Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Caesium |
CaesiumNoun1. A soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Etymology: Caesium \C[ae]"si*um\, noun. [New Latin expression, from the Latin expression caesius bluish gray.]. (Websters 1913) |
Synonyms: CaesiumSynonyms: atomic number 55 (n), cesium (n). (additional references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
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| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name, Symbol, Number | Caesium, Cs, 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series | Alkali metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 1(IA), 6 , s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 1879 kg/m3, 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery gold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 132.90545 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 260 (298) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 225 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | no data pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe]6s6s1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 1 (strong base) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Cubic body centered | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 301.59 K (83.19 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 944 K (1240 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 70.94 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 67.74 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 2.092 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 2.5 kPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 0.79 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 240 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | 4.89 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 35.9 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 375.7 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 2234.3 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 3400 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caesium is sometimes spelt cesium, especially in American English, but caesium is the official name preferred by IUPAC, although since 1993 it has recognized cesium as a variant.
Along with gallium and mercury, caesium is among the only metals that are liquid at room temperature. Caesium reacts explosively in cold water and also reacts with ice which is at temperatures above -116 Celsius. Caesium hydroxide (CsOH) is the strongest base known to exist and attacks glass.
It can be isolated by electrolysis of fused cyanide and in a number of other ways.
Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be made by the thermal decomposition of caesium azide.
The primary compounds of caesium are its chloride and its nitrate. The price of cesium in 1997 was about $US 30 per gram.
Notable Characteristics
The electromagnetic spectrum of caesium has two bright lines in the blue part of the spectrum along with several other lines in the red, yellow, and green. This metal is silvery gold in color and is both soft and ductile. Caesium is also the most electropositive and most alkaline chemical element and also has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Caesium is the least abundant of the five non-radioactive alkali metals. (Technically, francium is the least common alkali metal, but since it is highly radioactive with less than a gram in the entire earth at one time, its abundance can be considered zero in practical terms.)Applications
Caesium is most notably used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 seconds in 300 years.
More recently this metal has been used in ion propulsion systems.
History
Caesium (Latin caesius meaning "sky blue") was spectroscopically discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Its identification was based upon the bright blue
lines in its spectrum and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis. The first cesium metal was produced in 1881. Since 1967, the International System of Units (SI) has defined the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two energy levels of the ground state of the Caesium-133 atom. Historically, the most important use for cesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical applications.
Occurrence
An alkali metal, caesium occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (hydrated silicate of aluminium and caesium) and within other sources. One of the world's most significant and rich sources of this metal is located at Bernic Lake in Manitoba. The deposits there are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite at an average of 20% caesium. Isotopes
Caesium has 32 known istotopes which is more than any other element. The atomic masses of these isotopes range from 114 to 145.
Even though this element has the largest number of isotopes, it only has one naturally occurring stable isotope, Cs-133. The radiogenic isotope Cs-137 has been used in hydrologic studies, analogous to the use of H-3. Cs-137 is produced from detonation of nuclear weapons and emissions from nuclear power plants. Beginning in 1954 with the commencement of nuclear testing, Cs-137 was released into the atmosphere where it is absorbed readily into solution. Once Cs-137 enters the ground water, it is deposited on soil surfaces and removed from the landscape primarily by particle transport. As a result, the input function of these isotopes can be estimated as a function of time.
Precautions
Caesium is highly explosive in cold water. Caesium should be considered highly toxic. Some of its
radioisotopes are even more toxic.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Caesium."
Crosswords: Caesium |
| English words defined with "caesium": caesium clock. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "caesium": caesium beam tube ♦ extinguished mode ♦ ignited mode ♦ satellite DNA. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Caesium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Czech (caesium), French (caesium). |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Caesium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.50% of the time. "Caesium" is used about 40 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 97.5% | 39 | 55,036 |
| Noun (proper) | 2.5% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 40 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "caesium": caesium beam tube ♦ caesium clock. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "caesium": caesium-induced. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
caesium | 9 |
137 caesium | 5 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "caesium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | cezium (cesium). (various references) | |
Arabic | سيزيوم. (various references) | |
Czech | caesium. (various references) | |
Danish | caesiumstraaleroer (caesium beam tube, cesium electron tube), primaer laboratorieudgave af caesium straale-frekvensstandard (primary laboratory type caesium beam frequency standard). (various references) | |
Dutch | cesium (cesium). (various references) | |
Esperanto | cezio. (various references) | |
Finnish | cesium 137 (caesium 137, cesium 137), laboratoriotyyppinen cesiumsäde-päätaajuusvakio (primary laboratory type caesium beam frequency standard), kesiumsädeputki (caesium beam tube, cesium electron tube), kesiumelektroniputki (caesium beam tube, cesium electron tube). (various references) | |
French | césium. (various references) | |
German | Cäsium. (various references) | |
Greek | κύριο εργαστηριακό πρότυπο συχνότητας τύπου καισίου (primary laboratory type caesium beam frequency standard), καίσιο 137 (caesium 137, cesium 137), λυχνία καισίου (caesium beam tube, cesium electron tube). (various references) | |
Hungarian | cézium (cesium). (various references) | |
Italian | cesio (cesium). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | aesiumcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | césio (cesium). (various references) | |
Romanian | ceziu. (various references) | |
Russian | цезий (cesium). (various references) | |
Spanish | cesio (cesium). (various references) | |
Swedish | cesium (cesium). (various references) | |
Ukranian | цезій. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "caesium": caesiums. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| Words rhyming with "caesium" (pronounced 'C[ae]"si*um'): Abandum, Absinthium, Acetabulum, Aconitum, Acrodactylum, Acropodium, Acrotarsium, Acroterium, Actinium, Addendum, Adiantum, Adytum, AEcidium, Agendum, Ageratum, Alabastrum, Alarum, Album, Alburnum, Alcyonium, Allium, Allodium, Alluvium, Aluminium, Aluminum, Ambulacrum, Amentum, Ammonium, Amoebaeum, Amomum, Amphibium, Anacardium, Androecium, Animalculum, Antependium, Antheridium, Anthodium, Antibrachium, Anticlinorium, Antrum, Apodyterium, Apothecium, Aquarium, Arachnidium, Arboretum, Arcanum, Archegonium, Archipterygium, Argentalium, arum, Ascidiarium, Ascidium, Aspersorium, Asylum, Auchenium, Auditorium, Aurum, Bacterium, Ballium, barium, Basidium, Basigynium, Basipterygium, Bdellium, Begum, Bivium, Brachium, Brontotherium, Brontozoum, Bryozoum, Bucranium, Bungarum, Cadmium, Caecum, Caladium, Calamistrum, Calcaneum, Calcium, Calistheneum, Callosum, Cambium, Candelabrum, Capitulum, Carborundum, Caseum, Castoreum, Celtium, Centrum, Cephalanthium, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Cerium, Ceruleum, Cheiropterygium, Cheirotherium, Chloralum, Chromium, Chrysanthemum, Ciborium, Cingulum, Claustrum, Clinanthium, Clum, Coagulum, Coccobacterium, Coelum, Coenoecium, Colchicum, Colleterium, Collodium, Collum, Collyrium, Colostrum, Columbarium, Columbium, Cometarium, Compendium, Compluvium, Conidium, Conium, Conjugium, Contagium, Conundrum, Corallum, Corniculum, Coronium, Corrigendum, Corundum, Cranium, Credendum, Cribellum, Crincum, Crincum-crancum, Crinum, Crissum, Crotalum, cuprum, Curriculum, Cymatium, Cymbium, Cynarrhodium, Cypripedium, damnum, Datum, Davyum, Decennium, Decipium, Decorum, Degum, Deinotherium, Deliquium, Delirium, Deltidium, Dentalium, Depositum, Desideratum, Diacodium, Dianium, Dictum, Didymium, Digitorium, Diluvium, Diverticulum, Doliolum, Dolium, Dorsum, Dromatherium, Duodenum, dysprosium, Eardrum, Ecballium, Ecthoreum, Ectobronchium, Ectropium, Effluvium, Ekaluminium, Elaterium, Elysium, Emporium, Encomium, Endocardium, Endometrium, Endomysium, Endoneurium, Endophloeum, Endosteum, Endothecium, Endothelium, Enrheum, Entobronchium, Entropium, Ephippium, Epicardium, Epicedium, Epicleidium, Epicranium, Epigastrium, Epineurium, Epiphyllum, Epipodium, Episternum, Epithalamium, Epithelium, Equilibrium, Equisetum, Erratum, Erythronium, Eulogium, Eupatorium, Euphonium, Euphorbium, europium, Excubitorium, Exogium, Exordium, Exothecium, Factotum, Factum, Fee-faw-fum, Figgum, Flabellum, flagellum, folium, forum, Fraenulum, Fretum, Frigidarium, frustum, fulcrum, fum, Fumatorium, Furculum, Garum, Gelsemium, Geranium, Germarium, Gigerium, Glabellum, Glaum, Glochidium, Glucinum, Gnaphalium, Gnathidium, Gonoblastidium, Gossypium, Grum, Guiacum, Gymnasium, gynoecium, Gypsum, Habendum, Hamatum, harmonium, harum-scarum, Haum, Haustellum, haustorium, Helichrysum, Hemicerebrum, Herbarium, Hesperidium, Hibernaculum, hilum, holmium, hoodlum, hordeolum, Hormogonium, Hospitium, Hummum, hydrargyrum, Hydroperitoneum, Hydrophyllium, hymenium, Hypanthium, Hypericum, Hypnum, hypochondrium, Hypocleidium, Hypodactylum, Hypogastrium, Hypogeum, Hypoptilum, Ichthyopterygium, Illicium, Ilmenium, Imperium, Impluvium, Incertum, Incunabulum, indecorum, indium, indusium, infundibulum, Interambulacrum, Intercentrum, Interoperculum, INTERREGNUM, Intervallum, Involucellum, Ionidium, iridium, jejunum, jorum, Jugulum, Jugum, Juramentum, Kalium, kettledrum, Korrigum, Labarum, Labellum, labium, Labrum, Laburnum, Lactucarium, ladanum, lanthanum, Larum, Latibulum, laudanum, Lavoesium, linoleum, Linum, Lithargyrum, lithium, Lixivium, Lum, lustrum, lutecium, lyceum, Lycopodium, Lygodium, Macrosporangium, Madisterium, magnesium, magnum, Manganesium, Manganium, manubrium, Marrubium, mausoleum, Meconidium, meconium, meerschaum, memorandum, Menstruum, mentum, Mercurammonium, Mesembryanthemum, Mesoarium, Mesobronchium, Mesocaecum, Mesogastrium, Mesometrium, Mesonotum, Mesophloeum, Mesophyllum, Mesopodium, Mesopterygium, Mesorchium, Mesorectum, Mesoscutum, Mesosternum, mesothelium, Mesothorium, mesovarium, Mesymnicum, Metalammonium, Metanotum, Metapodium, Metapterygium, Meum, Microsporangium, millennium, minimum, minium, Minum, modicum, molluscum, molybdenum, momentum, Monopodium, moratorium, Multum, museum, mutandum, Mycelium, Myocardium, Nasturtium, Natatorium, Natrium, Nemathecium, Nephridium, neptunium, Neuropodium, Nitroleum, norium, Norwegium, Nostrum, Notaeum. (additional references) |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-e-i-m-s-u" | |
-1 letter: aecium, amices, amicus, camise, cesium, miscue, muscae, umiacs. | |
-2 letters: acmes, amice, amies, amuse, cames, cause, maces, mesic, micas, musca, music, saice, sauce, sumac, umiac. | |
-3 letters: aces, acme, aims, amie, amis, amus, asci, came, cams, case, cues, ecus, emic, emus, ices, mace, macs, maes, mesa, mica, mice, mise, muse, same, scam, scum, seam, semi, sice, sima. | |
-4 letters: ace, aim, ais, ami, amu, cam, cis, cue, cum, eau, ecu, ems, emu, ice, ism, mac, mae, mas, mis, mus, sac, sae, sau, sea, sec, sei, sic, sim, sue, sum, use. | |
-5 letters: ae, ai, am, as, em, es, is, ma, me, mi, mu, si, um, us. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-e-i-m-s-u" | |
+1 letter: autecism, caesiums, musicale. | |
+2 letters: autecisms, autoecism, calumnies, leucemias, manicures, masculine, micaceous, mucilages, muscadine, muscarine, musicales, simulacre. | |
+3 letters: americiums, autoecisms, culminates, luminances, masculines, mendacious, mercurials, micturates, miseducate, muscadines, muscarines, musicalise, musicalize, naumachies, numeracies, rheumatics, secularism, simulacres, ultimacies. | |
+4 letters: animalcules, cafetoriums, calumniates, contumacies, duodecimals, glucosamine, impuissance, intercampus, lawrenciums, masculinely, masculinise, masculinize, microquakes, miseducated, miseducates, misguidance, musicalised, musicalises, musicalized, musicalizes, mustachioed, oceanariums, parameciums, secularisms, semiaquatic, simulcasted, subclimaxes, supremacies, supremacist, unmasculine. | |
+5 letters: acquirements, anticonsumer, archesporium, circumstance, communalizes, communicates, consummative, crematoriums, curtailments, diatomaceous, emasculating, emasculation, epicureanism, euchromatins, extramusical, glucosamines, illuminances, immaculacies, impuissances, inconsumable, innumeracies, maricultures, masculinised, masculinises, masculinized, masculinizes, matriculates, mendaciously, mercurations, microcapsule, miscalculate, miseducating, miseducation, misguidances, museological, musicalities, semicircular, supremacists, tumefactions, unsystematic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)43 61 65 73 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-.-. .- . ... .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000011 01100001 01100101 01110011 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)C a e s i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0043 0061 0065 0073 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)37677185758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Usage Frequency 6. Expressions 7. Expressions: Internet 8. Translations: Modern | 9. Derivations 10. Rhymes 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
