubrey (writing in 1659) says:
"We now use the word clubbe for a sodality in a tavern." Of these early clubs the most famous was the Bread Street or Friday Street Club, originated by Sir Walter Raleigh, and meeting at the Mermaid Tavern. Shakespeare, Beaumont, Fletcher, Selden and Donne were among the members. Another such club was that which met at the Devil Tavern near Temple Bar; and of this Ben Jonson is supposed to have been the founder.
With the introduction of coffee-drinking in the middle of the 17th century, clubs entered on a more permanent phase. The coffee-houses of the later Stuart period are the real originals of the modern club-house. The clubs of the late 17th and early 18th century type resembled their Tudor forerunners in being oftenest associations solely for conviviality or literary coteries. But many were confessedly political, e.g. The Rota, or Coffee Club (1659), a debating society for the spread of republican ideas, broken up at the Restoration, the Calves Head Club (c. 1693) and the Green Ribbon Club (1675) (q.v.). The characteristics of all these clubs were: (1) no permanent financial bond between the members, each man's liability ending for the time being when he had paid his "score" after the meal; (2) no permanent club-house, though each clique tended to make some special coffee-house or tavern their headquarters. These coffee-house clubs soon became hotbeds of political scandal-mongering and intriguing, and in 1675 Charles II issued a proclamation which ran, "His Majesty hath thought fit and necessary that coffee houses be (for the future) put down and suppressed," owing to the fact that in such houses divers false, malitious and scandalous reports are devised and spread abroad to the Defamation of his Majesty's Government and to the Disturbance of Peace and Quiet of the Realm. So unpopular was this proclamation that it was almost instantly found necessary to withdraw it, and by Anne's reign the coffee-house club was a feature of England's social life.
From the 18th-century clubs two types evolved: social and political.
The social and dining clubs are permanent institutions with a fixed club-house. The London coffee-house clubs in increasing their members absorbed the whole accommodation of the coffeehouse or tavern where they held their meetings, and this became the club-house, often retaining the name of the original keeper, e.g. White's, Brooks's, Arthur's, Boodle's. The modern club, sometimes proprietary, i.e. owned by an individual or private syndicate, but more frequently owned by the members who delegate to a committee the management of its affairs, first reached its highest development in London, where the district of St James's has long been known as "Clubland"; but the institution has spread all over the English-speaking world. (2) Those clubs which have but occasional or periodic meetings and often possess no club-house, but exist primarily for some specific object. Such are the many purely athletic, sports and pastimes clubs, the Jockey Club, the Alpine, chess, yacht and motor clubs. Then there are literary clubs, musical and art clubs, publishing clubs; and the name of "club" has been annexed by a large group of associations which fall between the club proper and mere friendly societies, of a purely periodic and temporary nature, such as slate, goose and Christmas clubs, which are not required to be registered under the Friendly Societies Act.
Previous to 1902 clubs in England had not come within the purview of the licensing system. The Licensing Act of 1902, however, remedied that defect, and although it was passed principally to check the abuse of "clubs" being formed solely to sell intoxicating liquors free from the restrictions of the Licensing acts, it applied to all clubs in England and Wales, of whatever kind, from the humblest to the most exalted Pall Mall club. The act required the registration of every club which occupied any premises habitually used for the purposes of a club and in which intoxicating liquor was supplied to members or their guests. The secretary of every club was required to furnish to the clerk to the justices of the petty sessional division a return giving (a) the name and objects of the club; (b) the address of the club; (c) the name of the secretary; (d) the number of members; (e) the rules of the club relating to (i.) the election of members and the admission of temporary and honorary members and of guests; (ii.) the terms of subscription and entrance fee, if any; (iii.) the cessation of membership; (iv.) the hours of opening and closing; and (v.) the mode of altering the rules. The same particulars must be furnished by a secretary before the opening of a new club. The act imposed heavy penalties for supplying and keeping liquor in an unregistered club. The act gave power to a court of summary jurisdiction to strike a club off the register on complaint in writing by any person on any of various grounds, e.g. if its members numbered less than twenty-five; if there was frequent drunkenness on the premises; if persons were habitually admitted as members without forty-eight hours' interval between nomination and admission; if the supply of liquor was not under the control of the members or the committee, etc. The Licensing (Scotland) Act 1903 made Scottish clubs liable to registration in a similar manner.
The earliest clubs on the European continent were of a political nature. These in 1848 were repressed in Austria and Germany, and later clubs of Berlin and Vienna were mere replicas of their English prototypes. In France, where the term cercle is most usual, the first was Le Club Politique (1782), and during the French Revolution such associations proved important political forces (see Jacobins, Feuillants, Cordeliers). Of the purely social clubs in Paris the most notable were The Jockey Club (1833) and the Cercle de la Rue Royale.
In the United States clubs were first established after the War of Independence. One of the first in date was the Hoboken Turtle Club (1797), which still survived as of 1911.
Modern sense
In modern terms, the term club has broader implications. The Service club, for example, exists for voluntary or charitable activities; there are clubs devoted to all sorts of hobbies and games, clubs for social activities, political and religious clubs, and so forth.
See also: The Hellfire Club, Chaos Computer Club, The Slimelight Club
Initial text from a 1911 encyclopedia. Please update as needed.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Club."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A club can refer to several things:
- an organization of people is a club
- a thick stick, used as a weapon, or heavy implement for athletic exercises ("Indian club," etc.)
- Clubs is one of the four suits of playing cards, - the translation of the Spanish basto - represented by a black trefoil
- a nightclub also "dance club" or simply "club" which is a place for social activities including live music performances or dancing or both, normally at night.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Club (disambiguation)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Italian Football League is football league that was started by English emigrants in the 1890s in Italy. The first club was Genoa Cricket and Athletic Club (now Genoa 1893). Initially there were separate leagues for Italians and foreigners, they merged around 1897. In March 1898, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) was set up in Torino. With four clubs joining - Genoa, FC Torinese, Internazionale di Torino and the Gymnastic Society of Torino. Other clubs existed but decided not to join. The first league took place on a single day, May 8 1898 in Torino. The title was won by Genoa.
Genoa were the initial force in Italian football. They won the championship in 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, and 1904. Following a split at the Gymnastic Society of Torino two clubs were formed - Milan FBC and FBC Juventus, they joined the league in 1900.
The league joined FIFA in 1905 and moved to a league structure, based on regions, in the same year. Other clubs joined the Federation, especially from north Italy. Pro Vercelli won the championship five times between 1908-1913.
Following the interruption of the WW I a new association was briefly created in competition with the FIGC, the Confederazione Calcistica Italiana (CCI). And in 1919 Italy had two champions US Pro Vercelli and US Novese. The two groups merged in 1922.
The move to a national league structure occurred in 1929 with initially eighteen teams in the top league. The first winners in 1930 were Internazionale. The national team also won the World Cup in 1934 and 1938.
After WW II the league returned to a regional structure with a north-south divide and a play-off for a single year before returing to a national league. Torino were the first post-war league champions and went on to win four in a row.
However it is Juventus, A.C. Milan and Internazionale that have dominated the league since World War II. Winning 54 titles between them.
Current League Structure
- Serie A
- Serie B
- Serie C1/A and C1/B
- Serie C2/A, C2/B and C2/C
- Serie D
Cup Competitions
- Coppa Italia
- SuperCoppa Italiana
- Coppa Italia Serie C
- Coppa Italia Serie D
Clubs
- A.S. Roma
- A.C. Torino
- Chievo Verona
- A.C. Milan
- Internazionale
- Bologna F.C. 1909
- Juventus
- Hellas Verona A.C
- S.S. Lazio, Società Sportiva
- A.C. Fiorentina
- Parma A.C
- Udinese Calcio
- Atalanta B.C
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Italian Football League."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Jacobin Club, the most famous of the political clubs of the French Revolution, had its origin in the Club Breton, which formed at Versailles shortly after the opening of the States General in 1789.It was at first composed exclusively of deputies from Brittany, but was soon joined by others from various parts of France, and counted among its early members Mirabeau, Sieyès, Barnave, Pétion, the Abbé Grégoire, Charles Lameth, Alexandre Lameth, Robespierre, the duc d'Aiguillon, and La Revellière-Lépeaux. At this time its meetings occurred in secret and few traces remain of what took place at them.
After the émeute of October 5 and 6, 1789 the club, still entirely composed of deputies, followed the National Assembly to Paris, where it rented the refectory of the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue St Honar the seat of the Assembly. The name "Jacobins", given in France to the Dominicans, because their first house in Paris was in the Rue St Jacques, was first applied to the club in ridicule by its enemies. The title assumed by the club itself, after the promulgation of the constitution of 1791, was Société des amis de la constitution séants aux Jacobins a Paris, which was changed on September 21, 1792, after the fall of the monarchy, to Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité. It occupied successively the refectory, the library, and the chapel of the monastery.
Once transferred to Paris, the club underwent rapid modifications. The first step was its expansion by the admission as members or associates of others besides deputies; Arthur Young entered the Club in this manner on January 18, 1790. On February 8, 1790 the society became formally constituted on this broader basis by the adoption of the rules drawn up by Barnave, which were issued with the signature of the duc d'Aiguillon, the president. The objects of the club were defined as:
At the same time the rules of order and forms of election were settled, and the constitution of the club determined. There were to be a president, elected every month, four secretaries, a treasurer, and committees elected to superintend elections and presentations, the correspondence, and the administration of the club. Any member who by word or action showed that his principles were contrary to the constitution and the rights of man was to be expelled, a rule which later on facilitated the "purification" of the society by the expulsion of its more moderate elements. By the 7th article the club decided to admit as associates similar societies in other parts of France and to maintain with them a regular correspondence.
- to discuss in advance questions to be decided by the National Assembly
- to work for the establishment and strengthening of the constitution in accordance with the spirit of the preamble (i.e. of respect for legally constituted authority and the rights of man)
- to correspond with other societies of the same kind which should be formed in the realm.
This last provision was of far-reaching importance. By August 10, 1790 there were already one hundred and fifty-two affiliated clubs; the attempts at counter-revolution led to a great increase of their number in the spring of 1791, and by the close of the year the Jacobins had a network of branches all over France. It was this widespread yet highly centralised organization that gave to the Jacobin Club its formidable power.
At the outset the Jacobin Club was not distinguished by extreme political views. The somewhat high subscription confined its membership to men of substance, and to the last it was -- so far as the central society in Paris was concerned -- composed almost entirely of professional men, such as Robespierre, or well-to-do bourgeois, like Santerre. From the first, however, other elements were present. Besides Louis Philippe, duc de Chartres (afterwards king of the French), liberal aristocrats of the type of the due d'Aiguillon, the prince de Broglie, or the vicomte de Noailles, and the bourgeois who formed the mass of the members, the club contained such figures as "Père" Michel Gerard, a peasant proprietor from Tuel-en-Montgermont, in Brittany, whose rough common sense was admired as the oracle of popular wisdom, and whose countryman’s waistcoat and plaited hair were later on to become the model for the Jacobin fashion.
The provincial branches were from the first far more democratic, though in these too the leadership was usually in the hands of members of the educated or propertied classes. Up to the very eve of the republic, the club ostensibly supported the monarchy; it took no part in the petition of July 17, 1790 for the dethronement of King Louis XVI; nor had it any official share even in the insurrections of 20 June and August 10, 1792; it only formally recognized the republic on September 21, 1792. But the character and extent of the club’s influence cannot be gauged by its official acts alone, and long before it emerged as the principal focus of the Reign of Terror; its character had been profoundly changed by the secession of its more moderate elements, some to found the Club of 1789, some in 1791 -- among them Barnave, the Lameths, Duport and Bailly -- to found the club of the Feuillants scoffed at by their former friends as the club monarchique.
The main cause of this change was the admission of the public to the sittings of the club, which began on October 14, 1791. The result is described in a report of the Department of Paris on "the state of the empire", presented on 12 June 1792, at the request of Roland, the minister of the interior, and signed by the duc de La Rochefoucauld, which ascribes to the Jacobins all the woes of the state. "There exists", it runs,
In this society -- the report continues -- murder is counselled or applauded, all authorities are calumniated and all the organs of the law bespattered with abuse; as to its power, it exercises "by its influence, its affiliations and its correspondence a veritable ministerial authority, without title and without responsibility, while leaving to the legal and responsible authorities only the shadow of power" (Schmidt, Tableaux i. 78, etc.).
- in the midst of the capital committed to our care a public pulpit of defamation, where citizens of every age and both sexes are admitted day by day to listen to a criminal propaganda. . . . This establishment, situated in the former house of the Jacobins, calls itself a society; but it has less the aspect of a private society than that of a public spectacle: vast tribunes are thrown open for the audience; all the sittings are advertised to the public for fixed days and hours, and the speeches made are printed in a special journal and lavishly distributed.
The constituency to which the club was henceforth responsible, and from which it derived its power, was in fact the peuple bête of Paris; the sans-culottes -- decayed lackeys, cosmopolitan ne’er-do-wells, and starving workpeople -- who crowded its tribunes. To this audience, and not primarily to the members of the club, the speeches of the orators were addressed and by its verdict they were judged. In the earlier stages of the Revolution the mob had been satisfied with the fine platitudes of the philosophes and the vague promise of a political millennium; but as the chaos in the body politic grew, and with it the appalling material misery, it began to clamour for the blood of the "traitors" in office by whose corrupt machinations the millennium was delayed, and only those orators were listened to who pandered to its suspicions. Hence the elimination of the moderate elements from the club; hence the ascendancy of Marat, and finally of Robespierre, the secret of whose power was that they really shared the suspicions of the populace, to which they gave a voice and which they did not shrink from translating into action.
After the fall of the monarchy Robespierre was in effect the Jacobin Club; for to the tribunes he was the oracle of political wisdom, and by his standard all others were judged. With his fall the Jacobins too came to an end.
Not the least singular thing about the Jacobins is the very slender material basis on which their overwhelming power rested. France groaned under their tyranny, which was compared to that of the Inquisition, with its system of espionage and denunciations which no one was too illustrious or too humble to escape. Yet it was reckoned by competent observers that, at the height of the Terror, the Jacobins could not command a force of more than 3000 men in Paris. But the secret of their strength was that, in the midst of the general disorganisation, they alone were organised. The police agent Dutard, in a report to the minister Garat (April 30, 1793), describing an episode in the Palais Egalité (Royal), adds: "Why did a dozen Jacobins strike terror into two or three hundred aristocrats? It is that the former have a rallying-point and that the latter have none". When the jeunesse dorée did at last organise themselves, they had little difficulty in flogging the Jacobins out of the cafés into comparative silence.
Long before this the Girondin government had been urged to meet organisation by organisation, force by force; and it is clear from the daily reports of the police agents that even a moderate display of energy would have saved the National Convention from the humiliation of being dominated by a club, and the French Revolution from the blot of the Terror. But though the Girondins were fully conscious of the evil, they were too timid, or too convinced of the ultimate triumph of their own persuasive eloquence, to act. In the session of April 30, 1793 a proposal was made to move the Convention to Versailles out of reach of the Jacobins, and Buzot declared that it was "impossible to remain in Paris" so long as "this abominable haunt" should exist; but the motion was not carried, and the Girondins remained to become the victims of the Jacobins.
Meanwhile other political clubs could only survive so long as they were content to be the shadows of the powerful organisation of the Rue St Honoré. The Feuillants had been suppressed on August 18, 1792. The turn of the Cordeliers came so soon as its leaders showed signs of revolting against Jacobin supremacy, and no more startling proof of this ascendancy could be found than the ease with which Hébert and his fellows were condemned and the readiness with which the Cordeliers, after a feeble attempt at protest, acquiesced in the verdict.
It is idle to speculate on what might have happened had this ascendancy been overthrown by the action of a strong government. No strong government existed, nor, in the actual conditions of the country, could exist on the lines laid down by the constitution. France was menaced by civil war within, and by a coalition of hostile powers without; the discipline of the Terror was perhaps necessary if she was to be welded into a united force capable of resisting this double peril; and the revolutionary leaders saw in the Jacobin organization the only instrument by which this discipline could be made effective. This is the apology usually put forward for the Jacobins by republican writers of later times; they were, it is said (and of some of them it is certainly true), no mere doctrinaires and visionary sectaries, but practical and far-seeing politicians, who realized that desperate ills need desperate remedies, and, by having the courage of their convictions, saved the gains of the Revolution for France.
The Jacobin Club was closed after the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor of the year III, and some of its members were executed. An attempt was made to re-open the club, which was joined by many of the enemies of the Thermidorians, but on 21 Brumaire, year III (November 11, 1794), it was definitively closed. Its members and their sympathizers were scattered among the cafés, where a ruthless war of sticks and chairs was waged against them by the young "aristocrats" known as the jeunesse dorée. Nevertheless the Jacobins survived, in a somewhat subterranean fashion, emerging again in the club of the Panthéon, founded on November 25, 1795, and suppressed in the following February (see Babeuf).
The last attempt to reorganise Jacobin adherents was the foundation of the Réunion d'amis de l'égalité et de la liberté, in July 1799, which had its headquarters in the Salle du Manège of the Tuileries, and was thus known as the Club du Manège. It was patronized by Barras, and some two hundred and fifty members of the two councils of the legislature were enrolled as members, including many notable ex-Jacobins. It published a newspaper called the Journal des Libres, proclaimed the apotheosis of Robespierre and Babeuf, and attacked the Directory as a royauté pentarchique. But public opinion was now preponderatingly moderate or royalist, and the club was violently attacked in the press and in the streets, the suspicions of the government were aroused; it had to change its meeting-place from the Tuileries to the church of the Jacobins (Temple of Peace) in the Rue du Bac, and in August it was suppressed, after barely a month’s existence. Its members revenged themselves on the Directory by supporting Napoleon Bonaparte.
The most important source of information for the history of the Jacobins is FA Aulard's La société des Jacobins, Recueil de documents (6 volumes, Paris, 1889, etc.), where a critical bibliography will be found. This collection does not contain all the printed sources -- notably the official Journal of the Club is omitted -- but these sources, when not included, are indicated. The documents published are furnished with valuable explanatory notes.
See also WA Schmidt, Tableaux de la révolution française (3 volumes, Leipzig, 1867 - 1870), notably for the reports of the secret police, which throw much light on the actual working of Jacobin propaganda.
See also: Jacobinism
Original text from 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please update as needed.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jacobin Club."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Assignment to leagues is valid for 2003/2004.
Bundesliga teams
- Bayer Leverkusen
- Bayern Munich
- Borussia Dortmund
- Borussia Mönchengladbach
- Eintracht Frankfurt
- 1. FC Cologne
- 1. FC Kaiserslautern
- FC Schalke 04
- Hamburger SV
- Hannover 96
- Hansa Rostock
- Hertha BSC Berlin
- SC Freiburg
- VfB Stuttgart
- VfL Bochum
- VfL Wolfsburg
- Werder Bremen
- 1860 Munich
Zweite Bundesliga teams
- Alemannia Aachen
- Arminia Bielefeld
- Eintracht Trier
- Energie Cottbus
- Erzgebirge Aue
- 1. FC Nürnberg
- FC Union Berlin
- FSV Mainz 05
- Greuther Fürth
- Jahn Regensburg
- Karlsruher SC
- LR Ahlen
- MSV Duisburg
- RW Oberhausen
- SpVgg Unterhaching
- SV Wacker Burghausen
- VfB Lübeck
- VfL Osnabrück
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of German Football League teams."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A nightclub (often simply club, particularly in the UK) is any entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. Many times, it is associated with music (either with live musicians or music mixed by a DJ,) which can range from jazz or blues to electronic music styles such as drum and bass, house, trance or techno. In addition, the term is sometimes used to describe adult-entertainment venues.In the U.S. the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933 sparked the revival of nightclubs, which had gone underground, as 'speakeasies. In New York City, three famous midtown nightclubs from the 'Golden Age' were the Stork Club, El Morocco, and the Copacabana, while uptown in Harlem the Cotton Club was king. The first rock and roll generation didn't favor nightclubs, but the club returned in the 1970s as the "disco", from the French discothèque (although by the early 2000s, the term "disco" had largely fallen out of favor). Two early discos in New York were 'Le Club' and 'Regine's'.
Gatherings in nightclubs which primarily involve music mixed by a DJ involve dancing and in most cases alcohol. Illegal use of recreational drugs such as ecstacy is commonplace in many modern clubs.
Often there are light-effects such as many colorful lights, light going on and off, moving light beams, etc. One common item is a disco ball: a rotating football-sized ball at the ceiling, covered with many small flat mirrors, with a light beam directed on it; the reflections form a multitude of moving light spots on the floor and on the people.
Clubs are oftened advertised by the handing out of flyers on the street, in record shops, and at other clubs and events, they are often highly decorative and eye-catching.
Notable nightclubs include:
See also: rave
- Studio 54, New York, 1970s - 1980s, disco
- Paradise Garage, New York, pioneer of garage music
- The Hacienda, Manchester, United Kingdom, 1982 - 1997. Home to post punk, early acid house, Madchester and electronica
- The Limelight, was the name for two different clubs: one in London (1980s - 2003), the other in New York (? - late 1990s) home to goth, industrial, noise, and techno.
- The Slimelight, London, United Kingdom, (started in the 1980s). Notable London club, its name was a reference to the The Limelight and is a home to industrial, noise, techno and goth music.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nightclub."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
CLUB | English | Contactless user board | N/A |
| Cl. | English | Club | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ClubSynonyms: ball club (n), baseball club (n), cabaret (n), clubhouse (n), gild (n), golfclub (n), guild (n), lodge (n), nightclub (n), nightspot (n), nine (n), order (n), society (n), bludgeon (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Abode | Assembly room, meetinghouse, pump room, spa, watering place; inn; hostel, hostelry; hotel, tavern, caravansary, dak bungalow, khan, hospice; public house, pub, pot house, mug house; gin mill, gin palace; bar, bar room; barrel house, cabaret, chophouse; club, clubhouse; cookshop, dive, exchange; grill room, saloon, shebeen; coffee house, eating house; canteen, restaurant, buffet, cafe, estaminet, posada; almshouse, poorhouse, townhouse. |
Arms | Club, mace, truncheon, staff, bludgeon, cudgel, life preserver, shillelah, sprig; hand staff, quarter staff; bat, cane, stick, knuckle duster; billy, blackjack, sandbag, waddy. |
Ascent | Rocket, lark; sky rocket, sky lark; Alpine Club. |
Compulsion | Force; brute force, main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum, le droit du plus fort, martial law. |
Convexity | Adjective: convex, prominent, protuberant, projecting; Verb: bossed, embossed, bossy, nodular, bunchy; clavate, clavated, claviform; hummocky, moutonne, mammiliform; papulous, papilose; hemispheric, bulbous; bowed, arched; bold; bellied; tuberous, tuberculous; tumous; cornute, odontoid; lentiform, lenticular; gibbous; club shaped, hubby, hubbly, knobby, papillose, saddle-shaped, selliform, subclavate, torose, ventricose, verrucose. |
Cooperation | Conduce; combine, unite one;s efforts; keep together, draw together, pull together, club together, hand together, hold together, league together, band together, be banded together; pool; stand shoulder to shoulder, put shoulder to shoulder; act in concert, join forces, fraternize, cling to one another, conspire, concert, lay one;s heads together; confederate, be in league with; collude, understand one another, play into the hands of, hunt in couples. |
Distortion | Adjective: distorted; Verb: out of shape, irregular, asymmetric, unsymmetric, awry, wry, askew, crooked; not true, not straight; on one side, crump, deformed; harelipped; misshapen, misbegotten; misproportioned, ill proportioned; ill-made; grotesque, monstrous, crooked as a ram's horn; camel backed, hump backed, hunch backed, bunch backed, crook backed; bandy; bandy legged, bow legged; bow kneed, knock kneed; splay footed, club footed; round shouldered; snub nosed; curtailed of one's fair proportions; stumpy; (short); gaunt; (thin); bloated; scalene; simous; taliped, talipedic. |
Focus | Noun: focus; point of convergence; corradiation; center; gathering place, resort haunt retreat; venue; rendezvous; rallying point, headquarters, home, club; depot; (store); trysting place; place of meeting, place of resort, place of assignation; point de reunion; issue. |
Illegality | Mob law, lynch law, club law, Lydford law, martial law, drumhead law; coup d'etat; le droit du plus fort; argumentum |
Party | Verb: unite, join; club together; (cooperate); cement a party, form a party; Noun: associate; (assemble); enleague, federalize, go cahoots. |
Knot, gang, clique, ring, circle, group, crowd, in-crowd; coterie, club, casino; machine; Tammany, Tammany Hall. | |
Sociality | Verb: be sociable; Adjective: know; be acquainted; Adjective: associate with, sort with, keep company with, walk hand in hand with; eat off the same trencher, club together, consort, bear one company, join; make acquaintance with; (friendship); make advances, fraternize, embrace. |
Club; (association). | |
Traveler | Tourist, excursionist, explorer, adventurer, mountaineer, hiker, backpacker, Alpine Club; peregrinator, wanderer, rover, straggler, rambler; bird of passage; gadabout, gadling; vagrant, scatterling, landloper, waifs and estrays, wastrel, foundling; loafer; tramp, tramper; vagabond, nomad, Bohemian, gypsy, Arab, Wandering Jew, Hadji, pilgrim, palmer; peripatetic; somnambulist, emigrant, fugitive, refugee; beach comber, booly; globegirdler, globetrotter; vagrant, hobo, night walker, sleep walker; noctambulist, runabout, straphanger, swagman, swagsman; trecker, trekker, zingano, zingaro. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | You should go on the 700 Club or something (Say Anything; writing credit: Cameron Crowe.) A guy who came to Fight Club for the first time, his ass was a wad of cookie dough (Fight Club; writing credit: Jim Uhls) They're redoing the Cloud Club. (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) Scott and Zelda and I shared a cab over to the Stork Club where we drank pink champagne out of Zelda's slipper (Caroline in the City; writing credit: Angela Carneiro) I say, that's not my club tie, is it (Frenzy; writing credit: Arthur La Bern; Anthony Shaffer) | |
Lyrics | Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ("Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"; performing artist: The Beatles) Rode up in the club like what (I Do (Wanna Get Close To You); performing artist: 3LW) I met this black girl in a club (What's Your Flava?; performing artist: Craig David) The club is full of ballas and their pockets full grown (Jumpin', Jumpin' (So So Def Remix); performing artist: Destiny's Child) Both members of the 4H Club (Goodbye Earl; performing artist: Dixie Chicks) | |
Clever | I got a job in a health club, but they said I wasn't fit for the job. (references; author: unknown) Without ammunition, the USAF would be just another very expensive flying club. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club (1974) Club privé pour couples avertis (1974) Crime Club (1973) Chicas de club (1972) | |
Song Titles | Mickey Mouse March (performing artist: Mickey Mouse Club) Never Had A Dream Come True (performing artist: S Club 7) Red Headed Swede (performing artist: The Skal Club Spelmanslag) I Remember Holding You (performing artist: The Boys Club) Right On Track (performing artist: The Breakfast Club) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Captain and Mrs. Fred L. Peacock At the Zamboanga Country Club Off the MARINDUQUE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Golf at the "Zambo" Country Club L to R - caddy, George L. Anderson, caddy, H. C. Warwick Off the MARINDUQUE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Woods Hole Yacht Club. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Spring Garden Harbor section of Baltimore Harbor. Accompanied as loose photos in the "Monthly Journal of the Engineers' Club of Baltimore" for February 1914. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | The entrance to the Virgin Islands Game Fishing Club. Credit: Fisheries. |  | The boat ramp at Arecibo Outboard Club. Here fishermen launch their boats. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | Chesapeake Bay Virginia National Estuarine Research Reserve. Planting oysters at Felsgate Creek during the Rotary Club Conference in June 2000. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |  | Scanning at wholesale club checkout in VA. Credit: USDA. |
 | Bulk bread products in a wholesale club in VA. Credit: USDA. |  | Pueblo Mountain Sierra Club volunteers (4) remove a fence. (WSA 2-81). Credit: Scott Moore. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Club" by Erik Larsson Commentary: "Taken in barcelona spain." | "Oz Club in New Orleans" by Matt Skallerud Commentary: "Oz, gay club in New Orleans." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | Thereupon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | I think, Miss Woodhouse, you and I must establish a musical club, and have regular weekly meetings at your house, or ours |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The bald member of the club was son of this Lesgle, or Legle, and signed his name Legle (de Meaux) |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | The heavy club crashed into the side of his head with a dull crunch of bone, and Casy fell sideways out of the light |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | No club drug is benign. (references) | |
There are Lions Clubs in most localities, and services vary from club to club. (references) | ||
Check your telephone book for the telephone number and address of your local club. (references) | ||
Business | It now operates three Korean Price Club stores, in Seoul, Taegu, and Taejon. (references) | |
U.S. products supply 89 percent of the golf club and golf ball market and 37 percent of the golf bag market. (references) | ||
Cedok has its own Cedok Children's Club with Czech-speaking child care services included in the package price. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Philippines | On February 2, two hand grenades exploded at the office of the director of the National Press Club; police had no suspects. (references) |
Zimbabwe | Police reportedly followed fleeing persons into supermarkets to club them and beat commuters disembarking from a bus at a nearby bus stand. (references) | |
Bangladesh | Some examinees of Sadat University College protested their expulsion from the examination at a press conference at the Press Club at which the police beat attending journalists. (references) | |
Economic History | Russia | This includes USD 48 billion in Paris Club debt. (references) |
Cameroon | Cameroon has rescheduled its Paris Club debt at favorable terms. (references) | |
Russia | Russia's current Paris Club agreement expires at the end of 2000. (references) | |
Human Rights | Czech Republic | No action was taken against the police officer who was photographed standing over a fallen protestor with a raised club. (references) |
Tunisia | An individual must have an identity card to sign a lease, to buy or drive a car, to receive access to healthcare, bank accounts, and pensions, and even to join a sports club. (references) | |
Dominican Republic | Prison officials use a punishment called "the toaster," where prisoners are laid, shackled hand and foot, on a bed of hot asphalt for the entire day and are beaten with a club if they scream. (references) | |
Minorities | United Arab Emirates | Noncitizens are denied access to some free services provided by the Government, including education, health care, and social and recreational club memberships. (references) |
Japan | In June the Tokyo District Court rejected a suit filed by a Korean resident seeking compensation from a Chiba golf club operator for denying him membership because he is a foreigner. (references) | |
Political Economy | COSTA RICA | Costa Rica last went to the Paris Club for debt rescheduling in 1993. (references) |
Trade | Finland | It represents Finland at meetings of the Paris Club and works in cooperation with the European Mutual Guarantee Association (EMGA). (references) |
Travel | Nepal | Locally bottled soft drinks, club soda, and beer are generally safe. (references) |
Croatia | Credit cards (Amex, Diner's Club, Eurocard/Mastercard, and Visa) are widely accepted in Croatia. (references) | |
Women | Jordan | The boy repeatedly struck his sister in the head with a club before covering her body in kerosene and setting it on fire. (references) |
Barbados | The Business and Professional Women's Club runs a crisis center staffed by 30 trained counselors and provides legal and medical referral services. (references) | |
Belize | However, women head the Belize Business Bureau, Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Belize Citrus Growers Association, several prominent environmental NGO's, and the Belize Rotary Club. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Iceland | In May, for the first time, formal charges of coercion were filed against a club. (references) |
Suriname | One club owner in Paramaribo was convicted in Brazil during the year for trafficking in women. (references) | |
Iceland | Four striptease dancers from Estonia told police that a club owner had pressured them into prostitution. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | MACE, n. A staff of office signifying authority. Its form, that of a heavy club, indicates its original purpose and use in dissuading from dissent. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | The Sierra Club is a group of like-minded people who think America is rotten to the core and destroying the environment. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Club" is generally used as a noun (common) -- approximately 99.19% of the time. "Club" is used about 16,448 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (common) | 99.19% | 16,314 | 567 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.58% | 96 | 33,456 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.13% | 22 | 74,468 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.09% | 15 | 90,616 |
| Total | 100.00% | 16,448 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Chile | Club Hipico de Santiago S.A. | France | Club Mediterranee SA |
| Japan | Culture Convenience Club Co., Ltd. | Philippines | Manila Jockey Club Inc. |
| United Kingdom | Aberdeen Football Club PLC | USA | BJ's Wholesale Club Incorporated |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "club": ace of club ♦ alpine Club ♦ amateur flying club ♦ athletic club ♦ ball club ♦ baseball club ♦ BBC Networking Club ♦ be in the club ♦ billy club ♦ boat club ♦ book club ♦ Chaos Computer Club ♦ chess club ♦ club car ♦ club chair ♦ Club deal ♦ club fee ♦ club foot ♦ club fungus ♦ club head ♦ club law ♦ club line ♦ club member ♦ club moss ♦ club mosses ♦ Club of Rome ♦ Club root ♦ Club rush ♦ club sandwich ♦ club shaped ♦ club soda ♦ club steak ♦ club tie ♦ club together ♦ club together to buy smth. ♦ Club topsail ♦ club up ♦ country club ♦ country Club Estates ♦ country Club Heights ♦ country Club Hil ♦ country Club Hills ♦ Country Club Trail ♦ darby and joan club ♦ Debating club ♦ fan club ♦ farm club ♦ get into a club ♦ Glee club ♦ golden club ♦ golf club ♦ grainy club ♦ grainy club mushrooms ♦ health club ♦ Hercules' club ♦ holding a club ♦ Hunt Club ♦ indian club ♦ investors club ♦ iron club ♦ jockey club ♦ Lakewood Club ♦ late night club ♦ lions Club ♦ little club moss ♦ night club ♦ Open Door Club ♦ Paris Club ♦ pen club ♦ private club ♦ quarter century club ♦ racket club ♦ rambling club ♦ rifle club ♦ rock club ♦ rotary club ♦ rowing club ♦ service club ♦ Shepherd's club ♦ shooting club ♦ slate club ♦ social club ♦ soldier grainy club ♦ sports club ♦ strip club ♦ supper club ♦ tennis club ♦ teraflop club ♦ To club a musket ♦ Trophy Club ♦ yacht club ♦ youth club. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "club": club-armed, club-bearers, club-call, club-carrier, club-centred, club-class, club-clutching, club-crossover, club-cum-business, club-cum-recording, club-face, club-foot, club-footed, club-friendly, club-goers, club-goings, club-hand, club-handlers, club-head, club-horse, club-house, club-ing, club-land, club-like, club-lounge, club-man, club-mascot, club-mate, club-mates, club-member, club-mosses, club-night, club-organised, club-orientated, club-oriented, club-owners, club-pop, club-record, club-room, club-runners, Club-rush, club-sandwish, club-shaped, club-stick, club-style, club-swinging, club-tail, club-testing, club-they, club-trendy, club-turns, club-v-country, club-viable, Club-wielders, club-wielding. | |
Ending with "club": crisis-club, fan-club, golf-club, inter-club, mini-club, night-club, one-club, sketch-club, tri-club. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
club.js cssmodule js ss | 57,349 | club seventeen | 1,647 |
golf club | 40,617 | liverpool football club | 1,638 |
sams club | 24,539 | 2 box cheat club midnight x | 1,628 |
golf club review | 7,516 | fight club | 1,487 |
club | 5,858 | boy and girl club | 1,415 |
night club | 5,595 | music club | 1,360 |
club fire night station | 4,617 | bjs wholesale club | 1,314 |
american kennel club | 4,335 | discount golf club | 1,274 |
club med | 4,020 | the midnight club | 1,206 |
in da club | 3,966 | yahoo club | 1,194 |
college club | 3,771 | golf club component | 1,164 |
strip club | 3,251 | car club | 1,148 |
golf club used | 2,780 | doubleday book club | 1,147 |
midnight club 2 | 2,697 | clone golf club | 956 |
book club | 2,634 | callaway golf club | 902 |
2 cheat club midnight | 2,086 | sams wholesale club | 901 |
swinger club | 2,024 | ping golf club | 894 |
s club 7 | 1,768 | sex club | 886 |
book of the month club | 1,682 | oprah book club | 834 |
dvd club | 1,668 | priority club | 816 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "club"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | klub (society), vereniging (academy, association, circle, society). (various references) | |
Albanian | spathi (clubs), shkop golfi (driver, niblick), qëlloj me shkop (cudgel), kopaçe, klub (canteen, club-house, recreation centre), dajak (cudgel, drubbing, rocket, rod, thrashing, walloping, whopping), bashkohem me të tjerë, bëhem ortak (associate). (various references) | |
Arabic | من نوع ملائم لناد, هراوة (bat, billy, blackjack, bludgeon, cudgel, singlestick, stave, truncheon), نادى (call, call for, call out, cry, hail, page, proclaim, sing), ناد ليلي (cafe), ناد (council), ضرب بهراوة, ذو علاقة بناد, جمعية (assembly, association, consortium, institute, institution, meeting, organization, society), الأسباتي في ورق اللعب. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | събирам (accumulate, add, add together, add up, aggregate, amass, assemble, bring together, call forth, call together, collect, compile, congregate, cumulate, drum up, embody, enlist, foot, furl, garner, gather, get together, harvest, lump, lump together, mass, muster, muster up, pin down, pull together, punch, raise, rake, rake together, rake up, rally, reassemble, reunite, round up, run up, scare up, sum, sum up, swoop, total, totalize, whip in), стик, спатия, трефа, тояга (bat, cudgel, staff, stick), клуб, обединявам (amalgamate, band, band together, bring together, co operate, combine, incorporate, rally, solidify, unify, unite), бия (bang, beat, chime, curry, feeze, go, hammer, hide, hit, kill, knoll, lace, lather, lay, lick, maul, palpitate, peal, pelt, pulsate, pulse, ram, ramrod, ring, rough up, shoot, strike, swingle, thrash, thresh, wallop, welt, whale, whip, whop, zap), прът (pivot, pole, rod, stick, upright), палка (billet, cosh, stick, truncheon, wand). (various references) | |
Chinese | 黨 (association, party, society), 棍棒 , 棒子 (corncob, cudgel, ear of maize, maize, stick), 梲 (small pillar), 俱樂部 , 俱乐部. (various references) | |
Czech | spolek (association, guild, society, syndicate), palice (cudgel, Mace, skull), kyj (maul), kroužek (band, circle, circlet, curl, ring, ringer, round), klubovna (club-room, common room, lounge), klub (society), klacek (bludgeon, bully, cudgel, hobbledehoy, lout, lubber, stick), jednota (oneness, union, unity). (various references) | |
Danish | selskab (academy, circle, company, society), klub (society). (various references) | |
Dutch | sociëteit (academy, circle, society), club (society). (various references) | |
Esperanto | klubo (society). (various references) | |
Faeroese | klubbi (society), felagsskapur (academy, circle, corporation, society, trade-union, union), felag (academy, association, circle, company, connection, league, society). (various references) | |
Farsi | مجمع(vi&.vti)چماق زدن , کانون , گرز (Mallet, Maul, Wand), تشکیل باشگاه یاانجمن دادن , خاج (Cross), انجمن (Assemblage, Assembly, Community, Company, Congress, Convention, Convocation, Council, Group, Guild, Institute, Moot, Order, Society), باشگاه . (various references) | |
Finnish | kerho (circle, society). (various references) | |
French | club, bâton. (various references) | |
Frisian | klup (society), fennoatskip (academy, circle, company, society). (various references) | |
German | Knüppel (billet, billy club, bludgeon, bludgeons, cudgel, cudgels, nightstick, stick, truncheon, truncheons), Klub (society), Keule (bat, blackjack, bludgeon, cudgel, haunch, joint, leg, Mace), verein (association, guild, joint, organization, outfit, social club, society, union), Schläger (basher, bat, batsman, batter, beater, fighter, mallet, paddle, puncher, racket, rackets, racquet, rouge, roughneck, rowdies, ruffian, scrapper, slugger, stick, thug), Club. (various references) | |
Greek | ρόπαλο (bat, bludgeon, cudgel, shillelah, truncheon), λέσχη (casino). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מועדון (meeting place), מקל יד, חוג (circle, department), בית מועד (meeting place). (various references) | |
Hungarian | treff (clubs), klub. (various references) | |
Indonesian | pentungan (cudgel), pentung (cudgel), penggodam (mace), gada (bludgeon, cudgel), belantan. (various references) | |
Irish | club. (various references) | |
Italian | compagnia (academy, bevy, circle, companionship, company, corporation, crowd, fellowship, gang, gathering, group, lot, party, society, squad), bastonare (beat, beat up, belabor, belabour, cane, drub, Lam, thrash). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 棍棒 (cudgel, stick), 会所 (meeting place), 会 (assembly, association, meeting, party, understanding), 倶楽部 (clubhouse, fraternity, sorority), ゴルフ場 (ace, circle, circlet, circlip, circuit, circuit breaker, circuit training, circular fluorescent lamp, circular skirt, circulation, circulator, circumscribe, circumscription, circus, Gauloise, golf course, golf links, gondola, gong, goods or services without charge, grounder, saber, sabre, sabre-toothed tiger, sardine, sardonyx, search, searcher, searchlight, serge, sergeant, servant, serve, serve point, server, service, service area, service car, service girl, service room, service station, service yard, snap ring, sports club, support system, surcharge, surf cast, surf casting, surf rider, surf roller, surf ski, surf trolling, surfboard, surfer, surfing, surge, surveillance, survey, Surveyor, third, thirty), クラフト紙 (clan, cleaner, cleaning, cleek, club face, club head, club sandwich, clubhouse, crab, craft paper, cranberry, crank, cream, cream sauce, cream sundae, cream-filled roll, Creap, creek, creeping inflation, diseased persons, dry cleaning, finish shooting, icecream soda, Kleene, laundry service, startfilming). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | くらぶ (clubhouse, fraternity, sorority), かいしょ (meeting place, open a new business, printed style writing), かい (assembly, association, avail, being in between, buyer, buying, concerning oneself with, counter for occurrences, effect, -floor, large, low rank, lower order, mediation, meeting, mystery, oar, paddle, party, purchase, result, scull, shell, shellfish, stories, subordinate, the feelings of the people, together, use, wonder, worth), こんぼう (cudgel, earnest request, entreaty, mixed spinning, mixed yarn, solicitation, stick), ゴルフじょう (golf course, golf links), クラブ (crab). (various references) | |
Korean | 곤봉. (various references) | |
Malay | night club (night club, night spot). (various references) | |
Manx | maidjey (bail, bail in stable, bar, bar on doorway, bat, boarding, cue, lever, pitprop, pointer, pole, rod, stick, straddle, wooden), lorg (pole, singlestick; trail, spoor, staff, trace, track, vestige), cheet ry-cheilley (amalgamate, come together, confluence, congress, converge, focusing, get together, harmonize, herd, mix, tally), bwoalley (assault, bang, bash, batter, beat, beat up, belabour, buffet, chime, clap, flap, hammer, hit, knock, mint, percussion, play, pound, pulsate, punch, rhythm, ring, rise of penis, scramble, shock, slam, slap, strike, thrash, thresh, throb, toll, wallop), bad (bat, cudgel, stave, trucheon). (various references) | |
Norwegian | forening (academy, association, circle, society). (various references) | |
Papiamen | klup (society). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ubclay.(various references) | |
Polish | towarzystwo (academy, circle, society), klub (society). (various references) | |
Portuguese | clube (recreation center, recreation centre). (various references) | |
Romanian | contribui (concur, contribute, go far to, minister to, redound), club, ciomag (bat, black jack, blow, bludgeon, lick), ciomãgi (baste, cudgel, drub, fustigate, sandbag, thrash, whop), uniune (association, society, union), treflã, subscrie (accede, sign, subscribe, undersign, underwrite), societate (association, circle, community, companionship, company, Covey, crowd, firm, guild, institute, presence, society, world), se reuni (clump, convene, forgather, rejoin, reunite, sit, unite), manşã (handle), bate (bark, baste, bastinado, bay, beat, beat up, beetle, belabour, best, blow, box, bruise, buffet, burst, chastise, chime, clap, cob, contend, cuff, curry, dash, defeat, drive, drub, flail, flicker, flog, go, hit, horse, knock, knock in, lace, larrup, lash, lash into, lick, mint, paddle, palpitate, Pat, patter, peal, pound, pulsate, pulse, range, rap, rattle, ring, shake up, shine, slap, smite, sound, spank, strike, swinge, switch, tan, tap, tew, thrash, throb, thwack, tick, tinkle, toll, wallop, whip, worst), bãtãtor (batler, batlet, beater, evident, gaudy, glaring, glowing, picker, striking), bãţ (bat, gad, rod, stick, switch), bâtã (bat, cudgel), întruni (assemble, combine, comprise, gather, get). (various references) | |
Russian | клуб (club house, prestige club, recreation centre, society). (various references) | |
Scottish | cuaille (a club, baton, cudgel). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | tref, toljaga (cudgel), pendrek (nightstick), izbatinati (chastise, cudgel, drub), društvo (association, bevy, brotherhood, company, set, society), batina (bludgeon, cudgel, paddle, rod, stick). (various references) | |
Spanish | club (society), garrote (bludgeon, garotte, garrote, garrotte, truncheon). (various references) | |
Swedish | klubb (society), klubba (hammer, indian club, knock on the head, lollipop, mallet). (various references) | |
Tagalog | klub (society). (various references) | |
Thai | ไพ่ดอกจิก, ไม้พลอง, ไม้ตีกอล์ฟ (niblick, putter), ช่วยกันออกค่าใช้จ่าย, สโมสร (clubhouse), สถานเริงรมย์, รวมกลุ่ม (club together, herd). (various references) | |
Turkish | kulüp (society). (various references) | |
Turkmen | taяak (cane, stick). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | ціпок (cane, hock, waddy), ключка (baffy), кийок (bastinado, bat, baton, bludgeon, cane, shillelagh), об'єднуватися (alliance, ally, associate, coalesce, consolidate, incorporate, solder), збиратися докупи (mass), булава, бити палицею (bamboo, cane, fustigate), приклад (example, illustration, instance, lead, paradigm, rifle butt, sample, witness), палиця (bat, cane, staff, stick, walking stick, warder). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | câu lạc bộ trụ sở câu lạc bộ, dùi cui (cudgel, towel). (various references) | |
Welsh | clwpa (boss, dolt, knob), clwb, clopa (knob, noddle), pastynu (bludgeon, cudgel), pastwn (baton, bludgeon, cudgel). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | stipes, trabem, trabes, trabis. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | vazrât. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | guaroc. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "club": clubable, clubbable, clubbed, clubber, clubbers, clubbier, clubbiest, clubbiness, clubbinesses, clubbing, clubbish, clubby, clubfeet, clubfoot, clubfooted, clubhand, clubhands, clubhaul, clubhauled, clubhauling, clubhauls, clubhouse, clubhouses, clubman, clubmen, clubroom, clubrooms, clubroot, clubroots, clubs. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "club": interclub, nightclub, superclub. (additional references) | |
Words containing "club": nightclubbed, nightclubber, nightclubbers, nightclubbing, nightclubs, superclubs, unclubbable. (additional references) | |
| |
"Club" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aclu, calib, calob, celui, cilub, clabe, clib, clob, clobb, clonb, Cloob, clu, clubb, clube, clud, Clug, cluj, Clum, clumb, clur, clus, clut, clux, columb, coub, crub, cubb, eclu, eclub, kaub, klub, lcu, lub, lubb, Ncgub, Pclab, shlub. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "b-c-l-u" | |
-1 letter: cub. | |
| Words containing the letters "b-c-l-u" | |
+1 letter: clubs. | |
+2 letters: abulic, bacula, boucle, buccal, buckle, clubby, lubric, public. | |
+3 letters: aboulic, baculum, bascule, becloud, blucher, bluecap, boucles, buckled, buckler, buckles, bucolic, bulimic, bullace, bullock, ciboule, clubbed, clubber, clubman, clubmen, clumber, colobus, coulomb, crumble, crumbly, cubical, cubicle, cubicly, cubital, curable, curably, plumbic, publics, scumble, subcell, subclan, subcool, subcult, unblock, upclimb. | |
+4 letters: arbuscle, bacillus, backhaul, baculine, baculums, barleduc, bascules, beclouds, becudgel, beuncled, bicaudal, bicolour, blackgum, blackout, blesbuck, bluchers, bluecaps, bluecoat, bluejack, bluetick, bouncily, brucella, buccally, bucklers, buckling, bucktail, bucolics, bulimiac, bulimics, bullaces, bullneck, bullocks, bullocky, bunchily, causable, chasuble, chubbily, ciboules, clubable, clubbers, clubbier, clubbing, clubbish, clubfeet, clubfoot, clubhand, clubhaul, clubroom, clubroot, clumbers, colubrid, columbic, coulombs, crucible, crumbled, crumbles, cubicles, cubicula, cuboidal, culpable, culpably, curbable, cuttable, duckbill, educable, educible, fullback, labrusca, lubrical, outclimb, outclomb, publican, publicly, pullback, republic, rubrical, scumbled, scumbles, subblock, subcells, subclans, subclass, subclerk, subcools, subcults, subscale, subvocal, sunblock, tubercle, umbilici, unblocks, unbuckle, upclimbs, wellcurb. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Company Usage 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Abbreviations 20. Acronyms | 21. Derivations 22. Anagrams 23. Bibliography |
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