Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Bearer

Definitions: Bearer

Bearer

Noun

1. Someone whose employment involves carrying something; "the bonds were transmitted by carrier".

2. A messenger who bears or presents; "a bearer of good tidings".

3. One of the mourners carrying the coffin at a funeral.

4. The person who is in possession of a check or note or bond or document of title that is endorsed to him or to whoever holds it; "the bond was marked `payable to bearer'".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "bearer" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1415. (references)



Specialty Definitions: Bearer

DomainDefinitions

Building & Civil Engineering

A general term for a transverse, horizontal, structural member, e. g. a joist or beam. Source: European Union. (references)

Economics

The person in possession of a negotiable instrument, document of title, or security marked "payable to bearer", or the person in possession of one of these documents endorsed in blank. (references)

Finance

The possessor of a security by the transfer of which he can acquire the amount of money mentioned therein or other rights. Source: European Union. (references)

Food & Agriculture

A square-sawn piece of wood, generally of some 4 x 4in(10x10cm)in cross-section, set between packages of sawn timber or other mill products so as to provide space for the insertion and withdrawal of the fork of a fork-lift or straddle carrier. Source: European Union. (references)

Mining

Eng. A band of hard limestone consisting of numerous stromatoporoids,mainly a ramose species, Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Synonyms: Bearer

Synonyms: carrier (n), holder (n), pallbearer (n), toter (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Bearer

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Carrier

Noun: carrier, porter, bearer, tranter, conveyer; cargador; express, expressman; stevedore, coolie; conductor, locomotive, motor.

Combatant

Infantry, infantryman, private, private soldier, foot soldier; Tommy Atkins, rank and file, peon, trooper, sepoy, legionnaire, legionary, cannon fodder, food for powder; officer; (commander); subaltern, ensign, standard bearer; spearman, pikeman; spear bearer; halberdier, lancer; musketeer, carabineer, rifleman, jager, sharpshooter, yager, skirmisher; grenadier, fusileer; archer, bowman.

Director

Officer, functionary, minister, official, red-tapist, bureaucrat; man in office, Jack in office; office bearer; person in authority.

Jurisdiction

Officer, bailiff, tipstaff, bum-bailiff, catchpoll, beadle; policeman, cop, police constable, police sergeant; sbirro, alguazil, gendarme, kavass, lictor, mace bearer, huissier, bedel; tithingman.

Messenger

Marshal, flag bearer, herald, crier, trumpeter, bellman, pursuivant, parlementaire, apparitor.

Securities

Noun: securities, stocks, common stock, preferred stock, bonds, puts, calls, options, option contract, warrants, commercial paper, bearer bond, tax-exempt bond, callable bond, convertable bond.

Servant

Maid, maidservant; handmaid; confidente, lady's maid, abigail, soubrette; amah, biddy, nurse, bonne, ayah; nursemaid, nursery maid, house maid, parlor maid, waiting maid, chamber maid, kitchen maid, scullery maid; femme de chambre, femme fille; camarista; chef de cuisine,cordon bleu, cook, scullion, Cinderella; potwalloper; maid of all work, servant of all work; laundress, bedmaker; journeyman, charwoman; (worker); bearer, chokra, gyp, hamal, scout.

Attendant, squire, usher, page, donzel, footboy; train bearer, cup bearer; waiter, lapster, butler, livery servant, lackey, footman, flunky, flunkey, valet, valet de chambre; equerry, groom; jockey, hostler, ostler, tiger, orderly, messenger, cad, gillie, herdsman, swineherd; barkeeper, bartender; bell boy, boots, boy, counterjumper; khansamah, khansaman; khitmutgar; yardman.

Treasurer

Noun: treasurer; bursar, bursary; purser, purse bearer; cash keeper, banker; depositary; questor, receiver, steward, trustee, accountant, Accountant General, almoner, liquidator, paymaster, cashier, teller; cambist; money changer; (merchant).

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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.

Crosswords: Bearer

English words defined with "bearer": Alferes, Aquarius the Water Bearerbearer bond, Bell bearer, Bill of credit, Biophor Biophore, blank endorsement, Bow bearercard, carry, Claviger, color bearerDoryphoros, driver's license, driving licenseendorsement in blank, Ensign bearer, Escalop, esquirefishing license, fishing permit, Frost bearergame license, Garuda, Gonfalonier, green cardhunting license, hunting permitI.D., identity cardlearner's permitmace bearer, Marks of cadency, MonsignoreOffice bearerPortglave, Postal noteSpire bearer, Staller, Standard bearer, Sword bearerUnderbearerVexillary, visaWater Bearer. (references)
Specialty definitions using "bearer": Archipelago-projectbearer bar, bearer channel, bearer check, bearer scripCertificates, circuit-mode 64 kbits unrestricted, collar structuredata channel, DrunkENSIGN BEARER, Evangelist, extendible bond, extendible note, extendible-maturity bond, extendible-maturity noteHeraldsidentifiable bearer securityOnesimusseed bearerTreasury certificatezero coupon Eurosterling bearer registered accruing security. (references)
Etymologies containing "bearer": Amphora, ArmigerbaronFurciferousVector. (references)

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Modern Usage: Bearer

DomainUsage

Screenplays

The magic chose the shape, not I. I am a bearer, I am a dwelling, I am a messenger. (The Last Unicorn; writing credit: Peter S. Beagle)

I hate to bearer of bad news. (Charmed; writing credit: Colman deKay)

Lyrics

You are the bearer of unconditional things ("Head Over Feet"; performing artist: Alanis Morissette)

Movie/TV Titles

The Cross Bearer (1918)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Bearer

DomainTitle

Books

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  • "Wedding Kids": A how-to video for your flower girl, or ring bearer, Invaluable! (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Bearer

Illustrations:
Bearer

More images...

Computer Images:
Bearer

More images...

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Photo Album: Bearer

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Cuban standard bearer.Credit: Library of Congress.

Equestrian standard bearer.Credit: Library of Congress.

Taking a despatch bearer near Chancellorsville.Credit: Library of Congress.

  

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Historic Usage: Bearer

AuthorDateQuotation

Treaty of Versailles

1919

To be issued forthwith, further 40,000,000,000 Marks gold bearer bonds, bearing interest at 2-1/2 per cent. per annum between 1921 and l926, and thereafter at 5 per cent. per annum with an additional l per cent. for amortisation beginning in 1926 on the whole amount of the issue. (reference)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Bearer

TitleAuthorQuote

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

Probably the bearer and the gravedigger had tipped the coffin and let the head down before the feet.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Bearer

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

The card should alert emergency personnel about the need to inject 100 mg of cortisol if its bearer is found severely injured or unable to answer questions. (references)

Civil Liberties

Latvia

Citizens' passports indicate the ethnicity of the bearer. (references)

Iraq

The ration cards, part of the U.N. oil-for-food program, reportedly are checked when the bearer enters a mosque and are printed with a notice of severe penalties for those who attempt to pray at an unauthorized location. (references)

Economic History

Costa Rica

Bonds may be issued in bearer form. (references)

Political Economy

Cote D'ivoire

Alassane Ouattara, founder and standard bearer of the RDR, has been unsuccessful in several attempts to run for elected office. (references)

Trade

Israel

However, in the case of products for which there is a TRQ, the Ministry of Agriculture or the Ministry of Industry and Trade issues a license exempting the bearer from duty on the quantity indicated in the license. (references)

Spain

Prior notification: This regulation requires prior notification for the export of coins, bank notes and bearer checks, in either local or foreign currency, for amounts over one million pesetas per person, per trip. (references)

Travel

China

A few different types of visas are issued to visitors, including the tourist visa (Type L) that allows the bearer one- to two entries to stay up to one month each time. (references)

Worker Rights

Dominican Republic

These tickets, issued to a specific person but payable to the bearer, may be turned in to the employer and redeemed for cash every 2 weeks. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

EVANGELIST, n. A bearer of good tidings, particularly (in a religious sense) such as assure us of our own salvation and the damnation of our neighbors.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Bearer

"Bearer" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.14% of the time. "Bearer" is used about 233 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.14%23119,761
Noun (proper)0.86%2245,945
                    Total100.00%233N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Bearer

Expressions using "bearer": a good bearer admit bearer Aquarius the Water Bearer armour bearer be a pall bearer bearer bond bearer channel bearer check bearer cheque bearer of good tidings bearer of ominous tidings bearer paper bearer scrip bearer share Bell bearer Bow bearer check bearer coffin bearer color bearer Ensign bearer flag bearer Frost bearer identifiable bearer security lathe bearer mace bearer office bearer pall bearer passport bearer payable to bearer payable to the bearer purse bearer radio bearer sack bearer seed bearer shield bearer spear bearer spire bearer staff bearer standard bearer stretcher bearer sword bearer tale bearer torch bearer Water Bearer zero coupon Eurosterling bearer registered accruing security. Additional references.

Hypenated Usage

Ending with "bearer": god-bearer, office-bearer, pall-bearer.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Bearer

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

ring bearer

924

bearer bond

65

bearer paul

31

armor bearer

29

bearer box ring

15

water bearer

13

armour bearer

11

bearer

9

bearer pall

9

bearer chest ring

8

bearer word

7

god armor bearer

7

bearer of the torch

6

bearer making pillow ring

6

bearer libation

5

bearer pillow ring unique

5

standard bearer

5

the light bearer

5

bearer share

5

bearer copy depositary doc memorandum offshore placement private receipt sample

4
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Bearer

Language Translations for "bearer"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

bimë prodhuese (cropper), bartës (host), prurës, mbajtës (deterrent, handler, holder, keeper, retentive, supporting, suspensory, wearer), mbështetëse (backrest, bracket, buttress, console, crutch, prop, rack, reinforcement, rest, saddle, shore, stanchion, stand, support, supporter). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏حامل الرسالة, ‏حامل (big with child, carriage, expectant, gravid, incumbent, pregnant, support, trestle), ‏عتال (carrier, porter), ‏شجرة تحمل ثمرة. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

опора (abut, anchor, anchorage, backlog, bulwark, buttress, column, cradle, crutch, dependence, faith, foothold, holder, jamb, lodgement, lodgment, mainstay, palladium, pillar, prop, purchase, rampart, rest, rock, roothold, sinews, staff, stand by, stay, stock, stronghold, support, tower, underpinning), носач (heaver, porter, redcap), носител (carrier, circulator, holder, vehicle), предявител (payee). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

""者 , 持票人. (various references)

   

Czech

  

posel (courier, envoy, harbinger, Herald, messenger, runner), nositel (holder, vehicle, wearer), nosiè (bracket, carrier, porter, rack), držitel (holder, incumbent, occupant, occupier), doruèitel. (various references)

   

Danish

  

bjaelke (balk, baulk, float, float lever, floater, longeron, spar), bjælke (balk, baulk, beam, flagpole, girder, girder beam, joist, solid web), rem (inferior purlin, rem, strap, wall plate), indehaver af værdipapirer (holder of securities), hændehaver (holder of securities). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

zolderbalk, toonder (holder of securities), houder van effecten (holder of securities), dwarslatten voor het stapelen van gezaagd hout (bolster), dwarsdrager (bodywork crossbar, bodywork member, cross bar, cross beam, cross girder, cross member, cross truss, cross-bearer, strut, transom), drager (bracket, carrier, charge carrier, holder, holding device, mounting, mounting bracket, porter, prop, support, tray), draagbalk (capsill, dancer, girder, springer, transom, transome, truss, twister). (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

sennoma akcio (bearer share, share to bearer). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

حامل (Carrier, Conveyer, Conveyor, Porter, Stave, Vehicle), دروجه حامل , درخت بارور. (various references)

   

Finnish

  

välirima (bolster), telapuu (bolster, crosser, dunnage, fillet, piling stick, piling strip, pin, stacking strip, sticker, strip), palkki (baulk, beam, flagpole, joist), kannatinpalkki (girder, trimmer). (various references)

   

French

  

porteur. (various references)

   

German

  

träger (beam, braces, cantilever, carrier, carrier substance, carrier wave, carriers, charged particle, connector, crossbeam, girder, holder, institution, joist, launch vehicle, launcher, litter, porter, porters, promoter, representative, shoulder strap, sliding splined shaft, sluggishly, sponsor, strap, strecher, substrate, support, supporter, supporters, upholder, vector, vehicle, wearer, winner), Inhaber (assignee, bondholder, franchisee, grantee, holder, holder of securities, licensee, manager, occupant, occupier, owner, possessor, possessors, proprietor), überbringer (bringer, messenger, presenter). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

κομιστής (holder of securities, porter). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

מביא (afferent), סבל (carrier, lumper, porter, redcap). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

vivõ (bearing, carrier), tulajdonos (keeper, owner, possessor, proprietary, proprietor), koporsóvivõ. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

pembawa surat. (various references)

   

Italian

  

portatore (carrier, charge carrier, holder of securities). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

遣い (errand, familiar spirit, going as envoy, message, messenger, mission, tamer, trainer, usage, use), 持参人 , 使い (errand, familiar spirit, going as envoy, message, messenger, mission, tamer, trainer, usage, use). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

つかい (errand, familiar spirit, going as envoy, message, messenger, mission, tamer, trainer, usage, use), じさ"に". (various references)

   

Korean 

  

지게꾼. (various references)

   

Manx

  

ymmyrkagh (carrier, carrier person, conveyor, haulage contractor; sustaining, haulier, portable, porter, transporter, vehicle), sharvaant (orderly, servant, valet, vassal), erreyder (carrier, porter). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

earerbay

   

Portuguese

  

portador (aeroplane carrier, carrier, charge carrier, conductor, contact, conveyer, holder of securities). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

titular (holder, keeper, titular), purtãtor (carrier, carrying), pom fructifer (fruiter), aducãtor (bearing, bringer, bringing). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

предъявитель (holder), податель (presenter), подпорка (bracket, buttress, chock, counterfort, leg, puncheon, shore, stay, support, upright). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

nosilac (carrier, wearer), imalac (holder, possessor), donosilac (payee). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

portador (carrier, charge carrier, conveyor, holder of securities, payee). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

innehavare (holder, keeper, lessee, occupant, occupier, owner, tenant, tenant farmer, titular). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

tabut taşıyıcı, taşıyan (bearing), taşıyıcı (carrier, contact, conveyer, conveyor, germ carrier, haulier, mover, transporter, vector, vehicle), hamil (holder), getiren (afferent), götüren. (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

санітар (aidman, orderly), цілик (arch, barrier), опора (anchorage, anchorage-ground, backing, buttress, cradle, crutch, footing, holdfast, pillar, reliance, stay, steady, stilt, stock, support, tower), носій, продавець (clerk, marketeer, monger, salesclerk, shopman, vendor), переносник вантажів. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

người vác, người mang (carrier, wearer), người khiêng, người đem (conveyer), cái trụ (bearing, upholder), cái giá (jack-horse). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

dygiedydd, arweddwr. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Bearer

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

gerulae. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Bearer

Derivations

Words beginning with "bearer": bearers. (additional references)

Words ending with "bearer": casebearer, crossbearer, cupbearer, forbearer, furbearer, pallbearer, talebearer, torchbearer, trainbearer, upbearer. (additional references)

Words containing "bearer": casebearers, crossbearers, cupbearers, forbearers, furbearers, pallbearers, talebearers, torchbearers, trainbearers, upbearers. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Bearer" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Baaader, baarrrp, Baere, baerel, Baeren, Beader, Beafra, beager, beaner, beara, Bearder, beare, beared, beari, bearic, bearner, bearse, Beartrix, bearu, bearur, Beaser, beezer, beire, benare, Berer, beruhrt, Beurer, biare, biarre, boarer, brarer, earer, gearer, yearer. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Bearer"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "bearer" (pronounced be"rer)
3-e" r ercarer, error, fairer, preparer, rarer, sharer, Starer, terror, wearer.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Bearer

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-b-e-e-r-r"

-1 letter: barer, barre, rebar.

-2 letters: bare, bear, beer, brae, bree, rare, rear.

-3 letters: arb, are, bar, bee, bra, brr, ear, era, ere, err, reb, ree.

-4 letters: ab, ae, ar, ba, be, er, re.

 Words containing the letters "a-b-e-e-r-r"
 

+1 letter: acerber, bearers, breaker, cerebra, gerbera, rebater.

 

+2 letters: banterer, barbered, barreled, barrener, barrette, bartered, barterer, bereaver, berretta, betrayer, bewrayer, blearier, breacher, breakers, breather, cerebral, debarred, embarred, embracer, forebear, gerberas, jabberer, overbear, rebaters, reembark, rehabber, teaberry, upbearer, vertebra.

 

+3 letters: aberrance, aberrated, aerobrake, baneberry, banterers, barbecuer, barkeeper, barometer, barrelage, barrelled, barrenest, barrettes, bartender, barterers, bearberry, bereavers, berrettas, betrayers, bewrayers, blaeberry, blatherer, bordereau, brasserie, brassiere, braveries, breachers, breathers, breathier, brokerage, cerebrals, cerebrate, clamberer, cupbearer, embraceor, embracers, embracery, embrasure, firebreak, forbearer, forebears, freebaser, freeboard, furbearer, garderobe, jabberers, orderable, overbears, perborate, preverbal, reboarded, redbreast, reembarks, referable, rehabbers, reparable, reprobate, seborrhea, upbearers, vertebrae, vertebral, vertebras.

 

+4 letters: aberrances, abhorrence, aerobraked, aerobrakes, barbecuers, barberries, barkeepers, barometers, barrelages, barrelhead, barrenness, barretries, bartenders, bayberries, bizarrerie, blatherers, bordereaux, brasseries, brassieres, breakwater, breviaries, brokerages, carabineer, carbureted, casebearer, celebrator, cerebellar, cerebrally, cerebrated, cerebrates, clamberers, cupbearers, deferrable, deterrable, drumbeater, embraceors, embrasures, fireballer, firebreaks, forbearers, freebasers, freeboards, furbearers, garderobes, hagberries, heartbreak, icebreaker, irremeable, jawbreaker, keyboarder, lawbreaker, pallbearer, perborates, perdurable, prebendary, preembargo, preferable, preferably, prepuberal, reabsorbed, rebranched, rebranches, recordable, redbreasts, reembarked, reformable, rekeyboard, remarkable, renderable, repairable, reportable, reprobance, reprobated, reprobates, reservable, respirable, restorable, returnable, rewardable, rhabdomere, seborrheas, sweetbriar, talebearer, teaberries, threadbare, tiebreaker, unbarbered, verbalizer, vertebrate, waterborne, waxberries, weaverbird.

 

+5 letters: aberrancies, abhorrences, afterburner, ambergrises, arborescent, backbreaker, baneberries, barometries, barrelheads, barrelhouse, bearberries, beaverboard, benchwarmer, bizarreness, bizarreries, blaeberries, boilermaker, brainteaser, breadwinner, breakfaster, breakwaters, candleberry, carabineers, carabiniere, carburetted, carburetter, casebearers, celebrators, celebratory, centerboard, cerebrating, cerebration, conferrable, correctable, cranberries, crossbearer, decarburize, decerebrate, deferrables, descrambler, drumbeaters, embarcadero, embarrassed, embarrasses, embraceries, erythorbate, farkleberry, fireballers, forbearance, gingerbread, greenbacker, haberdasher, hackberries, halterbreak, halterbroke, harbingered, harebrained, heartbreaks, heartbroken, hyperborean, icebreakers, inenarrable, irrecusable, irrefutable, irremovable, irreparable, irrevocable, jawbreakers, keyboarders, lawbreakers, leaderboard, liberalizer, overbearing, overlabored, pallbearers, performable, perturbable, prepubertal, preservable, raspberries, reattribute, rebarbative, recalibrate, recoverable, reembarking, refrangible, regenerable, registrable, regrettable, regrettably, rekeyboards, relubricate, remembrance, reprobances, reprobative, restartable, retractable, retrainable, retrievable, returnables, reverberant, reverberate, rhabdomeres, sauerbraten, shadberries, soapberries, sweetbriars, talebearers, teeterboard, tiebreakers, torchbearer, trailerable, trainbearer, traversable, treasurable, verbalizers, vertebrates, weaverbirds, wheelbarrow, windbreaker.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Bearer


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

42 65 61 72 65 72

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

-...    .    .-    .-.    .    .-.

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000010 01100101 01100001 01110010 01100101 01110010

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#66 &#101 &#97 &#114 &#101 &#114

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0042 0065 0061 0072 0065 0072

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

367167847184

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Quotations: Historic
9. Quotations: Fiction
10. Quotations: Non-fiction
11. Usage Frequency
12. Expressions
13. Expressions: Internet
14. Translations: Modern
15. Translations: Ancient
16. Derivations
17. Rhymes
18. Anagrams
19. Orthography
20. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.