City

Augusta is located about halfway up the Savannah River on the fall line, providing a number of small falls on the Savannah River. The Clarks Hill Dam is also built on the fall line near Augusta, forming Lake Strom Thurmond.

There are 73,920 households out of which 33.60% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.80% are married couples living together, 20.80% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.00% are non-families. 27.70% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 3.13.

In the county the population is spread out with 26.80% under the age of 18, 12.00% from 18 to 24, 29.90% from 25 to 44, 20.50% from 45 to 64, and 10.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 93.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county is $33,086, and the median income for a family is $38,509. Males have a median income of $29,667 versus $22,760 for females. The per capita income for the county is $17,088. 19.60% of the population and 16.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 27.20% are under the age of 18 and 14.10% are 65 or older.

Augusta is the second largest city in Georgia, after Atlanta.

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• Largest Cities in the State of Georgia

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• List of metropolitan areas by population

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The kernels of older European cities, which have not been extensively rebuilt, tend to have city centers where the streets are jumbled together, often seemingly without a structural plan. This is a legacy of earlier unplanned or organic development. Today this is usually perceived by tourists to be quaint and picturesque.

Modern city planning has seen many different schemes for how a city should look. The most commonly seen pattern is the grid, almost a rule in the United States, and used for hundreds of years in China. Other forms may include a radial structure in which main roads converge on a central point, often the effect of of successive growth over long time with concentric traces of town walls and citadels - recently supplemented by ring-roads that take traffic around the edge of a town.

History of cities in general

Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered to be a city. The first true towns are sometimes considered to be large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on specialised occupations, and whereto trade, food storage and power was centralized.

By this definition, the first towns we know of were located in Mesopotamia, such as Ur, and along the Nile, the Indus Valley Civilisation and China. Before this time it was rare for settlements to reach significant size, although there were exceptions such as Jericho, Çatalhöyük and Mehrgarh.

The growth of ancient and medieval empires led to ever greater capital cities and seats of provincial administration, with Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople and successive Chinese and later Indian capitals approaching or exceeding the half-million population level. Similar large administrative and ceremonial centres emerged in other areas, though on a smaller scale.

During the European Middle Ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("City air makes you free") was a saying in Germany. In Continental Europe cities with a legislature of their own wasn't unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the Holy Roman Empire (i.e. medieval Germany and Italy) some cities had no other lord than the emperor.

In exceptional cases like Venice, Genoa or Lübeck, cities themselves became powerful states, sometimes taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires, though this could sometimes impede the later development of a wider national state and economy. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of Sakai, which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.

Most towns remained far smaller places, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants: as late as 1700 there were fewer than fifty, a figure which would rise thereafter to 300 in 1900. A small city of the early modern period might contain as few as 10,000 inhabitants, a town far fewer still.

While the city-states of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic economy fuelled by the silver of Peru. By the 18th century, London and Paris rivalled the more traditional imperial capitals of Beijing, Istanbul and Tokyo.

Traditional approach

Three characteristics have been identified as defining a city: the number of people to area (density), the networks of the city, as well as a particular way of life. None of these characteristics alone is enough to make a place a city.

One important aspect of spatial thinking is looking at the connections of a city. Such connections allow to explain the unique character of a place. Rather than treating all cities the same, places are seen as interconnected through networks of culture, economics, trade or history. So while London and Tokyo are economically linked through stock markets, Graz and Stockholm are so by the cultural links of Cultural Capital of Europe.

These networks overlap and are concentrated in cities. Arguably this concentration of networks creates a unique feeling of a place. Such networks, however, do not only link cities with cities, but also a city to its surroundings. The notion of a city footprint reflect the idea that a city on its own is not sustainable: it depends on produce from its surroundings, it needs trade links and other connections for economic viability. Looking at networks, it becomes possible to explain the rise and fall of cities. This has to do with the changing importance of connections and is maybe best illustrated with the arrival of Spanish colonizers in America. Within a short time, connections to Madrid became more important than connections to the former centre Tenochtitlán.

The concentration of networks in cities can be used as an explanation of urbanization. It is the access to certain networks that attracts people. As various networks spatially run together in a confined area, people gather in cities. At the same time, this concentration of people means the introduction of new networks, such as social links, increasing the creation of new possibilities within cities. Urban social movements are a direct result of this possibility of mmaking new connections. It is this openness to new connections that makes cities both attractive and to a certain degree unpredictable.

Another important aspect of modern urban thinking is looking at the divisions within a city. This internal differentiation is linked to the external connections of a city. As places of meeting histories, cities are hybrid and heterogeneous. Hybrid they are as the connections which link places are bilateral, involving giving and taking in both directions. Heterogeneous they are because of the dynamism of cities. New encounters are ongoing processes where social relations and differences are constantly negotiated and shaped, reflecting the unequal power involved.

Neither the internal differentiations nor the connections and networks of a place on their own define a city. Internal divisions are caused by external links, while at the same time connections to the outside open up the possibility of new social divisions. Divisions and connections in every city are intertwined, and only by considering both aspects of spatial thinking the complexity of cities is approachable. Immigration illustrates this interconnection of external networks and internal divisions well. The networks concentrated in the core of the city attract immigrants. As they immigrate, the newcomers bring along their histories, bringing new networks or enforcing existing ones. At the same time, their history offers opportunities to identify with or likewise exclude. Division and connection come hand in hand. Rather than attempting to eradicate such tensions and contradictions in the theoretical framework, modern urban thinking – influenced by poststructuralist thought – accounts for both sides. Static universal bodies are replaced by multidimensional networks, allowing for fluidity and dynamism.

The notion of global cities regards the power of cities as contained within cities. The city is seen as a container where skills and resources are concentrated. The more successful city is able to concentrate more of these skills and resources. This makes the city itself more powerful in terms that it can influence what is happening around the world. Following this view of cities, it is possible to rank the world's cities hierarchically, as Friedmann and Wolff did in 1982.

Critics of the notion point out to the different realms of power. The term global city narrowly focuses on economics. Cities like Rome are powerful in religious terms. Additionally, it has been questioned whether the city itself can be regarded as an actor.

In 1995 Kanter argued that successful cities can be identified by three elements. To be successful, a city needs to be good thinkers (concepts), good makers (competence) or goode traders (connections). The interplay of these three elements, Kanter argued, means that good cities are not planned but managed.

Garbage and sewage are two major problems for cities, as is air pollution coming from internal combustion engines (see public transport). The impact of cities on places elsewhere, be it hinterlands or places far away, is considered in the notion of city footprinting (ecological footprint).

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The City of London borders the City of Westminster to the west - the border cutting through Victoria Embankment, passing to the west of Middle Temple, going east along Strand/Fleet Street, north up Chancery Lane, where it becomes instead the border with the London Borough of Camden. It continues north to Holborn, turns east, continues, then goes northeast to Charterhouse Lane. As it crosses Farringdon Road it becomes the border with the London Borough of Islington. It continues to Aldersgate, goes north, and turns into some back streets soon after it becomes Goswell Road. It ends up on Ropemakers Lane, which as it continues east past Moorgate becomes South Place. It goes north, becomes the border with the London Borough of Hackney, then east, north, east on backstreets, meeting Norton Folgate at the border with the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It continues south into Bishopsgate, and takes some backstreets to Middlesex Street where it continues south-east then south. It makes a divergence to the west at the end of Middlesex Street to allow the Tower of London to be in Tower Hamlets, and then reaches the river.

At its maximum extent the City included areas now not part of it, including Southwark (as the 'ward of bridge without'). The City today has control all over London Bridge, but only half of the river underneath it.

The City developed its own code of law for the mercantile classes, developing such an autonomy that Sir Laurence Gomme regarded the City as a separate Kingdom making its own laws. In the tenth century Athelstan permitted eight mints to be established as against six in his capital, Winchester, indicating the wealth of the city. The City was composed of wards governed by Aldermen, who chaired the Wardmotes. There was a folkmoot for the whole of the city held in the shadows of St Paul's Cathedral.

Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror marched on London, to Southwark and failed to get across London Bridge or to defeat the Londoners. He evenually crossed the River Thames at Wallingford, pillaging the land as he went. Rather than continuing the war Edgar Atheling, Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria surrendered at Berkhamstead. London was rewarded by 1075 William granted the citizens a charter. The City of London was one of the few Institutions where the English retained some authority.

However, William insured against attack by building 3 Castles to keep the Londoners subdued:

• Tower of London
• Baynards Castle
• Montfichet's Castle

Elections

Arms of the City of London

The City of London (Ward Elections) Bill, which will reform the current voting system for electing Members to the Corporation of London, passed its final hurdle by getting approval from the House of Lords at the end of October 2002.

Under the new system, the business vote will be increased by 16,000 to 32,000. Previously disenfranchised firms will be entitled to nominate voters, in addition to those already included in the business vote, and will be required to choose these voters in a representative fashion. The Bill will also remove other anomalies that have developed over time within the current system, which has been unchanged since the 1850s.

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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 88.9 km² (34.3 mi²). 88.2 km² (34.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.76% water.

There are 19,021 households out of which 38.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% are married couples living together, 16.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% are non-families. 20.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.94 and the average family size is 3.44.

In the city the population is spread out with 30.7% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $30,296, and the median income for a family is $34,015. Males have a median income of $27,014 versus $21,795 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,886. 24.9% of the population and 19.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 34.7% are under the age of 18 and 16.2% are 65 or older.

Harlingen has Valley International Airport, which also serves South Padre Island.

Cities since 1989

South Island

• Nelson (1874) 42,000
• Christchurch (1868) 336,000
• Dunedin (1865) 106,000
• Invercargill (1991) 45,000

Cities during provincialism, 1852 to 1876

During provincialism in New Zealand ? from 1852 until abolition in 1876 ? there was no uniform system of local authorities in New Zealand. There is thus some argument over which of the following cities were the first.

• Christchurch (November 1862, revoked June 1868, both by provincial ordinance and restored October 1868, by Act of Parliament)
• Nelson (1858, by Letters Patent)
• Otago (later Dunedin) (July 1865)

• Christchurch (28 May, 1868)
• Wellington (16 September, 1870)
• Auckland (24 April, 1871)
• Nelson (30 March, 1874)
• Dunedin (4 July, 1865)

Cities, 1877 to 1989

Up to October 1989, the Local Government Commission undertook a major reorganisation of local government. As a result, some cities were reorganised into other cities or changed to districts, and to this day some of these areas are still considered cities by many New Zealanders. This is a list as at circa 1986.

• North Island
  • Auckland
    • Auckland (1871)
    • East Coast Bays
    • Takapuna
    • Birkenhead
    • Waitemata (1974)
    • Mt Albert
    • Papatoetoe
    • Manukau (1965)
    • Papakura
    • Tamaki
  • Whangarei (1964)
  • Hamilton (1936)
  • New Plymouth (1949)
  • Wanganui (1924)
  • Gisborne (1955)
  • Tauranga (1963)
  • Rotorua (1962, merged into Rotorua District, 1979)
  • Napier (1950)
  • Palmerston North (1930)
  • Hastings (1956)
  • Wellington
    • Wellington (1870)
    • Upper Hutt (1966)
    • Lower Hutt (1941)
    • Porirua (1965)
• South Island
  • Nelson (1874)
  • Christchurch (1868)
  • Timaru (1948)
  • Dunedin (1865)
  • Invercargill (1930)

External Links and Sources

• Alingsås (1619)
• Arboga (12th century)
• Arvika (1911)
• Askersund (1643)
• Avesta (1641-1686, and from 1919)
• Boden (1919)
• Bollnäs (1942)
• Borgholm (1816)
• Borlänge (1944)
• Borås (1622)
• Eksjö (1400)
• Enköping (1300)
• Eskilstuna (1659)
• Eslöv (1911)
• Fagersta (1944)
• Falkenberg (1558)
• Falköping (1200)
• Falsterbo (1200)
• Falun (1641)
• Filipstad (1611)
• Flen (1949)
• Gränna (1652)
• Gävle (1300)
• Göteborg (1619)
• Hagfors (1950)
• Halmstad (1200)
• Haparanda (1848)
• Hedemora (1400)
• Helsingborg (1085)
• Hjo (1400)
• Huskvarna (1911)
• Hudiksvall (1582)
• Härnösand (1585)
• Hässleholm (1914)
• Höganäs (1936)
• Jönköping (1284)
• Kalmar (1100)
• Karlshamn (1664)
• Karlskoga (1940)
• Karlskrona (1680)
• Karlstad (1584)
• Katrineholm (1917)
• Kiruna (1944)
• Kramfors (1947)
• Kristinehamn (1642)
• Kristianstad (1622)
• Kumla (1942)
• Kungsbacka (1400)
• Kungälv (1100)
• Köping (1474)
• Laholm (1200)
• Landskrona (1413)
• Lidingö (1926)
• Lidköping (1446)
• Lindesberg (1643)
• Linköping (1287)
• Ljungby (1936)
• Ludvika (1919)
• Luleå (1621)
• Lund (990)
• Lycksele (1946)
• Lysekil (1903)
• Malmö (1250)
• Mariefred (1605)
• Mariestad (1583)
• Marstrand (1200)
• Mjölby (1922)
• Motala (1881)
• Mölndal (1922)
• Nacka (1949)
• Nora (1643)
• Norrköping (1384)
• Norrtälje (1622)
• Nybro (1932)
• Nyköping (1187)
• Nynäshamn (1946)
• Nässjö (1914)
• Oskarshamn (1856)
• Oxelösund (1950)
• Piteå (1621)
• Ronneby (1387)
• Sandviken (1943)
• Sala (1624)
• Sigtuna (990)
• Simrishamn (1300)
• Skanör (1200)
• Skara (988)
• Skellefteå (1845)
• Skänninge (1200)
• Skövde (1400)
• Sollefteå (1917)
• Solna (1943)
• Stockholm (1250)
• Strängnäs (1336)
• Strömstad (1672)
• Sundbyberg (1927)
• Sundsvall (1624)
• Säffle (1951)
• Säter (1642)
• Sävsjö (1947)
• Söderhamn (1620)
• Söderköping (1200)
• Södertälje (1000)
• Sölvesborg (1445)
• Tidaholm (1910)
• Torshälla (1317)
• Tranås (1919)
• Trelleborg (1200)
• Trollhättan (1916)
• Trosa (1300)
• Uddevalla (1498)
• Ulricehamn (1400)
• Umeå (1622)
• Uppsala (1286)
• Vadstena (1400)
• Varberg (1100)
• Vaxholm (1652)
• Vetlanda (1920)
• Vimmerby (1400)
• Visby (1000)
• Vänersborg (1644)
• Värnamo (1920)
• Västervik (1200)
• Västerås (990)
• Växjö (1342)
• Ystad (1200)
• Åmål (1643)
• Ängelholm (1516)
• Örebro (1200)
• Öregrund (1491)
• Örnsköldsvik (1893)
• Östersund (1786)
• Östhammar (1300)

See also

• List of Swedish municipalities
• List of Swedish counties

• List of towns in Sweden
• List of cities in Finland
• List of cities

External link

• Towns of the United Kingdom
• United Kingdom
• UK topics

External links

• Alajärvi (1986)
• Alavus (1977)
• Anjalankoski (1977)
• Espoo (1972)
• Forssa (1964)
• Haapajärvi (1977)
• Haapavesi
• Hamina (1653)
• Hanko (1874)
• Harjavalta (1977)
• Heinola (1839)
• Helsinki (1550)
• Huittinen (1977)
• Hyvinkää (1960)
• Hämeenlinna (1639)
• Iisalmi (1891)
• Ikaalinen (1977)
• Imatra (1971)
• Joensuu (1848)
• Juankoski
• Jyväskylä (1837)
• Jämsä (1977)
• Jämsänkoski (1986)
• Järvenpää (1967)
• Kaarina
• Kajaani (1651)
• Kankaanpää (1972)
• Kannus (1986)
• Karjaa (1977)
• Karkkila (1977)
• Kaskinen (1785)
• Kauhajoki
• Kauhava (1986)
• Kauniainen (1972)
• Kemi (1869)
• Kemijärvi (1973)
• Kerava (1970)
• Keuruu (1986)
• Kitee
• Kiuruvesi
• Kokemäki (1977)
• Kokkola (1620)
• Kotka (1878)
• Kouvola (1960)
• Kristiinankaupunki (1649)
• Kuhmo (1986)
• Kuopio (1782)
• Kurikka (1977)
• Kuusamo
• Kuusankoski (1973)
• Lahti (1905)
• Laitila (1986)
• Lappeenranta (1649)
• Lapua (1977)
• Lieksa (1973)
• Lohja (1969)
• Loimaa (1969)
• Loviisa (1745)
• Maarianhamina (1861)
• Mikkeli (1838)
• Mänttä (1973)
• Naantali (1443)
• Nilsiä
• Nivala
• Nokia (1977)
• Nurmes (1974)
• Närpiö
• Orimattila
• Orivesi (1986)
• Oulainen (1977)
• Oulu (1605)
• Outokumpu (1977)
• Paimio
• Parainen (1977)
• Parkano (1977)
• Pieksämäki (1962)
• Pietarsaari (1652)
• Pori (1558)
• Porvoo (1346)
• Pyhäjärvi
• Raahe (1649)
• Rauma (1442)
• Raisio (1974)
• Riihimäki (1960)
• Rovaniemi (1960)
• Saarijärvi (1986)
• Salo (1960)
• Savonlinna (1639)
• Seinäjoki (1960)
• Somero
• Suolahti (1977)
• Suonenjoki (1977)
• Tammisaari (1546)
• Tampere (1779)
• Toijala (1977)
• Tornio (1621)
• Turku (1200-1300)
• Ulvila
• Uusikaarlepyy (1620)
• Uusikaupunki (1617)
• Vaasa (1606)
• Valkeakoski (1963)
• Vammala (1965)
• Vantaa (1974)
• Varkaus (1962)
• Viitasaari
• Virrat (1977)
• Ylivieska (1971)
• Ähtäri (1986)
• Äänekoski (1973)

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.4 km² (11.7 mi²). 21.9 km² (8.4 mi²) of it is land and 8.5 km² (3.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 28.05% water.

There are 12,600 households out of which 21.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% are non-families. 37.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.13 and the average family size is 2.82.

In the city the population is spread out with 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $49,109, and the median income for a family is $58,757. Males have a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city is $27,133. 7.8% of the population and 4.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.5% are under the age of 18 and 4.8% are 65 or older.

See also: Monterey Bay Aquarium, John Denver (he died here)

Brief History

In the mid 1500s, the area where Monterrey is located was part of the Valle de Extremadura. Several unsuccessful expeditions led by Alberto del Canto had tried to colonize the desert area. An expedition led by Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva tried to establish a settlement in the area, but also failed. A third expedition, of twelve families led by Diego de Montemayor, founded Monterrey on September 20, 1596, next to a spring called "Ojos de Agua de Santa Lucia". The Museo Nacional de Historia Mexicana (National Museum of Mexican History) is located on the site of this spring (this fact is discussed between historians, since some say that the true location of the spring is where today lays the Palace of State Congress).

Monterrey is sometimes called "La Ciudad de las Montañas" (City of Mountains) or "Sultana del Norte" (Northern Sultan). In the United States, it is sometimes refferred to as "The Pittsburgh of Mexico.

During the years of Spanish Rule, Monterrey was a place that connected trade between San Antonio, Texas, Tampico, and Saltillo. Tampico's port brought many products from Europe, while Saltillo concentrated the Northern Territories trade with the capital, Mexico City. San Antonio was the key trade point with the northern foreign colonies (British and French).

After the Mexican Independence, Monterrey rose as a key economical center for the newly formed nation, specially since it balance trade between Europe (with its connections to Tampico), The United States (with its connections to San Antonio), and the Capital (through Saltillo). However, the anarchy that followed the first 50 years of Mexican Independence allowed for two American Invasions, and a secession war. Monterrey became capital of the State of Nuevo León, which during its endeavor to become an independent country, conquered Coahuila, with it's capital Saltillo, and Tamaulipas, with its Capital Victoria. However, the independence wouldn't last because of inner revolts.

Many Mexican war Heroes are indigenous to this city, including Ignacio Zaragoza, (he wasn't actually born in Monterrey, but lived most of his life there) who fought the Cinco de Mayo battle against the French in Puebla.

During the Porfirio Diaz dictatorship, the city of Monterrey was benefited with the modernization efforts. The railroads favored Industry, and it became possible for the famous companies that shape Monterrey today to evolve. It was during this period that José Eleuterio Gonzalez, "Gonzalitos", founded the Medicine School, which today is part of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, UANL), and the best public medicine school in Mexico.

Alfonso Reyes, son of General Bernardo Reyes (governor of Nuevo León during the Porfirian Regime), is one of the most famous writers and philosophers from Monterrey and from all of Mexico. In his honor, the central library of the UANL is called the Alfonsine Chapel (Capilla Alfonsina).

After the Mexican Revolution, the infrastructure left by the Porfirians helped Monterrey's economy to rebuild. It was during this times that a group of Industrialists, led by the Garza Sada family, founded the Cerveceria Cuahutemoc. They also endeavored in the glass and steel industries.

Don Eugenio Garza Sada also founded, in 1943, the most important Private University in Latin America, the Monterrey Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, ITESM or Tec). This University has evolved into being one of the best business schools in Latin America, and it also excells in engineering disciplines.

By the mid 20th Century, in a country were state-owned companies sustained the economy, Monterrey shined brightly as one of the most important economic districts in the land due to its strong private industry.

Due to its great economic influence, Nuevo Leon has been seen by Mexican politicians as a very important state, since it symbolizes the progress the country might step to.

The newspaper "El Norte", founded by Don Alejandro Junco, became important due to its great efforts to denounce government corruption, and due to its principles of independence in journalism. Today, the newspaper has evolved into the famous Reforma news group, comprising the original "El Norte", and "El Reforma" in Mexico City, and "Mural" in Guadalajara.

In 1987, Hurricane Gilberto caused great damage to the city, flooding the Santa Catarina River and causing deaths and economic damages.

In 1991, the Monterrey Museum of Contemporary Art (Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, MARCO), was founded, becoming the first and only privately-owned museum in Mexico.

In 1997, the National Action Party (PAN) candidate, Fernando Canales Clariond, became the first opposition candidate to become governor of the State of Nuevo León since the Revolution.

In 2002, the United Nations Forum for Economic Development was held in the city, grouping heads of state and heads of government from over 50 countries. Cuban President Fidel Castro, left the meeting before George W. Bush, American President, arrived. Allegedly, the Mexican government asked Castro to leave in such conditions.

• Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University
• Nanjing Agricultural University
• Nanjing Normal University
• Nanjing University
• Nanjing University of Science and Technology
• Southeast University

The New York City flag

The City of New York is composed of 5 boroughs, each a county of New York State:

• Manhattan - New York County, population 1,537,195
• Bronx - Bronx County, population 1,332,650
• Brooklyn - Kings County, population 2,465,326
• Queens - Queens County, population 2,229,379
• Staten Island - Richmond County, population 443,728

First settlements

Although the first European to see the harbor was Giovanni da Verrazano, during his expedition of 1524, and Henry Hudson explored the area in 1609, the written history of New York City properly begins with the Dutch settlement of Walloon families in 1624. That town, at the southern tip of Manhattan, was called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam), and was the main city of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands. The Dutch origins can still be seen in many names in New York City, such as Brooklyn (from Breukelen), Harlem (from Haarlem), the Bronx (from Pieter Bronck), Flushing (from Vlissingen) and Staten Island.

The island of Manhattan was in some measure self-selected as a future metropolis by its extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay (actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River, enclosed by glacial moraines), the East River (actually a tidal strait) and the Hudson River, all of which are confluent at the southern tip, from which all later development spread. Also of prime importance was the presence of deep fresh water aquifers near the southern tip, especially the Collect Pond, and an unusually varied geography ranging from marshland to large outcrops of Manhattan schist, an extremely hard granitic rock that is ideal as an anchor for the foundations of large buildings.

New York was cosmopolitan from the first, established and governed largely as a strategic trading post. Jews expelled from Brazil were welcome in New York. St. Patrick's Day was celebrated in New York City for the first time at the Crown and Thistle Tavern on March 17, 1756. This holiday has since become a yearly city-wide celebration that is famous around the world as the St. Patrick's Day Parade. Freedom of worship was part of the city's foundation, and the trial for libel in 1735 of John Peter Zenger, editor of the New-York Weekly Journal established the principle of freedom of the press in the British colonies.

Though the lead statue of George III in Bowling Green was melted down for bullets in the first enthusiasm of the Revolution, the city itself was roundly Tory during the war. Several retreats and skirmishes were fought in Long Island and north of the city, in which the British defeated George Washington's troops, and held the city until 1783. 'Evacuation Day' was long celebrated in New York.

New York, then the nation's second largest city, was briefly the capital of the new United States of America, in 1789 and 1790, and George Washington was inaugurated as President in New York on the steps of Federal Hall. In 1792 a group of merchants began meeting under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street, beginning the New York Stock Exchange, while a yellow fever epidemic that summer sent New Yorkers fleeing to nearby healthful Greenwich Village.

In 1857 Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman physician, founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.

During the American Civil War on July 13, 1863 draft opponents began three days of rioting, the 'Draft Riots' that for a century would be regarded as the worst in United States history. The post-war period was noted for the corruption and graft for which Tammany Hall has become proverbial, but equally for the foundation of New York's pre-eminent cultural institutions, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera, the American Museum of Natural History, while the Brooklyn Museum of Art was a major institution of New York's independent sister city. The Brooklyn Bridge epitomized the heroic confidence of a generation and tied the two cities inexorably together.

New York newspapers were read across the continent as editors James Gordon Bennett, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst battled for readership.

The flood of immigration from Europe passed through Ellis Island in New York Harbor, under the eye of the Statue of Liberty (1886).

The building of the New York subway, as the separate IRT and BMT systems, and the later IND, was a later force for population spread and development. The first IRT line opened in 1904.

The world-famous Grand Central Terminal opened as the world's largest train station on February 1, 1913, replacing an earlier terminal on the site. It was preceded by Pennsylvania Station, several blocks to the south. Twice a New York World's Fair has mixed entertainment with a little progressivist instruction.

Broadway in 1909

Starting in the early 1900s, New York City became known for its daring and impressive architecture. The city was a center for the Beaux-Arts movement, with architects like Stanford White and Carrere and Hastings. New York's skyscrapers include the Flatiron Building (1902) where Fifth Avenue crosses Broadway at Madison Square, Cass Gilbert's Woolworth Building (1913) a neo-Gothic "Cathedral of Commerce" overlooking City Hall, the Chrysler Building (1929) the purest expression of the Art Deco skyscraper and the Empire State Building (1931) are all skyscraper icons. Modernist architect Raymond Hood and after World War II Lever House began the clusters of 'glass boxes' that transformed the more classic previous skyline of the 1930s. When the World Trade Center towers were completed in 1973 many felt them to be sterile monstrosities, but most New Yorkers became fond of "The Twin Towers" and after the initial horror for the loss of life in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks there came great sadness for the loss of the buildings.

After Jerome Kern's Showboat, the Broadway musical developed into a characteristically American art, while Tin Pan Alley cranked out the tunes America danced to before rock and roll.

An electrical blackout hit the City of New York on July 13, 1977, lasting for 25 hours and resulted in looting and other disorder.

Adult entertainment sites filled the Times Square district beginning sometime in the 1960s, and continuing until the Disneyfication of the area in the 1990s. There are still such sites in the vicinity.

The city rebounded in the 1990s due to an unprecedented expansion in the national economy and the stock market boom (or bubble) of the same decade. Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, a former federal prosecutor, is credited by many for revitalizing Times Square and making the city more "liveable" by cracking down on crime. Critics argue, however, that the drop in crime came at the price of greater friction between police and some of the city's ethnic groups, and less concern for civil liberties, while others point out that other cities achieved similar drops in crime. Supporters of the former mayor reply that crime in the city fell more rapidly during Giuliani's term than in most other major U.S. cities, such as Detroit or Los Angeles.

On February 27, 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), after receiving input from thousands of people all over the world, revealed a design for the World Trade Center site. Designed primarily by renowned architect Daniel Libeskind, the plans envision a 1,776-foot-tall tower to help restore the Manhattan skyline to its former grandeur. The site pays homage to the tragedy by leaving intact the slurry wall (which withstood the force of the destruction and held the waters of the Hudson river back), and by keeping the footprints of the towers available as a memorial site.

An electrical blackout rolled through the Northeastern United States and Southern Canada on August 14, 2003 at 4:11 PM, leaving many areas, including NYC, without electricity for over a day. There was no major looting or other crime, unlike in the blackout of 1977 (see 2003 U.S.-Canada blackout).

For each year, this list shows the total number of inhabitants of the five boroughs of New York.

Streets of Manhattan

New York has had a reputation as a crime-ridden city, partly due to the hundreds of TV and movie crime dramas set in it. However, in recent years it has been ranked in the top ten safest large cities in the United States by City Crime Rankings (9th edition, 2003). In addition, New York has been growing safer for most of the last decade--FBI data indicate that the murder rate in 2000 was the lowest since 1967.

There have been some notorious crime sprees, however. For example, on July 29, 1976 the "Son of Sam" pulled a gun from a paper bag killing one person and seriously wounding another in the first of a series of attacks that terrorized the city for the next year.

As soon as the Sicilian Mafia moved to New York in the 1920's, they became infamous with their hits on businesses that did not pay money to them. They had also set up smuggling rings and fixed boxing matches. The Mafia flourished due to a distrust of the police in the Italian-American communities in New York. The five largest crime families in New York were the Bonnanos, the Colombos, the Gambinos, the Genovese, and the Luchese. The assimilation of the Italian-American population is choking the Mafia in New York, although they still operate.

Empire State Building

New York City comprises Manhattan Island, Staten Island, the western part of Long Island, part of the North American mainland (the Bronx), and several small islands in New York Harbor.

New York has a humid continental climate. The city is adjacent to water, so temperature changes are not as drastic as those inland. Every winter, it snows in New York due to its latitude. Because of its key position, New York had been king in the shipping passenger trade between Europe and the Americas for quite some time, until the airplane came into wider use across the Atlantic.

Staten Island is hilly, and is the least populated borough of the boroughs in New York City. Space is sparse on Manhattan, therefore tall buildings are preferred.

The city will be threatened if the current patterns of global warming continue to rise the sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,214.4 km² (468.9 mi²). 785.6 km² (303.3 mi²) of it is land and 428.8 km² (165.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 35.31% water.

As of 2000, there are 8,008,278 people, 3,021,588 households, and 1,852,233 families residing in the city. The population density is 10,194.2/km² (26,402.9/mi²). There are 3,200,912 housing units at an average density of 4,074.6/km² (10,553.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 44.66% White, 26.59% African American, 0.52% Native American, 9.83% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 13.42% from other races, and 4.92% from two or more races. 26.98% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 3,021,588 households out of which 29.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% are married couples living together, 19.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% are non-families. 31.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.59 and the average family size is 3.32.

In the city the population is spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.9 males.

Chrysler Corporation was based here until it merged with Daimler-Benz into Stuttgart based DaimlerChrysler AG. Altria was based here under its former name Phillip Morris. Altria moved its headquarters to Richmond, Virginia. Texaco was based here until it merged with Chevron into San Ramon, California based ChevronTexaco.

Times Square in Broadway, Manhattan

• Broadway
  • Times Square
• Bronx Zoo
• Brooklyn Botanic Garden
• Brooklyn Bridge
• Brooklyn Public Library
• Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
• Central Park
  • Strawberry Fields Memorial
• Chrysler Building
• Columbia University
• Empire State Building
• Flatiron Building
• Grand Central Terminal (in second or third incarnation, earlier version was demolished in 1910s to make way for present GCT)
• Grand Army Plaza
• Greenwood Cemetery
• Ground Zero of the World Trade Center (see World Trade Center site)
• Harlem
• Lincoln Center
• Madison Square Garden (currently in fourth incarnation)
• Metropolitan Opera
• New York Botanical Garden
• New York Public Library
• Pennsylvania Station (currently in second incarnation as basement of Madison Square Garden)
• Prospect Park
• Rockefeller Center
• St. Patrick's Cathedral
• Singer Building (demolished)
• Statue of Liberty
• United Nations headquarters
• Wall Street
  • New York Stock Exchange
• Washington Square Park
  • New York University campus
• Woolworth Building

Chinatown in Manhattan

Unlike most major cities, New York has two teams for most types of sports, one for each division.

• New York Knicks, National Basketball League, Madison Square Garden
• New York Mets, Major League Baseball, Shea Stadium (1964-)
• New York Rangers, National Hockey League, Madison Square Garden
• New York Yankees, Major League Baseball, Yankee Stadium (1923-)

Ebbetts Field is the former home of the Brooklyn Dodgers until 1958 (Now known as the Los Angeles Dodgers)

New York City is also home to two minor league baseball teams. Both play in the short-season Class A New York-Penn League, and each is an affiliate of one of the city's major-league teams. The Brooklyn Cyclones are a Mets affiliate, and the Staten Island Yankees are (obviously) affiliated with the Yankees.

The Guggenheim Museum

• American Museum of Natural History
• Brooklyn Museum of Art
• Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
• Metropolitan Museum of Art - commonly called "The Met"
  • The Cloisters - Castle & medieval art on a hill in Washington Heights, Manhattan, part of the Met
• Museum of Modern Art - MoMA, currently displaying work in Queens (at a location called MoMA QNS, normally on 53rd St. in Manhattan)
• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
• Nicholas Roerich Museum - Artistic center of work by Nicholas Roerich, a Russian painter

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

High tollway fees on bridges and underground tunnels help raise revenue and discourage too many commuters from using the crossings. New Yorkers who live in the city tend to take taxis, buses, subways (the underground in British English), and elevated trains. Ferries are also taken between Manhattan and New Jersey, as well as other parts of New York City.

Most New Yorkers fly domestic flights out of La Guardia Airport, while many flying domestically into Newark and JFK are not from the New York area. While Newark was the first airport in the area, and the closest to Manhattan, it is in New Jersey.

• New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) comprises
  • MTA New York City Transit (NYC Transit Authority): the 5th largest metro system in the world (here called subway), the largest underground train system in the US and North America.
  • Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)
  • Long Island Bus
  • Metro North Railroad (MNR)
  • Staten Island Railway until recently known as Staten Island Rapid Transit
  • MTA Bridges and Tunnels operates interborough bridges and tunnels
• Amtrak: from Pennsylvania Station long-distance trains, including the Acela high speed rail
• Roosevelt Island Tramway: aerial tramway from the main island of Manhattan to Roosevelt Island
• NYC Department of Transportation runs the free Staten Island Ferry service
• many taxis, licensed by the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission
• many ferries run by NY Waterway, New York Water Taxi, and other operators
• Port Authority of New York and New Jersey operates:
  • three local airports: JFK International Airport in Jamaica, New York City, New York, Newark Liberty International in Newark, New Jersey, and LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, New York City, New York
  • Port Authority Trans Hudson (PATH) railroad
  • Port Authority Bus Terminal for long-distance buses (operated by other companies)
  • George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal
  • under construction: AirTrain automated people mover (short-distance driverless metro) connecting JFK Airport with the main metro system and the Long Island Rail Road; it is expected to be ready in 2003.

• 1853 - Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations (1853)
• 1909 - Hudson-Fulton Celebration (1909)
• 1939 - 1939 New York World's Fair exhibits included The World of Tomorrow Futurama Trylon Perisphere
• 1964 - 1964/1965 New York World's Fair
• 2001 - September 11 Terrorist Attack
• 2003 - Northeastern U.S.-Canada Blackout

Crimes, disasters, and assassinations

• July 11-13, 1863 - Approximately 50,000 people riot in protest of President Lincoln's announcement of a draft for troops to fight in the civil war.
• March 12-13, 1888 - A record blizzard drops 21 inches of snow on the city. An estimated 800 people die.
• June 14, 1904 - The General Slocum catches fire while cruising the East River. Over 1000 passengers are killed.
• June 25, 1906 - Stanford White is shot and killed by Harry K. Thaw. The murder would soon be dubbed "the Crime of the Century".
• March 25, 1911 - 145 employees, mostly women, are killed in the Triangle Factory fire.
• July 28, 1945 - A B-25 Mitchell bomber accidentally crashs into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building, killing 13 people.
• March 13, 1964 - Kitty Genovese is stabbed to death. The crime is witnessed by dozens of people, none of whom aid Genovese or call for help.
• November 9, 1965 - New York City is affected by a power blackout that affects several states.
• July 29, 1976 - David Berkowitz (aka the "Son of Sam") kills one person and seriously wounds another in the first of a series of attacks that terrorized the city for the next year
• July 13-14, 1977 - New York City again loses power in a blackout. Unlike the previous blackout twelve years earlier, this blackout is followed by widespread rioting and looting.
• December 8, 1980 - John Lennon is killed in front of his home, The Dakota building.
• December 22, 1984 - Bernhard Goetz shoots four men on a subway who tried to rob him.
• April 14, 1989 - Trisha Meili (aka the Central Park Jogger) is violently raped and beaten while jogging in Central Park. The crime is later attributed to a group of young men who were practicing an activity they called "wilding". However, DNA evidence later proved the originally charged teens innocent; a convicted serial rapist confessed to the crime.
• February 26, 1993 - A bomb planted by terrorists explodes in the World Trade Center's underground garage, killing six people and injuring over a thousand.
• December 7, 1993 - Colin Ferguson shoots 25 passengers on a commuter train out of Penn Station.
• July 17, 1996 - TWA Flight 800 crashes in Long Island Sound. Some people allege the plane was struck by a missile.
• September 11, 2001 - The World Trade Center towers and several surrounding buildings are destroyed by a terrorist attack. Approximately 3000 people are killed.
• 23 July 2003 - 31-year-old Othniel Askew, a Brooklyn resident and political rival of City Councilmember James E. Davis, fired multiple gunshots in the City Hall chambers of the New York City Council, killing Davis. New York City Police Officer Richard Burt, who was on a special security detail in the Council Chamber, shot and killed Askew. According to news reports, Askew appeared at Councilmember Davis's Brooklyn office and drove with him to the New York City Hall. The security guards permitted both men to circumvent the security posts. (Under an agreement between the City and the City Council, councilmembers and their staff and guests were allowed to enter the building without a security check.) Since the shooting, however, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has announced that everyone (including himself) wishing to enter City Hall must go through the security checkpoints.
• August 14, 2003 - New York loses power in a blackout that affects eight states as well as in parts of Canada.
• October 15, 2003 - At about 3:30 pm, the Staten Island Ferry boat the Andrew J. Barberi collided with a pier on the eastern end of the St. George Ferry Terminal in Staten Island killing at least ten people, seriously injuring many others, and tearing a huge slash through the lowest of the three passenger decks. It is the worst mass transit disaster in New York City in over a century.

Plays and Musicals set in New York

• West Side Story (1957)
• Rent (1996)

Movies and TV Shows set in New York

• Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
• West Side Story (1961)
• Midnight Cowboy (1969)
• Sesame Street (1969-XXXX)
• Live and Let Die (1973)
• Taxi Driver (1976)
• Diff'rent Strokes (1978-1986)
• Escape from New York (1981)
• The Chosen (1981)
• Annie (1982)
• Crocodile Dundee (1986)
• Wall Street (1987)
• Big (1988)
• Oliver and Company (1988)
• Law & Order (1990-XXXX)
• Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
• NYPD Blue (1993-XXXX)
• Mega Man TV Show, US
• Rumble in the Bronx (1995) (set in New York, but filmed in Vancouver)
• Spin City (1996-2002)
• The Sopranos (1999-XXXX)
• Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999-XXXX)
• Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2001-XXXX)
• Catch Me If You Can (2002)
• Gangs of New York (2002)
• Spider-Man (2002)
• Daredevil (2003)
• Uptown Girls (2003)

Further reading

Related articles

• Mayors of NYC
• New York City Police Department
• New York City Fire Department
• New York Minute
• New York, New York, a song with famous versions by Liza Minnelli and Frank Sinatra

External links

Sources

Geography

There are 42,003 households out of which 25.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% are married couples living together, 16.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 42.3% are non-families. 35.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.86.

In the city the population is spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $30,719, and the median income for a family is $37,826. Males have a median income of $28,465 versus $21,591 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,468. 15.9% of the population and 12.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 24.4% are under the age of 18 and 11.3% are 65 or older.

• Bishops of Utrecht

Museums in Utrecht

Public transport

Utrecht Centraal (ut) is a main node of the Dutch rail network and also of the regional and local public transport:

• GVU buses, including a high-quality bus line to the Uithof district in the east, served by bi-articulated buses.
• Connexxion buses, and a light-rail line with branches to Nieuwegein and IJsselstein.
• BBA buses for the region northwest of the city, and to Breda and Oosterhout (Interliner).

External links

By an act of Congress, the area south of the Potomac was returned to Virginia on July 9, 1846 and now is incorporated in Arlington County and a part of the City of Alexandria.

US President Herbert Hoover ordered the United States Army on July 28, 1932 to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans that gathered in Washington, DC to secure promised veteran's benefits early. US troops dispersed the last of the "Bonus Army" the next day.

The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on March 29, 1961 which allows residents of Washington, DC to vote for President (popular election) and have their votes count in the electoral college the same as the least populous state, which currently is three(3)

The first 4.6 miles of the Washington, DC subway system opened on March 27, 1976.

Mayor Walter Washington became the first elected Mayor of the District in 1974.

Mayor Marion Barry was arrested for drug use in an FBI sting on January 18, 1990. He was acquitted of felony charges, but convicted of the misdemeanor of marijuana use.

On January 2, 1991 Sharon Pratt Kelly (elected as Sharon Pratt Dixon but married later that year) was sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC becoming the first black woman to lead a city of that size and importance in the USA.

The current Mayor, Anthony Williams, a Yale educated lawyer, became Mayor in 1998. He was reelected in 2002. See List of mayors of Washington, D.C

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 177.0 km² (68.3 mi²). 159.0 km² (61.4 mi²) of it is land and 18.0 km² (6.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 10.16% water.

There are 248,338 households out of which 19.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.8% are married couples living together, 18.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% are non-families. 43.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.16 and the average family size is 3.07.

In the city the population is spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $40,127, and the median income for a family is $46,283. Males have a median income of $40,513 versus $36,361 for females. The per capita income for the city is $28,659. 20.2% of the population and 16.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 31.1% are under the age of 18 and 16.4% are 65 or older.

Jefferson Memorial

• American University
• The Catholic University of America
• Corcoran College of Art and Design
• Gallaudet University
• George Washington University
  • George Washington University Mount Vernon Campus
• Georgetown University
• Howard University
• National Defense University
• Southeastern University
• Strayer College
• Trinity College
• University of the District of Columbia

Professional Sports Teams

• D. C. United, Major League Soccer
• Washington Capitals, National Hockey League
• Washington Freedom, Women's United Soccer Association
• Washington Mystics, Women's National Basketball Association
• Washington Wizards, National Basketball Association

• Blair House
• Jefferson Memorial
• John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
• Korean War Veterans Memorial
• Library of Congress
• Lincoln Memorial
• National Mall
• National Gallery of Art
• Smithsonian Institution
• United States Capitol
• Vietnam Veterans Memorial
• Washington Monument
• White House (President's Park)

Airports

• Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) between Dulles, Virginia, Herndon, Virginia, and Chantilly, Virginia
• Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA) in Arlington, Virginia
• Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI) near Baltimore, Maryland

External Links

Sources