Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Churning |
ChurningAdjective1. Moving with or producing or produced by vigorous agitation; "winds whipped the piled leaves into churning masses"; "a car stuck in the churned-up mud". 2. (of a liquid) agitated vigorously; in a state of turbulence; "the river's roiling current"; "turbulent rapids". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "churning" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of churning, you will have difficult tasks set you, but by diligence and industry you will accomplish them and be very prosperous. To the farmer, it denotes profit from a plenteous harvest; to a young woman, it denotes a thrifty and energetic husband. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Finance | Excessive trading of a client's account, in order to increase brokerage commissions. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Slang for excessive trading in a customer's account by a broker seeking to increase commissions. (references) | |
Food & Agriculture | Agitating cream for producing butter. Source: European Union. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | A common cause for the failure of centrifugal pumps dry running or prolonged operation against a closed valve. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonyms: ChurningSynonyms: churned-up (adj), roiled (adj), roiling (adj), roily (adj), turbulent (adj). (additional references) |
| Synonym by domain: overtrading (finance). |
Crosswords: Churning |
| English words defined with "churning": butter ♦ churned-up ♦ Dog power ♦ To mill chocolate. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "churning": ARC ♦ PASTEURIZER. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | And Speedy Bob Neville -- his great legs churning goes speeding across the finish line with a three minute and fifty second mile. (The Omega Man; writing credit: Richard Matheson; John William Corrington) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Launch DELTA churning and burning On line doing hydrography. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Applications Technology Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of the western hemisphere. The ATS satellites were forerunners of the GOES family of satellites. Tropical Storm Becky is churning in the NE Gulf of Mexico. Credit: NOAA in Space. |
 | TIROS-N view of Hurricane Diana churning off North Carolina coast. The storm had mercifully weakened to a Category II status at this time with 95 knot maximum sustained winds. Credit: NOAA in Space. |  | Farmer's wife churning butter. Emmet County, Iowa. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Gertrude, churning on Isaiah Pettway's porch, Gees Bend, Alabama. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Daughter of Negro tenant churning butter. Randolph County, North Carolina. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Mountain woman churning butter on the steps of front porch of her home. Up Burton's Fork off Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. Breathitt County, Kentucky. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Mrs. Evan Wilkins (Rosa) churning butter in the kitchen of their home in Tallyho, near Stem, Granville County, North Carolina. See subregional notes (Odum) November 16, 1939. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Tanker churning out of Lock Eleven, Erie Canal, New York. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | The motor of the Chevrolet roared and it streaked away, churning the dust. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Churning" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 80.86% of the time. "Churning" is used about 162 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 80.86% | 131 | 27,855 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 10.49% | 17 | 85,106 |
| Noun (singular) | 8.02% | 13 | 97,576 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.62% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 162 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "churning": stomach-churning. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
butter churning | 10 |
churning | 9 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "churning"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 搅动 (Churn, Churned, churned-up, slosh, sloshed, stir, stirred, stirring). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | churning (overtrading), tørløb (dry running), kurtagerytteri (overtrading), kaerning. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | overdreven trading (overtrading), karnen (churn). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | churning (overtrading), kirnuaminen. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | vente forcée, pousse-achat, multiplication des achats, barattage (churn). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Trockenlauf (dry run, dry running), Butterung, Buttern (butter, churn, make into butter), aufgewühlt (agitated, boisterous, broken, in a turmoil, pent up, tempestuous, troubled, turbulent), Überspekulation (overtrading). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πολλαπλασιασμός δραστηριοτήτων (overtrading), απόδαρση, "δουρβάνισμα". (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | tajtékzás, pezsgés (bubble, ebullience, ebulliency, effervescence, effervescency, fizzle), kavargás (fray, maelstrom, scurry, swirl, whirlabout, whirling), köpülés, habzó (beady, effervescent, foamy, frothing, frothy, gassy, lathery, scummy), habzás (effervescence, effervescency, frothiness), háborgás (welter), egy köpülés vaj. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | zangolatura, Funzionamento a secco (dry run, dry running), ampio numero di operazioni sullo stesso titolo (overtrading). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 휘 " (Whipping). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | seiy (agitate, bear down, churn, foment, fomentation, gore, gore of bull, knife, litter, lunge, mix up, mixing, mixture, muddy; pushing, prod, propel, propulsion, protrusion, push, shove, shoving, stab, stick, stir, stir up, thrust, tilt, tilting, transfix). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | urningchay corrente seca (dry running), batedura (beat, beating, blows, flogging, hammerman, strapping, thrashing, whipping). (various references) maistreadh. (various references) funcionamiento en seco (dry run, dry running), batido de la mantequilla. (various references) otillbörlig aktiehandel (overtrading), kärning. (various references) çalkalama (agitation, rinse, rinsing, swash, swill, wriggle). (various references) corddiad. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Date | Source | Proverbs Chapter 30, Verse 33 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Amelge gala kai estai bouturon ean de ekpiezhV mukthraV exeleusetai aima ean de exelkhV logouV exeleusontai kriseiV kai macai |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Qui autem fortiter premit ubera ad eliciendum lac exprimit butyrum et qui vehementer emungitur elicit sanguinem et qui provocat iras producit discordias |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Who forsothe strongli thresteth tetes, to drawen out mylc, threstith out buttere; and who hugeli smyteth, drawith out blod; and who terreth wrathis, bringeth forth discordis. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Surely the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Surely the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | The shaking of milk makes butter, and the twisting of the nose makes blood come: so the forcing of wrath is a cause of fighting. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Proverbs Chapter 30, Verse 33 |
| Cebuano | Kay ang pagbatil sa gatas nagadala ug mantekilya, Ug ang paglubag sa ilong nagapagula sa dugo; Busa ang pagpugos sa kaligutgut nagadala ug pakig-away. |
| Croatian | Kad se mlijeko metÄe, izlazi maslac; kad se nos pritisne, poteèe krv; kad se srdžba potisne, dobiva se spor. |
| Dutch | Want de drukking der melk brengt boter voort, en de drukking van den neus brengt bloed voort, en de drukking des toorns brengt twist voort. |
| Finnish | Sillä maitoa pusertamalla saa voin, nenää pusertamalla saa veren, ja vihoja pusertamalla saa riidan. |
| French | Car la pression du lait produit de la crème, La pression du nez produit du sang, Et la pression de la colère produit des querelles. |
| German | Wenn man Milch stößt, so macht man Butter daraus; und wer die Nase hart schneuzt, zwingt Blut heraus; und wer den Zorn reizt, zwingt Hader heraus. |
| Haitian Creole | Si ou bat lèt, l'ap fè bè. Si ou frape yon moun sou men l', l'ap senyen. Si ou nan pouse dife, ou nan gwo kont. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Sebab, kalau engkau mengocok susu, kau menghasilkan mentega. Kalau engkau memukul hidung orang, keluarlah darah. Kalau engkau menimbulkan kemarahan, kau terlibat dalam pertengkaran. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | karena air susu ditumbuk menjadi mentega dan hidung ditumbuk keluar darah dan amarah digalakkan menjadikan perkelahian. |
| Italian | poiché, sbattendo il latte ne esce la panna, premendo il naso ne esce il sangue, spremendo la collera ne esce la lite. |
| Maori | He pono hoki ki te hurihia te waiu ka puta mai he pata, a ki te kowiria te ihu ka puta mai he toto: waihoki ki te akina te riri ka puta he whawhai. |
| Norwegian | For trykk på melk gir smør, og trykk på nese gir blod, og trykk på vrede* gir trette. # <* enn mere å egge den vrede.> |
| Portuguese | Como o espremer do leite produz queijo verde, e o espremer do nariz produz sangue, assim o espremer da ira produz contenda. |
| Rumanian | cqci baterea laptelui dq smkntknq, scqrpinarea nasului dq sknge, wi stoarcerea mkniei dq certuri. |
| Russian | ПФПНХ ЮФП, ЛБЛ У'ЙЧБОЙЕ НПМПЛБ ТПЙЪЧП"ЙФ НБУМП, ФПМЮПЛ Ч ОПУ ТПЙЪЧП"ЙФ ЛТПЧШ, ФБЛ Й ЧПЪ'ХЦ"ЕОЙЕ ЗОЕЧБ ТПЙЪЧП"ЙФ УУПТХ. |
| Spanish | Ciertamente el que bate la leche sacará mantequilla; el que con fuerza se suena la nariz sacará sangre, y el que provoca la ira causará contienda. |
| Swedish | Ty såsom ost pressas ut ur mjölk, och såsom blod pressas ut ur näsan, så utpressas kiv ur vrede. ---- |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "churning": churnings. (additional references) | |
| |
"Churning" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: chanrango, Chernin, Chuinneag, chunni, Chunsina, Chunyun, Churinga, churnimg, churring, churrings. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "churning" (pronounced kher"ning) |
| 4 | -er" n i ng | adjourning, burning, concerning, discerning, Durning, earning, learning, returning, spurning, turning, yearning. |
| 3 | -n i ng | abandoning, abstaining, adjoining, aligning, apportioning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, awning, ballooning, banning, bargaining, battening, beckoning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, blackening, bludgeoning, boning, branning, brightening, brining, broadening, Browning, burdening, burgeoning, campaigning, caning, Canning, captioning, careening, cartooning, cautioning, chaining, championing, chaperoning, cheapening, christening, cleaning, cloning, clowning, coarsening, cocooning, coining, combining, commissioning, complaining, conditioning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, dawning, deadening, deafening, declining, decommissioning, deepening, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, determining, dining, Dinning, disciplining, disdaining, disheartening, disillusioning, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, enjoining, enlightening, entertaining, envisioning, evening, examining, explaining, fanning, fashioning, fastening, fattening, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, flattening, freshening, frightening, frowning, functioning, gaining, gardening, ginning, glistening, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, happening, hardening, hastening, headlining, heartening, heightening, honing, Horning, housecleaning, imagining, imprisoning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, jettisoning, joining, Kenning, leaning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, lightning, likening, lining, listening, loaning, loosening, machining, maddening, maintaining, malfunctioning, Manning, margining, meaning, mentioning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, motioning, mourning, obtaining, opening, opining, ordaining, orphaning, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, pardoning, partitioning, penning, pertaining, petitioning, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, poisoning, positioning, postponing, preening, preplanning, provisioning, pruning, quarantining, questioning, quickening, raining, rationing, realigning, reasoning, reassigning, reawakening, reckoning, reclining, reconditioning, redefining, redesigning, redlining, reexamining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, reopening, repositioning, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, rezoning, ripening, ruining, running, saddening, sanctioning, scanning, screening, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, shining, shortening, shunning, sickening, signing, sinning, siphoning, slackening, softening, spanning, spawning, spinning, staining, stationing, stiffening, stoning, straightening, straining, streamlining, strengthening, stunning, summoning, sunning, sustaining, sweetening, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thickening, thinning, threatening, tightening, toning, toughening, training, tuning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unquestioning, unreasoning, vacationing, Vining, waning, warning, weakening, weaning, whining, whitening, widening, wining, winning, worsening, yawning, zoning. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-g-h-i-n-n-r-u" | |
-1 letter: ruching. | |
-2 letters: curing, grinch, urchin. | |
-3 letters: churn, cuing, incur, inurn, ruing, runic, unrig. | |
-4 letters: chin, chug, curn, girn, grin, huic, hung, inch, nigh, rich, ring, ruin, rung, unci, uric. | |
-5 letters: chi, cig, cur, ghi, gin, gnu, gun, hic, hin, hug, hun, ich, inn, nun, rig, rin, rug, run, ugh, urn. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-g-h-i-n-n-r-u" | |
+1 letter: brunching, churnings, crunching. | |
+2 letters: chuntering, craunching, scrunching, uncharging, uncharming. | |
+3 letters: cornhusking, prepunching, relaunching, unanchoring, unbreeching, unchurching. | |
+4 letters: cornhuskings, rockhounding, truncheoning. | |
+5 letters: rockhoundings, undercharging, underclothing, unforthcoming. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)43 68 75 72 6E 69 6E 67 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-.-. .... ..- .-. -. .. -. --. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000011 01101000 01110101 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)C h u r n i n g |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0043 0068 0075 0072 006E 0069 006E 0067 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)3774878480758073 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Chinese | 字典 , 定義 , 定义, 翻译 | 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , kineser, kiinalainen, Chinois, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, cinese, 중국, Sheenish, Sheenagh, chinês, chino, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin |
Danish | ordbog, deskriptordefinition, oversættelse | 丹麦语, tanskalainen, danois, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, dán, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, dinamarquês, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili |
Dutch | woordenboek, definitie, translatie | 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, hollandsk, hollantilainen, néerlandais, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holland, olandese, 네덜란", Ollanish, Germaanish, holandês, holandés, holländsk, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait |
Finnish | määritelmä, translaatio, taajuusmuutos | 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, finn, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü |
French | dictionnaire, définition, traduction | 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, ranskalainen, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, francia, francese, "랑스, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, francês, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, Ffrengig |
German | wörterbuch, Übersetzung | 德语, 德國 , 德文 , 德語 , tysker, Duitse, saksalainen, allemand, deutsch, Deutsche, "ερμανός, német, tedesco, 독일, Germaanish, Germaanagh, Garmane, Carmane, alemão, alemán, tysk, alman, Almaenwr |
Greek | λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση | 希腊语, 希臘語 , græker, kreikkalainen, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, görög, greco, 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, griego, grek, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, Groegwr |
Hungarian | szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás | 匈牙利语, 匈牙利語 , ungarer, Hongaarse, unkarilainen, hongrois, Ungar, Ούγγρος, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, húngaro, ungrare, macarca, macar |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italiener, italialainen, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, olasz, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, italiensk, italienska, italienare, italyanca, italyan |
Korean | 사 , 의, 번역 | 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , Koreaans, coréen, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτικοσ, κορεάτησ, koreai, 한국, coréia, a língua coreana, coreano, koreansk, kore'li |
Manx | fockleyr, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght | manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Manninish, Manninagh, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man adası, man dili |
Portuguese | dicionário, definição, tradução | 葡萄牙語 , 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙语, portugiser, portugalilainen, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, portoghese, 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, português, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli |
Scottish | foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan | 苏 兰, Schots, skotlantilainen, écossais, schottisch, σκωτσέζικο, σκωτικόσ, skót, scozzese, 스"틀랜", Albinagh, escocês, escocés, skotsk, iskoçyalı |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | 西班牙語 , 西班牙文 , 西班牙语, Spaans, espanjalainen, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, spanyol, spagnolo, 스페인, Spaainish, Spaainagh, espanhol, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca |
Swedish | ordbok, lexikon, definition, översättning | 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, Zweeds, ruotsalainen, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, svedese, 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, sueco, svensk, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí |
Turkish | sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme | 土耳其語 , 土耳其, turkkilainen, turque, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk |
Welsh | geirlyfr, geiriadur, diffiniad, darnodiad, trosiad | 威"士, 威爾士語 , Wels, gallois, walisisch, ουάλλοσ, ουαλλικόσ, δεν πληρώνω τα οφειλόμενα, walesi, gallese, Bretnagh, galês, galés, walesisk, galler ile ilgili, gal dili, bahisleri ödemeden kaçmak, ödemeden kaçmak, sözünü tutmamak, şartları yerine getirmemek, Cymreig |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | 英语, 英國 , 英文 , 英 , 英語 , englantia, englantilainen, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, angol, inglese, 영국, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, inglês, beurla, inglés, engelsk, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, Saesneg |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Bible Trace 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Orthography 18. Bibliography |
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