Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Ballast

Definitions: Ballast

Ballast

Noun

1. Any heavy material used to stabilize a ship or airship.

Verb

1. Make steady with a ballast.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "ballast" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references)



Specialty Definitions: Ballast

DomainDefinitions

Building & Civil Engineering

Heavy weight placed at or near the bottom of a sailboat to provide stability. Source: European Union. (references)
 A general term which may indicate either bank gravel or unscreened crushed stone. Source: European Union. (references)

Economics

Heavy material or water placed in the lower holds of a ship or in strategically placed tanks along the sides to improve its stability. (references)

Electrical Engineering

A resistance used to stabilize the current in a circuit(as of. . . a fluorescent lamp). Source: European Union. (references)
 A device used with discharge lamps for stabilising the discharge. Source: European Union. (references)

Energy

A device that provides starting voltage andlimits the current during normal operation in electrical discharge lamps (such asfluorescent lamps). (references)
 A device used to control the voltage in a fluorescent lamp. (references)

Food & Agriculture

To take heavy items into a ship and so to dispose of them that an increase in stability results. Source: European Union. (references)
 Heavy material placed low in ships used to maintain proper stability, trim, or draught. Source: European Union. (references)

Literature

Ballast A man of no ballast. Not steady not to be depended on. Unsteady as a ship without ballast. A similar phrase is, "The man wants ballast." Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Mining

A. Broken stone, gravel, water, or other heavy material used to provide weight in a ship or other machine and therefore improve its stability or control its draft. Jettisoned ballast may be found in samples of marine sediments b. Gravel, broken stone, expanded slag, or similar material used as a foundation for roads, esp. that laid in the roadbed of a railroad to provide a firm bed for the ties, distribute the load, and hold the trackin line, as well as to facilitate drainage. (references)

Public Administration

1)A device to limit, regulate or stabilize electrical current;2)Weight added to a ship, a lift or other vehicle to increase the total load for more stability. Source: European Union. (references)

Transportation

Any substance so carried in a lighter-than-air aircraft as to be dischargeable for trimming or for gaining height. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Synonyms within Context: Ballast

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Compensation

Set-off, offset; make-weight, casting-weight; counterpoise, ballast; indemnity, equivalent, quid pro,quo; bribe, hush money; amends; (atonement); counterbalance, counterclaim; cross-debt, cross-demand.

Gravity

Noun: gravity, gravitation; weight; heaviness. Adjective: specific gravity; pondorosity, pressure, load; burden, burthen; ballast, counterpoise; lump of, mass of, weight of.

Intelligence Wisdom

Prudence; vigilance; tact; foresight; sobriety, self-possession, aplomb, ballast.

Irresolution

Vacillating; Verb: unsteady; (changeable); unsteadfast, fickle, without ballast; capricious; volatile, frothy; light, lightsome, light-minded; giddy; fast and loose.

Rashness

Adjective: rash, incautious, indiscreet; imprudent, improvident, temerarious; uncalculating; heedless; careless; (neglectful); without ballast, heels over head, head over heels; giddy; (inattentive); wanton, reckless, wild, madcap; desperate, devil-may-care.

Refuge

Anchor, kedge; grapnel, grappling iron; sheet anchor, killick; mainstay; support; cheek; ballast.

Vice

Immorality, impropriety, indecorum, scandal, laxity, looseness of morals; enphagy, dophagy, exophagy; want of principle, want of ballast; obliquity, backsliding, infamy, demoralization, pravity, depravity, pollution; hardness of heart; brutality; (malevolence); corruption; (debasement); knavery; (improbity); profligacy; flagrancy, atrocity; cannibalism; lesbianism, Sadism.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Ballast

English words defined with "ballast": Ballast engine, ballast resistor, Ballastage, Ballasted, BallastingIn ballast trimKentledgeLastageParliament heelSand bag, sandbag, Shiff, Shifting ballast, Ship in ballast, Stiffening order, submergible submarineTo freshen ballastUnballast, UnballastedWater ballast. (references)
Specialty definitions using "ballast": automatic thermoelectric switchballast *, ballast car, Ballast Efficacy Factor, Ballast Factor, ballast shovel, ballaster, BOAT LOADER I, boomerang sediment corerCompact Fluorescent, constant-level balloondock handEFFICACY, LIGHTING, Electronic Ballast, EXPERIMENTAL-ROCKET-SLED MECHANICFINISHER, FIBERGLASS BOAT PARTSHigh-Intensity Discharge Lamp, HYDROMETER CALIBRATOR, hydrometer finisherlight displacement, loll conditionMagnetic Ballast, maintenance inspectorpier handrail track ballast, REVIEWERsalable minerals, segregated ballast, segregated ballast oil tanker, segregated ballast tank, SHIFTING BALLASTtie pumping, track inspector, track supervisorWAY INSPECTOR, wharf hand, wharf operator, wharf tender. (references)
Etymologies containing "ballast": Lastage. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Ballast" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Afrikaan (ballast), Danish (ballast), Dutch (ballast), French (ballast, metal, roadbed), German (ballast, burden, encumbrance), Manx (ballast), Swedish (ballast, dead weight).

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Modern Usage: Ballast

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Bud, if you drop all your ballast you can still make it!!!.. (The Abyss; writing credit: James Cameron)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Ballast

DomainTitle

References

  • Ballast Nedam N.V.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • The World Market for Railway or Tramway Maintenance or Service Vehicles Such As Workshops, Cranes, Ballast Tampers, and Trackliners: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • BALLAST NEDAM NV: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series) (reference)

  • Marine Organisms Transported In Ballast (reference)

  • Rounding Ballast Key (reference)

  • Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships' Ballast Water (reference)

  • The Ballast Tube Handbook (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Ballast

AuthorQuotation

Minna Antrim

Enthusiasms, like stimulants, are often affected by people with small mental ballast.

William Penn

Less judgment than wit is more sail than ballast.
Have a care where there is more sail than ballast.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Ballast

SubjectTopicQuote

Business

Commercial facilities will require high efficiency lighting fixtures, reflectors, electronic dimmable ballast, and smart' controls. (references)

Local competition is limited to control components such as electronic ballast which are manufactured and imported from mainland China. (references)

Economic History

Philippines

Philippine workers overseas continue to send back remittances measured in the billions of dollars, an important ballast for an economy rocked by recent international and domestic developments. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Ballast

"Ballast" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Ballast" is used about 123 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)100%12328,925

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Ballast

CountryName
Netherlands

Ballast Nedam N.V.

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expression: Ballast

Expressions using "ballast": ballast * ballast bed ballast concrete ballast engine ballast resistor be in ballast In ballast trim segregated ballast segregated ballast oil tanker segregated ballast tank shifting ballast ship in ballast To freshen ballast water ballast. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "ballast": ballast-dumping, ballast-heaving.

Ending with "ballast": b-ballast.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Ballast

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

ballast

252

advance ballast

104

electronic ballast

89

ballast nedam

54

fluorescent ballast

42

universal ballast

39

magnetic ballast

24

hid ballast

19

metal halide ballast

18

lighting ballast

18
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Ballast

Language Translations for "ballast"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaan

  

ballast. (various references)

   

Albanian

  

balast, mend (brain, brains, esprit, headpiece, imagination, intention, memory, mind, nous, reason, savvy, wit), çakëll (chippings, metal, rubble). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏فرش بالحصى (gravel), ‏حصى لرصف الطرق, ‏زود بصابورة, ‏الصابورة ثقل الموازنة, ‏ثقل (avoirdupois, baggage, gravity, heaviness, importance, luggage, ponderosity, significance, weight, weightiness). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

уравновесеност (balance, equability, evenness, philosophy, poise, sanity, sedation, sobriety), баласт (bed, deadwood, metal, padding). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

石碴. (various references)

   

Czech

  

balast, zátìž (drain, onus, tie), přítìž (burden), štìt, štìrk (gravel, grit, metal, road metal). (various references)

   

Danish

  

ballast (ballast blocks, ballast weights, ballasting, crushed stone, pressure weights, river clamp, river dog, water ballast, weight clamp). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

ballast (ballast blocks, ballast weights, crushed stone, power supply unit, pressure weights, river clamp, river dog, water ballast, weight clamp). (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

balasto. (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

barlast, kjølfesta. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

کیسه شنی که درموقع صعودماسه , کند (Blunt, Dilatory, Dull, Haunt, Heavy, Late, Lazy, Leaden, Slack, Slow, Sluggish, Tardy, Unapt, Unready), سنگینی (Avoirdupois, Gravity, Lethargy, Weight), سنگین کردن (Encumber, Gravitate, Load, Weight), سنگ وشن درته کشتی یابالون ریختن , شن وخرده سنگی که درراه اهن بکارمیرود, بالاست . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

painolasti (burden). (various references)

   

French

  

lest (ballast blocks, ballast weights), ballast (water ballast), lester (ballasted), ballaster. (various references)

   

Frisian

  

ballêst. (various references)

   

German

  

ballast (ballast *, ballast blocks, ballast weights, ballasting, bulk, bulking agent, burden, control gear, encumbrance, incombustible matter, noise, pressure weights, sinker, water ballast, weight **), schotter (broken stone, crushed stone, gravel, macadam, road metal, rubble), mit ballast beladen (ballasted). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

έρμα (ballast *, ballast blocks, ballast weights, ballasting, bulk, bulking agent, control gear, crushed stone, pressure weights, river clamp, river dog, sinker, weight **, weight clamp), σαβούρα (ballast *, ballast blocks, ballast weights, junk, pressure weights, sinker, weight **), ερματισμός (ballast weights, ballasting, wheel weight), ερματίζω. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

חומר אזון, טל (brunt, burden, encumbrance, load, weight). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

ballaszt, nehezék (balance, bob, counterweight, dead weight, plummet, weight), fenéksúly, vasúti kavicságy, teher (burden, burthen, cargo, charge, drag, encumbrance, fardel, freight, imposition, lading, liabilities, liability, load, loading, mortgage, onus, passive debts), kavicságy (ballast of track, bed), holtsúly (dead load, dead weight). (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

pemberat. (various references)

   

Italian

  

zavorra (ballast blocks, ballast weights, ballasting, bulk, bulking agent, pressure weights, river clamp, river dog, sinker, water ballast, weight, weight clamp, wheel weight), zavorrare. (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

荷足 (lading, sale), (gravel, pebbles), 底荷 , バベルの" (balalaika, balance, balance of power, balance sheet, balcony, ballade, balloon, Baltic, balun, barber's clippers, Barcelona, baritone, barium, barracks, barreled wine, barricade, barrier, Barriquand et Marre, bawm bawm, Brahman, bulk carrier, bulk line, bulk storage, bulky, bulky sweater, impediment removal, Tower of Babel, value, value analysis, value engineering, variable condensor, variant, variation, variety, variety show, variety store, varistor, vulcanized fiber, vulcanized rubber). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

バラスト , バラス , そ"に, にあし (lading, sale), じゃり (gravel, pebbles). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

밸러스트. (various references)

   

Manx

  

cur ballast sheese, cur ballast ayn, ballast. (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

balaster. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

allastbay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

lastro (ballast *, ballast blocks, ballast weights, coverage, pressure weights, sinker, sounding-weight, torpedo sinker, weight **), balastro (control gear, crushed stone), lastrar. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

balast (metal), savurã, echilibra (balance, cancel out, compensate, counterbalance, countervail, equilibrate, equipoise, offset, poise), da stabilitate, încãrca cu balast. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

балласт (metal). (various references)

   

Scottish

  

balaiste. (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

balast, teret (burden, cargo, drag, encumbrance, freight, heft, imposition, load, onus, tax, weight). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

lastre (ballast *, ballast blocks, ballast weights, ballasting, liability, light, plummet, pressure weights, sinker, water ballast, weight **, wheel weight), lastrar, balasto (crushed stone, gravel, pebbles, shingle). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

barlast, ballast (dead weight). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

balast, safra koymak, safra (bile, choler, gall), kararlılık (decision, decisiveness, determination, doggedness, equipoise, fixity, flatness, immovability, inflexibility, insistence, resoluteness, resolution, singleness, singleness of purpose, stability, stableness, steadiness, stoutness, strenght of purpose), istikrar sağlamak, istikrar (constancy, easiness, permanence, permanency, stability, stableness, steadiness, steady, uniformity), denge sağlamak, çakıl döşemek (gravel), çakıl (gravel, hard core, pebble, rubble, shingle). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

стійкість (fastness, firmness, fortitude, perseverance, rigidity, stability), стабілізувати (stabilize), урівноважувати (compensate, counterbalance, counterpoise, equilibrate, equipoise, neutralize, poise), урівноваженість (balance, egality, equation, evenness, poise, tranquility, tranquillity), щебінь (metal, scree), гравій (gravel, grit, sand, wash), баластувати, баласт. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

, sự d y dạn, sự chắc chắn (assurance, assuredness, certitude). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

balast. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Ballast

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Middle English1100-1500

bar. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Ballast

Derivations

Words beginning with "ballast": ballasted, ballasting, ballasts. (additional references)

Words containing "ballast": unballasted. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Ballast" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: alast, Balart, balast, Balasz, Balbastre, Balglass, balist, ballest, ballist, Balmat, Baltsa, Balulise, belost, Bjallas, callsat. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Ballast"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "ballast" (pronounced ba"lust)
5-a" l u s tcalloused.
4-l u s tablest, agriculturalist, analyst, bicyclist, capitalist, catalyst, cellist, colonialist, conversationalist, coolest, cruelest, cyclist, dullest, editorialist, environmentalist, federalist, finalist, formalist, fullest, fundamentalist, generalist, gentlest, herbalist, humblest, idealist, imperialist, individualist, industrialist, institutionalist, instrumentalist, internationalist, journalist, littlest, loyalist, materialist, medalist, mercantilist, monopolist, motorcyclist, nationalist, naturalist, neutralist, noblest, novelist, palest, panelist, photojournalist, populist, psychoanalyst, semifinalist, simplest, smallest, socialist, specialist, spiritualist, stablest, survivalist, tallest, televangelist, traditionalist, ultranationalist, violist, vocalist.
3-u s tabolitionist, abortionist, absolutist, accompanist, activist, agonist, agronomist, alarmist, alchemist, allergist, amethyst, amorist, anarchist, anatomist, anesthesiologist, anesthetist, angriest, animist, antagonist, anthropologist, anticommunist, apologist, apprenticed, aquarist, archaeologist, archivist, arsonist, artist, atheist, August, balloonist, barest, behaviorist, biased, biggest, biochemist, biologist, bitterest, blackest, bleakest, bloodiest, bluest, bluntest, boldest, botanist, bravest, breakfast, briefest, brightest, broadest, busiest, buttressed, canoeist, canvassed, cardiologist, caricaturist, cartoonist, chauvinist, cheapest, choicest, clarinetist, classicist, cleanest, closest, coldest, colonist, columnist, communist, conservationist, contortionist, cornettist, craziest, creamiest, criminologist, cultist, darkest, deadliest, dearest, deepest, deforest, deist, densest, dentist, dermatologist, determinist, direst, dirtiest, dishonest, disinterest, driest, druggist, dumbest, earliest, earnest, easiest, ecologist, economist, eldest, elitist, embarrassed, empiricist, encompassed, encyclopedist, endocrinologist, entomologist, epidemiologist, ethicist, ethnomusicologist, exhibitionist, exorcist, expressionist, extremist, faintest, fairest, fanciest, farthest, fascist, fastest, fattest, feminist, fetishist, fewest, fiercest, finest, firmest, fittest, flimsiest, florist, focused, focussed, foggiest, fondest, forest, freest, freshest, friendliest, funnest, funniest, furthest, geneticist, geologist, gerontologist, goldest, grandest, gravest, grayest, greatest, greediest, greenest, grimaced, grimmest, grooviest, guitarist, gymnast, gynecologist, happiest, hardest, harnessed, harshest, harvest, healthiest, heaviest, heftiest, highest, hippest, hobbyist, holiest, honest, hottest, hugest, humorist, hygienist, ideologist, illusionist, immunologist, impressionist, interest, internist, interventionist, isolationist, jaundiced, juiciest, junkiest, keenest, kindest, kremlinologist, largest, latest, laziest, leanest, leftist, librettist, lightest, likeliest, linguist, liveliest, lobbyist, locust, longest, loudest, lowest, luckiest, lyricist, machinist, manicurist, mannerist, masochist, meanest, merest, meteorologist, methodist, microbiologist, mightiest, mildest, mineralogist, misogynist, modernist, modest, motorist, musicologist, narrowest, nastiest, nearest, neatest, neediest, neurologist, neuroscientist, newest, noisiest, noncommunist, nonconformist, noninterest, noticed, nutritionist, oboist, obstructionist, oddest, oldest, oncologist, ophthalmologist, opportunist, organist, orthodontist, orthopedist, pacifist, paleontologist, pathologist, pessimist, pharmacist, philanthropist, physiologist, pianist, polemicist, poorest, prefaced, prejudiced, premised, preservationist, prettiest, priciest, promised, propagandist, protagonist, protectionist, proudest, psychiatrist, psychologist, psychotherapist, purchased, purest, quickest, quietest, quietist, racist, radiologist, rainforest, rainiest, rapist, rarest, receptionist, reddest, refocused, reforest, remotest, repurchased, reservationist, reservist, resurfaced, revolutionist, rheumatologist, richest, rightist, riskiest, ritziest, roughest, rudest, saddest, sadist, safest, satirist, savviest, scariest, scientist, secessionist, secularist, segregationist, seismologist, separatist, serologist, serviced, severest, sexiest, shakiest, sharpest, shortest, showiest, shrewdest, sickest, silliest, skimpiest, skinniest, sleekest, slickest, slightest, slimmest, sloppiest, slowest, smartest, smoggiest, smoothest, sociologist, softest, soonest, soundest, staunchest, steepest, sternest, stickiest, stiffest, stormiest, strangest, strategist, strictest, strongest, stupidest, supremacist, surest, surfaced, sweetest, swiftest, tannest, technologist, tempest, terraced, theorist, therapist, thickest, thinnest, thorniest, tightest, tiniest, toniest, toughest, tourist, toxicologist, trendiest, trickiest, truest, ugliest, unbiased, unfocused, unionist, unkindest, unnoticed, urologist, violinist, virologist, warmest, weakest, wealthiest, weirdest, wettest, whitest, widest, wildest, wisest, witnessed, worthiest, yellowest, youngest, zaniest, zoologist.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Ballast

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-a-b-l-l-s-t"

-1 letter: basalt, tablas.

-2 letters: albas, atlas, baals, balas, balls, balsa, basal, blast, blats, salal, stall, tabla, talas.

-3 letters: aals, abas, alas, alba, albs, alls, alts, baal, baas, ball, bals, bast, bats, blat, labs, last, lats, sall, salt, slab, slat, stab, tabs, tala, tall.

-4 letters: aal, aas, aba, abs, ala, alb, all, als, alt, baa, bal, bas, bat, lab, las, lat, sab, sal, sat, tab, tas.

-5 letters: aa, ab, al, as, at, ba, la, ta.

 Words containing the letters "a-a-b-l-l-s-t"
 

+1 letter: ballasts, ballista, blastula, fastball.

 

+2 letters: balladist, ballasted, ballistae, blastemal, blastulae, blastulas, fastballs, meatballs, stealable, trapballs.

 

+3 letters: ameloblast, bagatelles, balladists, ballasting, basketball, blacktails, fastballer, isolatable, salability, tablelands, trackballs.

 

+4 letters: ameloblasts, baptismally, basipetally, basketballs, fastballers, inflatables, megaloblast, melanoblast, portabellas, syllabicate, unballasted.

 

+5 letters: antiliberals, balletomanes, bilateralism, blastulation, collaborates, glioblastoma, labiodentals, lactalbumins, megaloblasts, melanoblasts, racquetballs, salabilities, syllabicated, syllabicates, trailblazers, translatable.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Ballast


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

42 61 6C 6C 61 73 74

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

-...    .-    .-..    .-..    .-    ...    -

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000010 01100001 01101100 01101100 01100001 01110011 01110100

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#66 &#97 &#108 &#108 &#97 &#115 &#116

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0042 0061 006C 006C 0061 0073 0074

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

36677878678586

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Modern
4. Usage: Commercial
5. Quotations: Familiar
6. Quotations: Non-fiction
7. Usage Frequency
8. Names: Company Usage
9. Expressions
10. Expressions: Internet
11. Translations: Modern
12. Translations: Ancient
13. Derivations
14. Rhymes
15. Anagrams
16. Orthography
17. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.