Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Battery

Definition: Battery

Battery

Noun

1. Group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place.

2. A device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series.

3. A collection of related things intended for use together: "took a battery of achievement tests".

4. A unit composed of the pitcher and catcher.

5. A series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores.

6. The heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target; "they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops"; "the shelling went on for hours without pausing".

7. An assault in which the assailant makes physical contact.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "battery" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references)

Etymology: Battery \Bat"ter*y\, noun; plural Batteries. [French batterie, from battre. See Batter, transitive verb]. (references)

Specialty Definition: Battery

Domain	Definition
Electrical Engineering	A source of electrical energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy. Source: European Union. (references)
	A device which converts energy from chemical compounds into electricity. A battery consists of one or more units(called cells)which are enclosed in an insulated casing. Each cell conta a positive and negative electrode separated by an electrolyte. Source: European Union. (references)
	Enclosed device for converting chemical energy to electricity. Source: European Union. (references)
Energy	A device that stores energy and produces electric current by chemicalaction. (references)
	An energy storage device composed of one or more electrolyte cells. (references)
Industry	A magazine on a loom that holds a full quota of bobbins, cops or quills of filling yarn, and from which they are inserted into the shuttle by an automatic bobbin-changing device. Source: European Union. (references)
Medicine	Power source of the pulse generator. Strictly speaking it consists of more than one cell. In a cell or battery of cells power is evolved from a chemical reaction [VE1]. Source: European Union. (references)
Metallurgy	A series of ovens built side by side in a continuous structure. Source: European Union. (references)
Military	1) an Artillery unit2) earthwork designed to defend an Artillery unit. (references)
Military & Defense	An offence against life and limb in which a person causes an injury to the person or health of another, or commits an act of aggression against another. Source: European Union. (references)
Mining	A. See:blasting machine; exploder b. A number of similar machines or similar pieces of equipment placed side by side on a single or separate base and by means of common connections as a unit c. Mine support in which timbers are placed in groups of 3 to 12 or more. The battery may be strengthened by binding with wire d. A wooden platform for miners to stand upon while at work, esp. in steeply dipping coal beds. e. A series or row of coke ovens f. A bulkhead or structure of timber for keeping coal in place g. The plank closing the bottom of a coal chute. h. A series of stamps, usually five, operated in one box or mortar, for crushing ores; also, the box in which they are operated i. A stamper mill for pulverizing stone j. Timbering in which the sticks are placed from foot to hanging wall, touching each other, in a solid mass of 3 to 12 or more. The battery may be further strengthened by binding around with wire. (references)
Public Administration	A device providing a source of power of direct-current voltage source, composed of one or more units or cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy; Pocket size, or larger used in mobile vehicles, a practical source of light and energy in outdoors emergency situations. The disposal of used battery wastes can constitute an environmental hazard. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Artillery battery

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In military science, a battery is a group of artillery or cannon, so grouped in order to facilitate battlefield communication and the organization of barrages. In modern military organization, the military unit typically has 6 or 8 howitzers and 100 - 200 personnel. They are subdivided into:
Field batteries, equipped with 105 mm calibre howitzers or equivalent;
Medium batteries, equipped with 155 mm calibre howitzers or equivalent;
Heavy batteries, which are equipped with guns of 203 mm or more calibre, but are now very rare; and
Various more specialised types, such as anti-aircraft, missile, or Multiple Launch Rocket System batteries.
Historically, many countries also maintained coastal defence batteries, typically equipped with very heavy guns in fixed, fortified emplacements along approaches to seaports, and intended to provide defense against warships. These are now obsolete. A few countries maintain coastal defence artillery units, but these units are organised and equipped quite differently to traditional artillery.
Groupings of mortarss are referred to as platoons rather than batteries.
See also: Battery Park (New York)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Artillery battery."

Battery

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The various senses of battery arise either
fairly directly from words that mean "to beat", or
(following from the assembly of multiple artillery pieces into "batteries" that jointly beat a target) from the concept of entities working in concert.

The origin of the word "battery" lies in words that mean "to beat"; another cluster of senses (following from the assembly of multiple artillery pieces into "batteries" that jointly beat a target), thus applies to various other entities working in concert. For the senses of:
assaultive behavior, see Battery (law).
the military tactic, see Battery (artillery deployment).
the device for storing electrical energy, see Battery (electricity).
the former fortification on Manhattan Island, see The Battery.
the area around Battery Park in Manhattan, see Battery Park City.
military units, usually centering on artillery troops qualifed to operate a battery together, see Battery (military unit).
the interaction in baseball between pitcher and catcher, see Battery (baseball).
the beverage trademarked "Battery", see Energy drink.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battery."

Battery (crime)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Please note: Wikipedia does not give legal advice
In many common law jurisdictions, the crime of battery consists of an injury or other contact upon the person of another in a manner lkely to cause bodily harm.
Contact prohibited by laws against battery has lately been understood to include bodily secretions being directed at another person without their permission, and in such cases depending on the system is automatically considered aggravated battery.
Battery can be differentiated from assault thusly: If A advances upon B by chasing after him and swinging a fist at his head, that action is considered assault. If A should actually strike B, he will have committed battery.
(Stub)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battery (crime)."

Battery (electricity)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. Although such storage in an electrostatic form is practical in some specialized uses, batteries are usually electrochemical devices.
In a technical sense, the distinction may be made between
an electrical battery, an electrical energy storage device composed of similar (usually identical) parts that are "wired together" (i.e., interconnected with electrical conductors), and
an electrical cell, a single such unit, possibly one of cell in a (strict-terminology) battery of multiple cells.
That distinction, however, is pedantic in most contexts (other than the expression "dry cell"), and it is more normal to call a single cell "a battery" than "a cell".

History
In 1938, the German archaeologist Wilhelm Konig discovered a five inch long (or 13 cm) clay jar containing a copper cylinder. The cylinder covered and protected an iron rod. He had found the Baghdad Battery. The Battery had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion. It was located in Khujut Rabu, near Baghdad, Iraq. Subsequent tests indicated acidic substances in the item. These substances that may have exerted some effect were analysed as having been vinegar, wine, or another electrolytic solution. Upon publication, his discovery was discounted by the scientific community and soon disregarded. More recently, the batteries of Baghdad have attracted new interest. They date to around 200 BC. Batteries similar to the Baghdad Battery may have been used in precious metal gilding. It also appears that similar batteries can be located around ancient Egypt, where objects with traces of precious metal electroplating have been discovered at different locations.
In 1748, Benjamin Franklin coined the term battery to describe an array of charged glass plates. He adapted the word from its earlier sense meaning a beating, which is what an electric shock from the apparatus felt like. In those days, the entertaining effect of an electric shock was one of the few uses of the technology. Other experimenters made batteries from a number of Leyden jars connected in parallel. The definition was later widened to include an array of electrochemical cells or capacitors. The chemical battery was the Voltaic pile rediscovered by Alessandra Cont di Volta in 1800. Alessandro Volta researched the effects which different metals produced when exposed to salt water. In 1801, Volta demonstrated the Voltaic cell to Napoleon Bonaparte. Luigi Galvani researched the same effect with two pieces of the same metal exposed to salt water.
The scientific community at this time called these batteries piles. The battery was called an accumulator, because it held charge, or an artificial electrical organ. Some researchers called the battery a gravity cell because gravity kept the two sulfates separated. The name crowfoot cell was also commonly used because of the shape of the zinc electrode used in the batteries.
In 1800, William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used a battery to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. Sir Humphry Davy researched this chemical effect at the same time. Davy researched the decomposition of substances (called electrolysis). In 1813, he constructed a 2,000-plate paired battery in the basement of Britain's Royal Society, covering 889 square feet. Through this experiment, Davy deduced that electrolysis was the action in the voltaic pile that produced electricity. In 1820, the British resercher John Frederic Daniell improved the voltaic cell. The Daniell cell consisted of copper and zinc plates and copper and zinc sulphates. It was used to operate telegraphs and doorbells. Between 1832 and 1834, Michael Faraday conducted experiments with a ferrite ring, a galvanometer, and a connected battery. When the battery was connected or disconnected, the galvanometer deflected. Faraday also developed the priciple of ionic mobility in chemical reactions of batteries. In 1839, William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen. Grove developed another form the electric cell using zinc and platinum electrodes. These electrodes were exposed to two acids separated by a diaphragm. In the 1860s, Georges Leclanché of France developed a carbon-zinc battery. It was a wet cell, with electrodes plunged into a body of electrolyte fluid. It was rugged, manufactured easily, and had a decent shelf life. An improved version called a dry cell was later made by sealing the cell and changing the fluid electrolyte to a wet paste. The Leclanché cell is a type of primary (non-rechargeable) battery. In the 1860s, Raymond Gaston Plant invented the lead-acid battery. He immersed two thin solid lead plates separated by rubber sheets in a dilute sulfuric acid solution to make a secondary (rechargeable) battery. The original invention had a short shelf life, though. Around 1881, Emile Alphonse Faure, with his colleagues, developed batteries using a mixture of lead oxides for the positive plate electrolyte. These had faster reactions and higher efficiency. In 1878, the air cell battery was developed. In 1897, Nikola Tesla researched a lightweight carbide cell and a oxygen-hydrogen storage cell.
In 1900, Thomas Edison developed the nickel storage battery. In 1905, Edison developed the nickel-iron battery. Like all electrochemical cells, Edison's produced a current of electrons that flowed only in one direction, known as direct current. In World War II, Samuel Ruben and Philip Rogers Mallory developed the mercury cell. In 1949, Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery at the Eveready Battery Company laboratory in Parma, Ohio. In the 1950s, Russell S. Ohl developes a wafer of silicon that produced free electrons. In the 1950s, Ruben improved the alkaline manganese battery. In 1954, Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller produced an array of several such wafers, making the first solar battery or solar cell. In 1956, Francis Thomas Bacon developed the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. In the 1960s, German researchers invented a gel-type electrolyte lead-acid battery. Duracell was formed in 1964.

The Future
Initial research indicates that nanotechnology batteries employing carbon nanotubes will have twice the life of traditional modern batteries.

Electrical Component

Circuit symbol for a battery
(+ and - signs are optional)
The cells in a battery can be connected in parallel or in series, or both. A parallel combination of cells has the same voltage as a single cell, but can supply a higher current (the sum of the currents from all the cells). On the other hand, a series combination has the same current rating as a single cell but its voltage is the sum of the voltages of all the cells. Most practical electrochemical batteries, such as 9 volt flashlight (torch) batteries and 12 V automobile (car) batteries, have a series structure. In both types, the energy stored in the battery is equal to the sum of the energies stored in all the cells.
A battery can be modelled as a perfect voltage source (i.e. one with zero internal resistance) in series with a resistor. The voltage source depends mainly on the chemistry of the battery, not on whether it is empty or full. When a battery runs down, its internal resistance increases. When the battery is connected to a load (e.g. a light bulb), which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load. When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the proportion of its internal voltage that gets through the internal resistance to appear at the load gets smaller, so the battery's ability to deliver power to the load decreases.

Common battery types

various batteries
From a user's viewpoint, at least, batteries can be generally divided into two main types - rechargeable and non-rechargeable (disposable). Each is in wide usage.
Disposable batteries, also called primary cells, are intended to be used once, until the chemical changes that induce the electrical current supply are complete, at which point the battery is discarded. These are most commonly used in smaller, portable devices with either low current drain, only used intermittently, or used well away from an alternative power source. (see also waste).
Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells, by contrast, after being drained can be re-used. This is done by applying externally supplied electrical current which causes the chemical changes that occur in use to be reversed. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery still in modern usage is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well-ventilated to deal with the explosive oxygen and hydrogen gases which are vented by these batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its use common where the weight and ease of handling are not concerns.
A common form of lead-acid battery is the modern car battery. This can deliver about 10,000 watts of power at a nominal 12 volts (although the true open-circuit voltage is closer to 13.7V) and has a peak current output that varies from 450 to 1100 amperes. The battery's electrolyte is sulphuric acid, which can cause serious injury if splashed on the skin or eyes.
A more expensive type of lead-acid battery called a gel battery (or "gel cell") contains a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage. More portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed units and are therefore useful in appliances like mobile phones and laptops. Cells of this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (nicad or NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-Ion) cells.
Disposable cells come in a number of standard sizes, so the same battery type can be used in a wide variety of appliances. Some of the major types used in portable appliances are listed below:

US IEC Other Shape Voltage

N LR1 cylinder L 30.2 mm, D 12 mm 1.5 V

AAAA cylinder L 42 mm, D 8 mm 1.5 V

AAA R03 LR03,MN2400,AM4,UM4,HP16,micro cylinder L 44.5 mm, D 10.5 mm 1.5 V

AA R6 LR6,MN1500,AM3,UM3,HP7,mignon cylinder L 50 mm, D 14.2 mm 1.5 V

C R14 LR14,UM2,MN1400,HP11,baby cylinder L 43 mm, D 23 mm 1.5 V

D R20 LR20,MN1300,UM1,HP2,mono cylinder L 58 mm, D 33 mm 1.5 V

PP3 6F22 6R61,MN1604 rectangular prism 48 mm x 25 mm x 15mm 9 V

The relevant European standard is IEC 60086-1 Primary batteries - Part 1: General (BS397 in the UK).
The relevant US standard is ANSI C18.1 American National Standard for Dry Cells and Batteries-Specifications.
An extensive series of articles on many aspects of batteries and their use in portable equipment is available at http://www.buchmann.ca/

External Links

Battery, Baghdad, 250 BCE
Battery Glossary & Terminology

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battery (electricity)."

Lead-acid battery

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. They also represent the oldest design with one of the worst energy per weight ratios. However, they are cheap and can supply high surge currents needed in starter motors. Every reasonably modern car uses a lead acid battery for this purpose.
Lead-acid car batteries consist of six cells of 2V nominal voltage. Each cell contains (in the charged state) electrodes of lead metal (Pb) and oxidized lead (PbO) in an electrolyte of about 37% w/w sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄). Modern designs have gelified electrolytes. In the discharged state one electrode turns into lead sulfate and the electrolyte turns into water. (This is why discharged lead-acid batteries can freeze.)
Lead acid batteries for automotive use are not designed for deep discharge and should always be kept at maximum charge, using constant voltage at 13.8V (for six element car batteries). Their capacity will severely suffer from deep cycling. Especially designed deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to this problem, and are required for applications where the batteries are regularly discharged.
Quiescent-(Open-Circuit)-Voltage at full Battery: 12.6V
Unloading-End-Voltage: 11.8V
Charge with 13.2-14.4V
Gasing-Voltage: 14.4V
Continuous Preservation-Charge with max. 13.2V
After full Charge the Terminal Voltage will drop quickly to 13.2V and then slowly to 12.6V.

Because of the open cells with liquid electrolyte in most cheap car batteries, overcharging with excessive charging voltages will generate oxygen and hydrogen gas, forming an extremely explosive mix. This should be avoided. Caution must also be observed because of the extremely corrosive nature of sulphuric acid.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Lead-acid battery."

Rechargeable battery

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be restored to full charge by the application of electricity. They come in many different designs using different chemistry.
In the order of improving energy per weight ratios there are:

Lead-acid battery
Nickel-cadmium battery
Nickel metal hydride battery
Lithium ion battery
Lithium polymer battery
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rechargeable battery."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Battery

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
Ba	English	Battery	Electrical Engineering
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Battery

Synonyms: barrage (n), barrage fire (n), bombardment (n), electric battery (n), shelling (n), stamp battery (n). (additional references)

Synonyms within Context: Battery

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Arms	Gun, piece; firearms; artillery, ordnance; siege train, battering train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, field piece, mortar, howitzer, carronade, culverin, basilisk; falconet, jingal, swivel, pederero, bouche a feu; petard, torpedo; mitrailleur, mitrailleuse; infernal machine; smooth bore, rifled cannon, Armstrong gun, Lancaster gun, Paixhan gun, Whitworth gun, Parrott gun, Krupp gun, Gatling gun, Maxim gun, machine gun; pompom; ten pounder.
Attack	Beset, besiege, beleaguer; lay siege to, invest, open the trenches, plant a battery, sap, mine; storm, board, scale the walls.
	Noun: attack; assault, assault and battery; onset, onslaught, charge.
Combatant	Army, corps d'armee, host, division, battalia, column, wing, detachment, garrison, flying column, brigade, regiment, corps, battalion, sotnia, squadron, company, platoon, battery, subdivision, section, squad; piquet, picket, guard, rank, file; legion, phalanx, cohort; cloud of skirmishers.
	Man-of-war; destroyer; submarine; minesweeper; torpedo-boat, torpedo-destroyer; patrol torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedo-catcher, war castle, H.M.S.; battleship, battle wagon, dreadnought, line of battle ship, ship of the line; aircraft carrier, carrier. flattop; helicopter carrier; missile platform, missile boat; ironclad, turret ship, ram, monitor, floating battery; first-rate, frigate, sloop of war, corvette, gunboat, bomb vessel; flagship, guard ship, cruiser; armored cruiser, protected cruiser; privateer.
Concealment	Seal of secrecy; screen; disguise; masquerade; masked battery; hiding place; cryptography, steganography; freemasonry.
Deception	Snare, trap, pitfall, decoy, gin; springe, springle; noose, hoot; bait, decoy-duck, tub to the whale, baited trap, guet-a-pens; cobweb, net, meshes, toils, mouse trap, birdlime; dionaea, Venus's flytrap; ambush; trapdoor, sliding panel, false bottom; spring-net, spring net, spring gun, mask, masked battery; mine; flytrap; green goods; panel house.
Ship	Boat, pinnace, launch; life boat, long boat, jolly boat, bum boat, fly boat, ferry oat, canal boat; swamp boat, ark, bully, bateau battery, broadhorn, dory, droger, drogher; dugout, durham boat, flatboat, galiot; shallop, gig, funny, skiff, dingy, scow, cockleshell, wherry, coble, punt, cog, kedge, lerret; eight oar, four oar, pair oar; randan; outrigger; float, raft, pontoon; prame; iceboat, ice canoe, ice yacht.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Battery

English words defined with "battery": A battery, accumulator, Anelectrode, anode, automobile battery ♦ B battery, Batteries, Battery wagon, Budge barrel, Bunsen's burner ♦ C battery, C.P.U., Calorimotor, car battery, Catelectrode, cathode, charge, Chemiglyphic ♦ dead, Deflagrator, Depolarize, Depolarizer, Discharger, Discharging rod, drained, dry battery ♦ Earth battery, electric charge, Electric telegraph, Electrical battery, Electro-magnetic telegraph, Electro-positive, Electro-tint ♦ Fixed battery, flashlight battery, Floating battery, Flowing battery, From battery ♦ galvanic battery, galvanic pile, Gas battery, Graphite battery, Gravity battery ♦ Hydro-electric ♦ ignition coil, induction coil ♦ jump, jumpstart ♦ lead-acid accumulator, lead-acid battery, life, lifespan, lifestyle, lifetime, Local battery, Local circuit ♦ Masked battery ♦ negative electricity, negative pole, Never so, nicad, nickel-cadmium accumulator, nickel-iron accumulator, nickel-iron battery ♦ Out of battery ♦ pile, polarity, pole, Positive electricity, Positive pole ♦ Relay battery, resisting arrest, Rheophore ♦ secondary battery, sign, storage battery, sub-test ♦ terminal, Thermobattery ♦ Unit jar ♦ voltaic battery, Voltaic couple, voltaic pile, Voltaplast ♦ Water battery ♦ Zinco-polar, Zincous. (references)

Specialty definitions using "battery": battery analyst, BATTERY ASSEMBLER, BATTERY ASSEMBLER, PLASTIC, BATTERY CHARGER, CONVEYOR LINE, battery charging unit, battery control center, Battery Energy Storage, battery filler, battery gage, battery hand, battery limits, BATTERY LOADER, BATTERY MAINTAINER, LARGE EMERGENCY STORAGE, BATTERY REPAIRER, BATTERY STACKER, battery tester ♦ check battery ♦ electrical tester, battery ♦ grid bias battery ♦ Lead Acid Battery, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery ♦ primary cell battery ♦ silver-cell battery, Storage Battery, STORAGE BATTERY INSPECTOR AND TESTER, storage battery of iron-nickel type ♦ Wolf nickel-cadmium battery. (references)

Etymologies containing "battery": Thermobattery. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Battery" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses.

Afrikaan (accumulator, battery, storage battery).

Modern Usage: Battery

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	We have enough battery power to run a small third world country here (The Blair Witch Project; writing credit: Daniel Myrick; Eduardo Sánchez) I ran. I ran until my muscles burned and my veins pumped battery acid (Fight Club; writing credit: Jim Uhls) Assault and Battery - and you're black (As Good As It Gets; writing credit: Mark Andrus) I was stripped to the waist eating a block of cheese the size of a car battery! (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) A nickel will buy you a steak and kidney pie, a cup of coffee, a slice of cheesecake and a newsreel with enough change left over to ride the trolley from Battery Park to the polo grounds (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge)
Lyrics	you're dropping out. my battery is low (The Call; performing artist: Backstreet Boys)
Clever	Man Struck by Lightning Faces Battery Charge (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles	The Battery Boy Torchy (1957) Bombardment of Pekin Capt. Reilly's Battery (1901) New York Sky-Line from East River and Battery (1901) Reilly's Light Battery F (1901) Capt. Reilly's Battery Limbering (1901)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Battery

Domain	Title
References	The Furukawa Battery Co Ltd: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Toyo Takasago Dry Battery Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) The 2000-2005 Outlook for Men’s Battery Electric Shavers in Asia (reference) The World Market for Carbon Electrodes, Carbon Brushes, Lamp Carbons, Battery Carbons, and Other Carbon Articles Used for Electric Purposes: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	A Guide to the Nte Core Battery Texts: The Only Practice and Review Book With Actual-Not Simulated-Exams/Book and Cassette (reference) Everything You Need to Score High on Praxis II: Core Battery, Msat, Speciality Area Tests (Everything You Need to Score High on Praxis Ii, 13th Ed) (reference) How to Prepare for the Michigan Test Battery (reference) Postal Exam Training Guide : General Entrance Test Battery 470 & Rural Carrier Exam 460, Free Live Support & Guaranteed Score of 95-100% (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Annual Battery Conference On Applications And Advances (reference) Battery And Ev Technology News (reference) Battery Bimonthly (reference) Battery Man (reference) Battery Power Products & Technology (reference) (more periodical examples)

Music	38 Counts of Battery (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Canon 8x25 Image Stabilization Binoculars with Case, Neck Strap & Battery (reference) Cobra FRS-235-2 VP 14 Channel/38 sub Channel Two-Way Radio with Battery Packs, Unit Chargers & Earbud Mics (2-Pack) (reference) Creative Labs JB3ACC01 Nomad Jukebox 3 Battery Pack (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

Consumer Goods	DeWalt DW911 Job Site Radio & Battery Charger (9.6V-18V DeWalt NiCd Batteries) (reference) Original Pump In Style with Battery (reference) Conair Interplak ELB15BC Battery Operated Toothbrush (reference) Health O Meter HDL951KD53 Elegance Digital Lithium Battery Platform Scale (reference) HoMedics PED-100 Battery Operated Pedicure Kit with 3 Attachments (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Battery

Photo Album: Battery

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	New York City. View from one of the two towers. Top: Battery Park and entrance to Brooklyn Battery Tunnel. Credit: CDC.		Showing light at Station Northome Battery powered lights about 110 feet above ground Triangulation party of Carl Aslakson. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Group photograph of ill-fated Battery B of the 285th FAOB Major Fair J. Bryant was executive officer and survey officer of the 285th FAOB. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		A flying boat cruising by Battery Park at the south end of Manhattan Island. In: "Flug Und Wolken", Manfred Curry, Verlag F. Bruckmann, Munchen, 1932. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	"Cowell's Battery and Entrance of St. Thomas Harbor." "The Virgin Islands Our New Possessions and the British Islands", by Theodoor De Booy and John T. Faris, 1918. J. B. Lippincott and Company, Philadelphia. P. 30. Library Call Number C/hc100 V81 B. Credit: America's Coastlines.		Petroleum Engineer Technician wearing breathing gear at tank battery. Credit: Merv Coleman.
	Cotes central tank battery with pump in foreground. Credit: Merv Coleman.		Caption: Walter Baker and Passenger in Baker's Runabout Automobile, Testing New Storage Battery; April 2, 1902; {06.111/29} (jpg).
	Caption: Group Gathered Around Walter Baker's Runabout Automobile, Following Test of New Storage Battery; April 2, 1902; {06.111/31} (jpg).		[Confederate water battery, rendered untenable by Federal gun-boats]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Battery


"Battery charger" by Carlos Villela Commentary: "Batteries charger for my Sony Cybershot P31. Batteries included! :)."	"Battery Power 2" by Paige Foster Commentary: "AA batteries."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Use in Literature: Battery

Title	Author	Quote
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	The brave General Delord gave the military salute to the English battery.
Grapes of Wrath	Steinbeck, John	Take out that yard battery before you make delivery
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Battery

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		A minimum battery of laboratory screening tests should be performed. (references)
		This therapy consists of an initial assessment battery session, followed by two to four individual treatment sessions with a therapist. (references)
		These devices include a water-sensitive pad worn in pajamas, a wire connecting to a battery driven control, and an alarm that sounds when moisture is first detected. (references)
Business		A fuel cell also shares many of the characteristics of a battery. (references)
		Battery driven vehicles that continue to utilize DC technology is one area that remains important. (references)
		The bigger lead smelters also arrange for the recycling of the polypropylene plastic battery casings. (references)
Civil Liberties	Antigua and Barbuda	Police intervention led to the arrest and detention of several persons protesting continued operation of the quarry, on charges including obstruction, resisting arrest, and assault and battery. (references)
Economic History	Sweden	In the latter half of the 1980s, Sweden dismantled a battery of foreign exchange controls, and no capital or exchange controls remain. (references)
	Ecuador	American firms active in the manufacturing sector include: General Motors, which holds an interest in two automotive assembly plants, Owens-Illinois (glass containers), Phelps Dodge (copper and aluminum conductors), Philip Morris (cigarettes), Borden (chemicals), Eveready Battery, and Fuller (paints). (references)
Human Rights	Switzerland	The man, married to a Swiss woman since 1993, spent 2 years in jail after a Zurich Court found him guilty of a 1994 robbery and battery of an elderly person. (references)
	El Salvador	Only a few categories of cases do not go to juries, such as petty theft, crimes of honor (e.g. libel), public security crimes against the state (e.g. terrorism), carrying illegal weapons, selling abortants illegally, or battery which causes less than 10 days of disability. (references)
Political Economy	SWEDEN	Sweden dismantled a battery of foreign exchange controls in the latter half of the 1980s. (references)
Trade	Ukraine	Corporate loan and revolving capital facility to support the expansion of the company's battery production facility. (references)
	Uzbekistan	The U.S. Export Import Bank (ExIm) has provided a total of over $1 billion in credits for U.S. exports to Uzbekistan of aircraft and agricultural equipment, as well as the U.S. components of a battery factory, refinery, gas compressor station, and other major projects. (references)
	Pakistan	Export of imported goods in their original form is not allowed except for parts obtained from ship breaking, scrapped battery cells, waste dental amalgam, waste exposed x-ray films, items imported against back to back letters of credit and items whose re-export F.O.B price is at least 2.5 percent higher than their C&F price. (references)
Women	Netherlands	Spousal abuse carries a one-third higher penalty than ordinary battery. (references)
	Angola	Domestic violence is prosecuted under rape and assault and battery laws. (references)
	Latvia	Instead, episodes are placed under more general categories such as assault or battery. (references)
Lexicography	Devil's Dictionary	OPPOSITION, n. In politics the party that prevents the Government from running amuck by hamstringing it. The King of Ghargaroo, who had been abroad to study the science of government, appointed one hundred of his fattest subjects as members of a parliament to make laws for the collection of revenue. Forty of these he named the Party of Opposition and had his Prime Minister carefully instruct them in their duty of opposing every royal measure. Nevertheless, the first one that was submitted passed unanimously. Greatly displeased, the King vetoed it, informing the Opposition that if they did that again they would pay for their obstinacy with their heads. The entire forty promptly disemboweled themselves. "What shall we do now?" the King asked. "Liberal institutions cannot be maintained without a party of Opposition." "Splendor of the universe," replied the Prime Minister, "it is true these dogs of darkness have no longer their credentials, but all is not lost. Leave the matter to this worm of the dust." So the Minister had the bodies of his Majesty's Opposition embalmed and stuffed with straw, put back into the seats of power and nailed there. Forty votes were recorded against every bill and the nation prospered. But one day a bill imposing a tax on warts was defeated -- the members of the Government party had not been nailed to their seats! This so enraged the King that the Prime Minister was put to death, the parliament was dissolved with a battery of artillery, and government of the people, by the people, for the people perished from Ghargaroo.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Battery

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Mary Tyler Moore	Just mostly talked to people on the phone. A lot of people calling me who weren't familiar with New York and didn't know what the battery was and how far away it was from where we lived, concerned for our safety.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Usage Frequency: Battery

"Battery" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.24% of the time. "Battery" is used about 1,310 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	99.24%	1,300	6,087
Noun (proper)	0.76%	10	111,207
Total	100.00%	1,310	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Usage in Company Names: Battery

Country	Name	Country	Name
Japan	Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd	South Korea	Global & Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd.
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

Expression: Battery

Expressions using "battery": a battery ♦ accumulator battery ♦ acid battery ♦ alert battery ♦ alkaline battery ♦ anode battery ♦ artillery battery ♦ assault and battery ♦ automobile battery ♦ b battery ♦ Barbette battery ♦ battery acid ♦ battery center ♦ battery charger ♦ battery charging unit ♦ battery commander ♦ battery control center ♦ battery deck ♦ Battery d'enfilade ♦ battery eliminator ♦ Battery en 'echarpe ♦ battery gage ♦ Battery gun ♦ battery hen ♦ battery ignition ♦ battery left ♦ battery limits ♦ battery of holes ♦ battery of wells ♦ battery operated ♦ battery operated rail car ♦ battery receiver ♦ battery set ♦ Battery wagon ♦ Bunsen's battery ♦ C battery ♦ car battery ♦ car battery charger ♦ carbon battery ♦ central battery signaling system ♦ central battery signalling system ♦ central battery system ♦ chart location of the battery ♦ common battery ♦ Daniell's battery ♦ dead battery ♦ direct fire battery ♦ discharge the battery ♦ dry battery ♦ dry cell battery ♦ Earth battery ♦ electric battery ♦ electric storage battery ♦ Electrical battery ♦ emergency battery ♦ Enfilading battery ♦ Fixed battery ♦ flashlight battery ♦ Floating battery ♦ Flowing battery ♦ From battery ♦ galvanic battery ♦ Gas battery ♦ Graphite battery ♦ Gravity battery ♦ grid bias battery ♦ Grove's battery ♦ gun battery ♦ In battery ♦ industrial battery charger ♦ Leclanch'e's battery ♦ Local battery ♦ Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery ♦ Magnetic battery ♦ masked battery ♦ out of battery ♦ plunge battery ♦ plunging battery ♦ pocket battery ♦ primary battery ♦ primary cell battery ♦ quartz battery ♦ relay battery ♦ secondary battery ♦ secondary storage battery ♦ series battery ♦ shore battery ♦ smart Battery Data ♦ solar battery ♦ stamp battery ♦ storage battery ♦ sunken battery ♦ talking battery ♦ trough battery ♦ voltaic battery ♦ water battery. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "battery": battery-backed, battery-charger, battery-driven, battery-electric, battery-farmed, battery-fed, battery-free, battery-generated, battery-hen, battery-house, battery-only, battery-operated, battery-pack, battery-powered, battery-run, battery-time.
	Ending with "battery": low-battery.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Battery

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
battery	4,820	dell battery	282
laptop battery	1,222	watch battery	270
battery charger	1,222	rechargable battery	262
cell phone battery	1,013	deep cycle battery	260
camcorder battery	780	camera battery	246
rechargeable battery	765	computer battery	241
national tire battery	743	sony battery	240
interstate battery	711	ups battery	237
battery car	700	lithium ion battery	229
motorcycle battery	629	nokia battery	225
motorola battery	614	solar battery charger	224
battery plus	559	hearing aid battery	219
optima battery	523	assault and battery	211
digital camera battery	395	golf cart battery	198
marine battery	378	exide battery	192
lithium battery	375	gel cell battery	186
cordless phone battery	333	battery backup	186
nimh battery	330	phone battery	182
panasonic battery	327	auto battery	179
notebook battery	323	cmos battery	178
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Battery

Language		Translations for "battery"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans		battery (accumulator, storage battery), akkumulator (accumulator, storage battery). (various references)

Albanian		bateri (broadside, pile), sërë (cavalcade, rank, row). (various references)

Arabic		‏مجموعة (aggregate, aggregation, assemblage, association, band, bloc, block, body, case, collection, combination, community, company, compilation, complex, gathering, group, list, pack, party, series, set, squad, suit, system, team, troop), ‏مدفعية, ‏ضرب (batter, beat, beat off, belabour, biff, buffet, chastise, connect, curry, description, drub, drubbing, fib, flap, flapping, form, galvanize, genre, go getter, grain, hit, hitting, impact, jabbing, kidney, kind, lace, lace into smb., lam, larrup, let out, lock out, manner, multiplication, multiply, order, overtake, paddle, paste, pasting, patter, poke, pommel, pound, pummel, slash, slosh, sock, sort, stamp, strike, stripe, tan, tanning, thrash, thrashing, thresh, variety, wallop, whip), ‏إعتداء (assault, entrenchment, inroad, offensive, onset, violation, wrong, wrongdoing), ‏بطارية. (various references)

Bulgarian		телесна повреда, комплект от пособия, батерия (pile), батарея (troop), батареен, побой (beating, thrashing). (various references)

Catalan		pila. (various references)

Chinese		電池 , 电池 (Batteries), 砲臺 . (various references)

Czech		baterie (troop), ublížení na tìle. (various references)

Danish		batteri (primary cell, primary cell battery), akkumulator (accumulator, storage battery). (various references)

Dutch		accu (accumulator, storage battery), accumulator (accumulator, storage battery). (various references)

Esperanto		baterio, pilaro, akumulilo (accumulator, storage battery), akumulatoro (accumulator, storage battery). (various references)

Faeroese		ravmagnsløða, ravlað, ravløða. (various references)

Farsi		حمله باتوپخانه , ضرب وجرح (Maim), صدای طبل , اتشبار (Spitfire), باتری . (various references)

Finnish		paristo (primary cell). (various references)

French		batterie (bank, capacitor bank, coke oven battery, condenser bank, primary cell battery), accumulateur (storage battery), pile (other data in the store move back up the column from register to register to fill the space vacated). (various references)

Frisian		batterij. (various references)

German		Batterie (regulator, row, troop), Akkumulator (accumulator, storage battery). (various references)

Greek		μπαταρία (primary cell, primary cell battery), πυροβολαρχία. (various re