Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Bagpipe |
BagpipeNoun1. A wind instrument; the player blows air into a bag and squeezes it out through pipes. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "bagpipe" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bagpipes are a class of musical instrument. The term is equally correct in the singular or plural, although pipers most commonly talk of "pipes" and "the bagpipe". The sound of bagpipes is so unique that it gets its own English verb (skirl).
Overview
The bagpipes consist of an airtight bag, which can supply a continuous stream of air. Air is supplied either by a set of bellows or by a blowpipe; the inlet to the bag has a one-way valve which prevents air from returning via the supply. Every bagpipe has a chanter, upon which the melody is played, and almost all have at least one drone An exception still very commonly in use is the Uilleann practice set, discussed below--more important exceptions are pipes such as the Turkish tulum, and the Croatian surle and diple, all of which have two chanters and no drone. These are all droneless in their traditional form, unlike the Uilleann practice set, which is mostly used as an introduction to the instrument before moving on to a half or full set. All these pipes are attatched to the bag by a stock, a small, usually wooden, cylinder which is tied into the bag and which the pipe itself plugs into. The bag usually consists of leather, but in more recent times many other materials, such as rubber and goretex have become popular amongst many pipers, particularly Highland pipers.
History
The history of the bagpipe is very unclear, and worse, many of the secondary sources from the nineteenth and early twentieth sources are misleading or verging on fantasy (the works of Grattan Flood are particularly bad in this respect, but continue to be quoted and referenced to the present day). For example, an oft-repeated claim is that the Great Highland Bagpipe was banned after the '45 rebellion. This claim is untrue; there is no mention of the bagpipe in the Disarming Act, and the entire myth seems to stem from the letterpress of Donald MacDonald's Martial Music of Caledonia, written by an unknown Romantic. However, it seems likely they were first invented in pre-Christian times. Nero is generally accepted to have been a player; there are Greek depictions of pipers, and the Roman legions are thought to have marched to bagpipes.
Where they were first introduced to Britain and Ireland is debatable, though Ireland has references going back to the Dark Ages (though none of her traditional legends mention pipes). An explosion of popularity seems to have occurred from around the year 1000; the tune used by Robert_Burns for Scots Wha Hae, Hey Tutti Taiti, is traditionally said to have been the tune played as Robert the Bruce's troops marched to Bannockburn in 1314.
Types
There are many kinds of bagpipes, but the best-known are the piob mhor or Great Highland Bagpipes, which were developed in Scotland. A set has two tenor drones (an octave below the fundamental of the chanter), one bass drone (an octave below the tenor), a blowpipe and a chanter pitched in B flat mixolydian (usually referred to and always written as A). This type of bagpipe is widely used by both soloists and pipe bands, both civilian and military and are now played in countries around the world, particularly countries with strong colonial or emigrant associations, most particularly Canada, America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
The next most common type is the Irish or Uilleann (pronounced illin) bagpipe; this or the Northumbrian smallpipe is generally claimed to be the most developed bagpipe in existence. This bellows-blown pipe plays a two octave diatonic scale in D major. The second octave is produced by overblowing, and extra keys and/or cross-fingering can be used to produce other tones than those in a diatonic D major scale. The most commonly added keys are a C natural, a G sharp, and an F natural key. Although the chanter does not have a completely closed end, like the Northumbrian smallpipes, the player can press the end of the chanter against a leather pad on his/her knee while closing all fingerholes, producing complete silence. This, for an accomplished player, can be utilized to play staccato. Nowadays the leather pad is often replaced by an air-tight key at the end of the chanter bore, which makes it easier to close the pipe completely with the knee. The Uilleann pipes also have three drones (although there are a few examples of sets with four drones, these are non-standard), set in a common stock, all tuned to three different octaves of D, and up to three (or in rare cases four) regulators which are effectively a kind of chanter with keys, designed to be played by the wrist. Accomplished players can use these to provide a limited but powerfully impressive chordal accompaniment. Often Uillean pipes are found without any drones or regulators; these sets are called somewhat misleadingly "practice sets". In fact, many pipers use these sets for their entire piping careers. Another common choice is to have only the drones, without regulators. This is known as a half-set. A final occasional variant, the three-quarter set, omits the bass regulator, which is rarely used.
The Northumbrian smallpipe is a bellows-blown pipe with the interesting feature that the end of the chanter is closed, meaning that it is possible to play silences. (The Uilleann pipes, above, also has a similar feature, but in a slightly different fashion.) This combined with the unusually tight fingering (each note is played by lifting only one finger) means that much Northumbrian piping tends to be very staccato in style. The chanter has a number of keys, most commonly seven, but two-octave chromatic chanters are occasionally seen, which require over twenty keys, all played with the right hand thumb and left hand pinkie! Traditionally, the chanter is pitched in F, but the music is written in G. Nowadays, chanters are available anywhere from D to G, G being the most popular for playing ensemble. There are usually four drones on the Northumbrian pipes, usually tuned to the tonic or the fourth. Many include a tuning bead, allowing the player to alter the drone's pitch by a whole tone, for playing in different keys.
The Scottish smallpipe is a bellows-blown bagpipe developed from the Northumbrian smallpipe by Colin Ross to be playable according to the Great Highland Bagpipe fingering system. It has a parallel bored chanter, most commonly pitched in A, although any key is feasible; D, C, and B flat are the next most common keys. They are most commonly unkeyed, but occasionally G sharp, F natural, and C natural keys are added. It is possible to add enough keys to produce a two-octave chromatic scale, but this is rarely done. The present writer cannot think of any prominent piper using such a set. The drones are set in a common stock and are tuned an octave below the tonic, the fifth or an octave below the fifth (a few players choose to tune this to the fourth instead), and two octaves below the tonic. It is perhaps the youngest bagpipe with any popularity, having only existed since its invention in the early 1980s. It is however extremely popular, particularly with Highland pipers, many of whom keep it or a Border pipe as a second instrument. Mouth-blown versions are available, but it is difficult to produce quality tone from these instruments due to the reed's delicate construction.
The Biniou is a mouth blown bagpipe from the Brittany region of France. It has a two octave scale, and is very high pitched; its lowest note is the same pitch as the highest on the Great Highland Bagpipe. It has a single drone two octaves below the tonic. Traditionally it was played as a duet with the bombarde,for Breton folk dancing.
The Border pipe is a close cousin of the Highland bagpipe, and commonly confused with the Scottish smallpipe, although it is a quite different and much older instrument. With a conical chanter, three drones in a common stock, tuned as per Highland pipes or Scottish smallpipes, this bagpipe combines the Highland pipe tone with the more manageable key of A, and lower volume, suitable for playing in folk bands and at informal folk sessions.
Gaita is the Spanish name for the bagpipe used in Galicia and Asturias. It has a conical chanter with a second octave. Pipe bands playing these instruments have become popular in recent years.
Other types
There are literally hundreds of types of bagpipe; what follows is not by any means an exhaustive list.
- Pastoral bagpipe : Ancestor of the Uillean bagpipe
- Lancashire Great-pipe : extinct English bagpipe undergoing revival
- Cornish pipes : another extinct English bagpipe undergoing revival
- French Musette : Ancestor of the Northumbrian pipes. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.
- Zampogna : An Italian bagpipe, with an unusual arrangements of multiple chanters that act as drones when not being played.
- Säckpipa : Also the Swedish word for 'bagpipe' in general, this instrument was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a conical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bagpipes."
Synonym: BagpipeSynonym: pipes (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Bagpipe |
| English words defined with "bagpipe": bagpiper, bourdon ♦ Chaunter, Cornemuse ♦ Doodlesack, drone, drone pipe, Dronepipe ♦ Miskin, musette ♦ pibroch, Piffara, piper ♦ shepherd's pipe, skirl ♦ Zampogna. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "bagpipe": Burden of a Song ♦ DOODLE SACK ♦ Lincolnshire Bagpipes. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "bagpipe": Pibroch. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Drummer and bagpipe player in Scottish uniform. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Bagpipedream" by Thomas Johansson Commentary: "A man training with his bagpipe. Picture taken outside Lidköping in Sweden." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| "Bagpipe" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 95.24% of the time. "Bagpipe" is used about 21 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 95.24% | 20 | 78,262 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 4.76% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 21 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "bagpipe": To bagpipe the mizzen. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "bagpipe": bagpipe-playing. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
bagpipe | 1,415 | bagpipe player | 14 |
bagpipe music | 154 | bagpipe accessory | 13 |
bagpipe pvc | 80 | bagpipe best | 13 |
bagpipe sheet music | 38 | electronic bagpipe | 12 |
amazing grace bagpipe | 34 | highland bagpipe | 12 |
bagpipe tune | 33 | mccallum bagpipe | 11 |
scottish bagpipe | 29 | bagpipe music writer | 10 |
bagpipe picture | 29 | gibson bagpipe | 10 |
bagpipe band | 27 | free bagpipe music | 10 |
bagpipe free music sheet | 26 | bagpipe funeral | 10 |
bagpipe history | 26 | bagpipe canadian links | 9 |
bagpipe supply | 25 | bagpipe music wedding | 9 |
sound of the bagpipe | 25 | used bagpipe | 9 |
bagpipe mp3 | 23 | wedding bagpipe | 8 |
bagpipe lesson | 20 | learn to play the bagpipe | 8 |
play bagpipe | 20 | bagpipe henderson | 8 |
bagpipe for sale | 19 | bagpipe drone reed | 7 |
bagpipe reed | 17 | bagpipe clipart | 7 |
irish bagpipe | 15 | art bagpipe clip | 7 |
dunbar bagpipe | 14 | scottish bagpipe music | 7 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "bagpipe"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | gajde (musette, pipes). (various references) | |
Arabic | مو, مزمار القربة (drone). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | гайда (pipes). (various references) | |
Chinese | 风笛. (various references) | |
Danish | saekkepibe (bagpipes). (various references) | |
Dutch | doedelzak (bagpipes). (various references) | |
Finnish | säkkipilli. (various references) | |
French | cornemuse (bagpipes). (various references) | |
German | Dudelsack (backpipes, bagpipes). (various references) | |
Greek | γκάιντα, γκάιδα (picbroch), άκαυλοσ, άσκαυλος-γκάιντα (bagpipes). (various references) | |
Hebrew | חמת חלילים. (various references) | |
Hungarian | skót duda. (various references) | |
Italian | cornamusa (hornpipe, pipe). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | バイヤー法 (all-terrain vehicle, baccalaureat, bacteria, bacteriophage, Bagdad, baggy look, baguette, basilisk, bass, bassoon, bath, baumkuchen, Bayer process, bazaar, bilingual, bind, binder, binding, bounce, bound, bow side, bucket, budget, bug, bug fix, bug list, bug report, bugbear, buggy, bus, by-line, holidays, honey wagon, pail, sand buggy, surf clam, vacation, vacuum, vacuum car, vacuum cleaner, vagabond, vagina). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | バグパイプ . (various references) | |
Manx | yn phiob vooar (bagpipe Scottish), piob ullinagh (bagpipe Irish), piob (bagpipes, channel, pipe, smoking pipe). (various references) | |
Norwegian | sekkepipe. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | agpipebay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | gaita de foles (hornpipe), gaita de fole, cornamusa (bagpipes). (various references) | |
Romanian | cimpoi (musette, pipe). (various references) | |
Russian | волынка (musette, pipes). (various references) | |
Scottish | pìob (a pipe, pipe, pipe; piob-mhàla). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | gajde (bagpipes, pipes). (various references) | |
Spanish | cornamusa (bagpipes, belaying cleat, cleat, fairlead). (various references) | |
Swedish | säckpipa. (various references) | |
Thai | ปี่สก็อต. (various references) | |
Turkish | gayda (pipes). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | торохтій (babbler, cackler, chatterbox, clapper, rattle-box), волинка (hornpipe, musette), водолій (bargee), базіка (babbler, bletherskate, blower, chatterbox, magpie, parakeet, prattler, ranter, tattler, tattletale, windjammer, windy), пустомеля (babbler, humbug, phoney, ranter, windbag). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Daniel Chapter 3, Verse 15 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai nun ei men ecete etoimwV ama tw akousai thV salpiggoV kai pantoV hcou mousikwn pesonteV proskunhsai th eikoni th crush h esthsa ei de mh ge ginwskete oti mh proskunhsantwn umwn auqwri emblhqhsesqe eiV thn kaminon tou puroV thn kaiomenhn kai poioV qeoV exeleitai umaV ek twn ceirwn mou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Nunc ergo si estis parati quacumque hora audieritis sonitum tubae fistulae et citharae sambucae psalterii et symphoniae omnisque generis musicorum prosternite vos et adorate statuam quam feci quod si non adoraveritis eadem hora mittemini in fornacem ignis ardentem et quis est Deus qui eripiat vos de manu mea |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Now therfore be ye redy, in what euer hour ye shuln heer sown of trumpe, pype, harp, sambuke, sautrie, and synfonye, and of al manere of musykis, putte ye doun you, and wirshipe the ymage that Y made; for yif ye shuln not wirship, in the same houre ye shuln be sent in to the fourneys of fijr brennynge; and who is God, that shal delyuere you of myn hond? |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Now if ye be ready that at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the image which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands? |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Now if ye be ready that at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of music, ye fall down and worship the image which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands? |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Now if you are ready, on hearing the sound of the horn, pipe, harp, trigon, psaltery, bagpipe, and all sorts of instruments, to go down on your faces in worship before the image which I have made, it is well: but if you will not give worship, that same hour you will be put into a burning and flaming fire; and what god is there who will be able to take you out of my hands? |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Daniel Chapter 3, Verse 15 |
| Cebuano | Karon, kong kamo andam, nga sa bisan unsang taknaa nga kamo makabati sa tingog sa trompeta, sa flauta, sa alpa, sa sacabuche, sa salterio, sa dulcemele ug sa tanang matang sa tulonggon, manghapa ug manimba sa larawan nga akong gibuhat: apan kong kamo dili mosimba, sa maong takna igatambog kamo sa taliwala sa hudno nga nagadilaab sa kalayo: ug kinsa ba kana nga dios nga makaluwas kaninyo gikan sa akong mga kamot? |
| Croatian | Jeste li voljni, èim zaèujete zvuk roga, frule, citre, sambuke, psaltira, gajda i svakovrsnih drugih glazbala, baciti se na tlo i pokloniti se kipu što ga naèinih? Ako li mu se ne poklonite, bit æete smjesta baèeni u peæ užarenu; i koji je taj bog koji bi vas izbavio iz ruke moje?" |
| Danish | Nu vel, hvis I er rede til, når I hører Horn, Fløjter, Citre, Harper, Hakkebrætter, Sækkepiber og alle Hånde andre instrumenter klinge, at falde ned og tilbede Billedstøtten, som jeg har ladet lave, så er alt godt; men gør I det ikke, skal I på Stedet kastes i den gloende Ovn. Og hvilken Gud er der, som da kan fri eder af mine Hænder?" |
| Dutch | Nu dan, zo gijlieden gereed zijt, dat gij ten tijde, als gij horen zult het geluid des hoorns, der pijp, der citer, der vedel, der psalteren, en des akkoordgezangs, en allerlei soort der muziek, nedervalt, en aanbidt het beeld, dat ik gemaakt heb, zo is het wel; maar zo gijlieden het niet aanbidt; ter zelfder ure zult gijlieden geworpen worden in het midden van den oven des brandenden vuurs; en wie is de God, Die ulieden uit mijn handen verlossen zou? |
| Finnish | Nyt, jos te siinä silmänräpäyksessä, kun kuulette torvien, huilujen, kitarain, harppujen, psalttarien, säkkipillien ja kaikkinaisten muiden soittimien äänen, olette valmiit lankeamaan maahan ja kumartaen rukoilemaan kuvapatsasta, jonka minä olen teettänyt, niin hyvä! Mutta ellette kumarra, niin teidät heti paikalla heitetään tuliseen pätsiin; ja kuka on se jumala, joka pelastaa teidät minun kädestäni?" |
| German | Wohlan schickt euch! Sobald ihr hören werdet den Schall der Posaunen, Drommeten, Harfen, Geigen, Psalter, Lauten und allerlei Saitenspiel, so fallt nieder und betet das Bild an, das ich habe machen lassen! Werdet ihr's nicht anbeten, so sollt ihr von Stund an in den glühenden Ofen geworfen werden. Laßt sehen, wer der Gott sei, der euch aus meiner Hand erretten werde! |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Nah, sekarang, bersediakah kamu untuk sujud dan menyembah patung itu pada waktu musik berbunyi? Jika kamu tidak mau, kamu akan langsung dilemparkan ke dalam perapian yang menyala-nyala. Dan dewa manakah yang akan sanggup menyelamatkan kamu dari kuasaku?" |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Atau sekarang sediakah juga kamu hendak menyembah sujud kepada patung yang telah kuperbuat itu, apabila kamu mendengar bunyi nafiri, bangsi, kecapi, harbab, serdam, nobat dan segala bunyi-bunyian; karena jikalau tiada kamu menyembah kepadanya, niscaya pada ketika itu juga kamu akan dicampak ke dalam dapur api yang bernyala-nyala, maka ilah manakah yang dapat melepaskan kamu dari pada tanganku? |
| Italian | Ora, se voi sarete pronti, quando udirete il suono del corno, del flauto, della cetra, dell'arpicordo, del salterio, della zampogna e d'ogni specie di strumenti musicali, a prostrarvi e adorare la statua che io ho fatta, bene; altrimenti in quel medesimo istante sarete gettati in mezzo ad una fornace dal fuoco ardente. Qual Dio vi potrà liberare dalla mia mano?». |
| Maori | Na ki te hihiko koutou i te wa e rongo ai koutou i te tangi o te koronete, o te putorino, o te hapa, o te hakaputa, o te hatere, o te taratimere, o nga mea tangi katoa, a ka takoto, ka koropiko, ki te whakapakoko i hanga e ahau, he pai; tena ki te kahore koutou e koropiko, ka maka koutou i taua haora ki te oumu he mura rawa tona ngiha; a ko wai te atua hei whakaora i a koutou i roto i oku ringa? |
| Norwegian | Nuvel, hvis I, når I hører lyden av horn, fløite, citar, harpe, lutt, sekkepipe og alle andre slags strengelek, er rede til å falle ned og tilbede det billede jeg har gjort, så er det godt og vel; men hvis I ikke tilbeder det, så skal I i samme stund kastes i den brennende ildovn, og hvem er den gud som kan frelse eder av min hånd? |
| Portuguese | Agora, pois, se estais prontos, quando ouvirdes o som da trombeta, da flauta, da harpa, da cítara, do saltério, da gaita de foles, e de toda a sorte de música, para vos prostrardes e adorardes a estátua que fiz, bom é; mas, se não a adorardes, sereis lançados, na mesma hora, dentro duma fornalha de fogo ardente; e quem é esse deus que vos poderá livrar das minhas mãos? |
| Rumanian | Acum fiyi gata, wi kn clipa cknd veyi auzi sunetul trkmbiyei, cavalului, chitarei, alqutei, psaltirii, cimpoiului wi a tot felul de instrumente, sq vq aruncayi cu faya la pqmknt, wi sq vq knchinayi chipului pe care l-am fqcut; dacq nu vq veyi knchina lui, veyi fi aruncayi pe datq kn mijlocul unui cuptor aprins! Wi care este dumnezeul acela, care vq va scoate din mkna mea?`` |
| Spanish | Ahora pues, ¿estáis listos para que al oír el sonido de la corneta, de la flauta, de la cítara, de la lira, del arpa, de la zampoña y de todo instrumento de música os postréis y rindáis homenaje a la estatua que he hecho? Porque si no le rendís homenaje, en la misma hora seréis echados en medio de un horno de fuego ardiendo. ¿Y qué dios será el que os libre de mis manos? |
| Swedish | Välan, allt må vara gott, om I ären redo, att när I hören ljudet av horn, pipor, cittror, sambukor, psaltare, säckpipor och allahanda andra instrumenter, falla ned och tillbedja den bildstod som jag har låtit göra. Men om I icke tillbedjen, då skolen I i samma stund bliva kastade i den brinnande ugnen; och vilken är väl den gud som då kan rädda eder ur min hand?" |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "bagpipe": bagpiper, bagpipers, bagpipes. (additional references) | |
| |
"Bagpipe" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aglipay, buppie. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "bagpipe" (pronounced ba"gpī'p) |
| 3 | -p ī' p | tailpipe. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-e-g-i-p-p" | |
-1 letter: pipage. | |
-3 letters: gape, gibe, page, peag, pipe. | |
-4 letters: age, ape, bag, bap, beg, big, gab, gae, gap, gib, gie, gip, pap, pea, peg, pep, pia, pie, pig, pip. | |
-5 letters: ab, ae, ag, ai, ba, be, bi, pa, pe, pi. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-e-g-i-p-p" | |
+1 letter: bagpiper, bagpipes. | |
+2 letters: bagpipers, becapping. | |
+3 letters: bewrapping. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Bible Trace | 13. Derivations 14. Rhymes 15. Anagrams 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
