Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Breast Cancer |
Breast CancerNoun1. Cancer of the breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| BRCA | English | Breast cancer gene | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Other established risk factors include having no children, having the first child later, not breastfeeding, having early menarche (the first menstrual period), having late menopause, and taking hormone replacement therapy. (However, the National Cancer Institute notes that the benefits of hormone replacement therapy generally outweighs the risks [1].)
The probability of breast cancer rises with age but breast cancer tends to be more aggressive when it occurs in younger women.
Two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been linked to the familial form of breast cancer. Women in families expressing these genes have a much higher risk of developing breast cancer than women who do not.
On finding a lump, the next step should be to visit the family doctor. The usual investigations should include an examination and mammogram. An ultrasound scan and biopsy may also be undertaken. If there is suspicion or confirmation of problems at this stage, the patient will be seen by a surgeon. Many large centres have 'breast' surgeons, and even in centres with 2-3 surgeons it is probably better to see the one with an interest in breast cancer.
If breast cancer is confirmed by biopsy or by open excision, the diagnosis has been established. The second phase is then tumour staging which deals with questions of how big, how much and how far.
The breast lump must be excised either as a local operation called lumpectomy (removal of the lump only) or as a larger operation called mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). In either case the surgeon must establish that the cancer has been completely excised (clear margins) by the operation. If the lumpectomy operation does not have clear margins, then the operation should be repeated until clear.
The lymph nodes in the axilla also need to be studied. In the past, large axillary operations took out 10-40 nodes to establish whether cancer had spread. More recently sentinel lymph node dissection has become popular as it has far fewer side effects.
In some cases at high risk, CT scans, chest X-rays and blood tests will also be advisable to look for any metastasis or secondary cancer that has spread a long way from the site of the primary tumour.
Oncologists then assign a TNM code as a shorthand categorisation which in turn determines treatment recommendations. Some biological features of the cancer such as estrogen receptor and HER2-neu oncogene are also determined as they also affect treatment recommendations.
At present, the treatment recommendations follow this pattern:
Epidemiology
Overall, it has been estimated that women have about a 1 in 10 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Men can also develop breast cancer, although their risk is less than 1 in 1000 (see sex and illness). This risk is modified by many different factors. In some families, there is a strong inherited risk of breast cancer. Some racial groups have a higher risk of developing breast cancer - notably, white and black women have been noted to have a higher rate of breast cancer than women of Asian origin. Diagnosis
Breast cancer may be detected manually (e.g. by breast self-examination) or by mammography. Only mammography has been proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer.Treatment
(Note: consult a trustworthy site such as www.breastcancer.org for more complete and up-to-date information.)
For some early tumours, systemic treatments may not be recommended.
After mastectomy, radiation therapy may not be recommended.
For advanced tumours, there is an established role for all three modalities of treatment (surgery, radiation, systemic therapy) as the combination produces the best results.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Breast cancer."
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Rachel's Daughters: Searching for the Causes of Breast Cancer (1997) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Five illustrations showing the methods of surgical treatment that may be used: lumpectomy; modified radical mastectomy; partial mastectomy (also called segmental mastectomy), radical mastectomy (also called Halsted radical mastectomy), and total (simple) mastectomy. These illustrations appeared in "What You Need to Know About Breast Cancer." See artwork WYTK-05. Credit: Jeanne Kelly (Artist). |  | Shown are mobile homes used as mobile mammogrpahy units by St. Vincent's Breast Cancer Centers and the University of Maryland Cancer Center. See artwork: GR-42. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | (a) cross-section of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast with blood vessels at the periphery of tumor. Magnification x100. (b) cross-section of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast with vessels at the periphery of tumor. Magnification x200. (c) cross section of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast with a small foci of breast cancer cells in which cd34 antibody has stained blood vessels and basement membrane. Magnification x100. (d) cross-section of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast shows intense blood vessel proliferation in stromal tissue adjacent to the malignant tissue. Magnification x200. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Breast cancer invades normal tissues and establishes new centers of growth. Note that the duct on inside of breast is completely filled with tumor cells. This histological slide, stained with H&E stain and magnified to 100x. Credit: Dr. Cecil Fox (photographer). |
 | This is a histologic slide of breast cancer cells that have grown out the ducts and into the surrounding tissue displacing normal cells. Stained with H&E and magnified to 200x. Credit: Dr. Cecil Fox (photographer). |  | Shown is a breast cancer cell seen through an electron microscope. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | The malignant breast cancer cells metastasized to the liver. A cluster of the cancer-cells with their brown-staining cytoplasm is pictured within a portal tract of the liver (monoclonal antibody b1.1, abc immunoperoxidase method, hematoxylin counterstain, x500). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | A single malignant breast cancer cell is seen circulating within the hepatic (liver) sinusoids (monoclonal antibody b1.1, abc immunoperoxidase method, hematoxylin counterstain, x500). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Pictured is a breast cancer cell, photographed by a scanning electron microscope, which produces a 3-dimensional images. This picture shows the overall shape of the cell's surface at a very high magnification. Cancer cells are best identified by internal details, but research with a scanning electron microscope can show how cells respond in changing environments and can show mapping distribution of binding sites of hormones and other biological molecules. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | A diet rich in soy and whey protein, found in products such as soy milk and low-fat yogurt, has been shown to reduce breast cancer incidence in rats. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Peggy Greb.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | For example, tamoxifen appears to protect against developing breast cancer. (references) | |
As a cause of cancer death in women, breast cancer is exceeded only by lung cancer. (references) | ||
For the first time, breast cancer mortality rates are decreasing in the United States. (references) | ||
Business | Other examinations, especially for high risk groups, include liver, colon-rectum and breast cancer screening. (references) | |
Following cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in the country and lung cancer registers in third place. (references) | ||
Over the years, one out of every ten women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 39 persons in 1000 will develop lung cancer (with more women now smoking, the 4/1 male/female ratio is beginning to decrease). (references) | ||
Human Rights | Iran | For a time, Kar was not allowed to travel abroad for medical treatment for breast cancer. (references) |
Trade | Ukraine | Our activities address the urgent humanitarian and health needs of the people of Ukraine by: 1) supporting the government in moving from universal housing and communal services subsidies to targeted social services; 2) providing humanitarian assistance and strengthening the ability of non-governmental organizations to deliver social services; 3) laying the foundation for a sustainable system of pensions and social insurance; 4) providing training and supplies to improve the quality of and access to reproductive health care and the screening for and treatment of breast cancer; 5) supporting health partnerships for the promotion of primary health care and exchange of information, training and personnel; 6) providing thyroid cancer screening and psycho-social interventions to child victims of the Chernobyl accident, while strengthening the Ukrainian government's ability to respond to health and environmental crises; and 7) providing technical assistance in addressing both the TB and the STI/HIV/AIDS epidemics. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Weil | It's a powerful anti-oxidant. It helps to treat diabetes, extends survival of breast cancer. Great protective against gum disease, good general anti-oxidant protection. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | We have already discovered genes for breast cancer and diabetes. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Expressions using "breast cancer": breast cancer screening ♦ cutaneous breast cancer ♦ inflammatory breast cancer ♦ stage I breast cancer ♦ stage II breast cancer ♦ stage III breast cancer ♦ stage IIIA breast cancer ♦ stage IIIB breast cancer ♦ stage IV breast cancer. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "breast cancer"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | سرطان الثدي. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | cancer du sein. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Brustkrebs (mammary cancer, mastitis carcinosa, mastitoides carcinoma). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | συνυπάρχον καρκίνος του μαστού (coexistant breast cancer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | mammografia di massa (breast cancer screening, mammography screening), gene BRCA1 (BRCA1 gene, breast cancer 1 gene), gene 1 del cancro della mammella (BRCA1 gene, breast cancer 1 gene). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 乳癌 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | にゅうが". (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | eastbray ancercay câncer de mama. (various references) рак груди. (various references) gen BRCA1 (BRCA1 gene, breast cancer 1 gene), gen 1 del cáncer de mama (BRCA1 gene, breast cancer 1 gene), cribado mamográfico (breast cancer screening, mammography screening). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Misspellings | |
"Breast Cancer" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: brest cancer. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-b-c-c-e-e-n-r-r-s-t" | |
-2 letters: aberrances, reactances. | |
-3 letters: aberrance, aberrants, acerbates, banterers, barrenest, cabernets, carcanets, cetaceans, reaccents, reactance, recanters, recreants. | |
-4 letters: aberrant, abreacts, absenter, accretes, acerbate, acerbest, acescent, antbears, arsenate, banterer, bearcats, cabarets, cabernet, cabresta, carbarns, carcanet, caterans, caterers, centares, cesarean, cetacean, crescent, narrates, ratsbane, reaccent, reascent, rebaters, recanter, recrates, recreant, reenacts, retraces, sarcenet, serenata, terraces, terranes. | |
-5 letters: abaters. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)42 72 65 61 73 74 43 61 6E 63 65 72 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000010 01110010 01100101 01100001 01110011 01110100 00100000 01000011 01100001 01101110 01100011 01100101 01110010 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)B r e a s t   C a n c e r |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0042 0072 0065 0061 0073 0074 0043 0061 006E 0063 0065 0072 |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)3684716785862376780697184 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Quotations: Spoken 8. Quotations: Speeches | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Abbreviations | 13. Acronyms 14. Derivations 15. Anagrams 16. Orthography | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; |
