Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Aviation |
AviationNoun1. The aggregation of a country's military aircraft. 2. Travel via aircraft; "air travel involves too much waiting in airports"; "if you've time to spare go by air". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "aviation" was first used: 1866. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A separate article is about the movie Airplane.
An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight.
An Airbus A340 of SriLankan Airlines. This is a wide-bodied long-haul aircraft, with 24 Business Class seats and 288 Economy Class seats.
Larger version
A hot air balloon seen from nearly directly below. The burner flame is firing into the envelope.
Larger version
Bell 206B Jet Ranger III helicopter
Larger version
Two categories
Aircraft fall into two broad categories:See also: List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms
- Heavier than air aerodynes, including autogyros, helicopters and variants, and conventional fixed-wing aircraft: aeroplanes in Commonwealth English, airplanes in North American English.
Fixed-wing aircraft generally use an internal-combustion engine and propeller or jet engine to provide thrust, which moves the craft forward through the air. The movement of air over the wings produces lift, which allows the aircraft to fly. Exceptions are gliders which have no engines and gain their thrust from gravity. That is, in order to maintain their forward speed they must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Helicopters and autogyros use a spinning rotor (a rotary wing) to provide both lift and thrust. The abbreviation VTOL is applied to aircraft other than helicopters that can take off or land vertically. Similarly, STOL stands for Short Take Off and Landing.
- Lighter than air aerostats: balloons and airships. Aerostats float in air in the same way that a ship floats in water, by displacing the air around the craft with a lighter gas (helium or hydrogen), or hot air. The distinction between a balloon and an airship is that an airship has some means of controlling forward motion and steering while balloons simply drift with the wind.
There are several ways to classify aircraft. Below, we describe classifications by design, propulsion and usage.
Also see this list of articles on particular aircraft types, and this list of aircraft.
Types of aircraft
By design
A first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft.Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and airships (sometimes called dirigible balloons), such as blimps (which have a non-rigid construction) and rigid airships, which have a rigid frame. The best-known type of rigid airship is the Zeppelin.
In heavier-than-air aircraft, we can discern two major ways to produce the lift: aerodynamic lift and engine lift. In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air because of aerodynamics, usually by means of wings of some kind. With engine lift, the aircraft defeats gravity by sheer engine power.
Examples of engine lift aircraft are rockets, and so-called VTOL planes, such as the Hawker Harrier.
Among aerodynamically lifted aircraft, the largest number falls in the category of fixed-wing aircraft, where horizontal surfaces produce lift, by profiting from the Coanda effect (aeroplane or airplane).
In a "conventional" configuration, the lift surfaces are placed in front of a control surface or tailplane. The number of lift surfaces varied greatly in the pre-1950 period, as biplanes (two wings) and triplanes (three wings) were numerous in the early days of aviation. Subsequently most planes are monoplanes.
The reverse configuration is the canard type, where small horizontal control surfaces are placed forward of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft.
Other possibilities include the delta-wing, where lift and horizontal control surfaces are combined, and the flying wing, where there is no separate vertical control surface (e.g. the B-2). A variable geometry ('swing-wing') has also been employed in a few examples of combat aircraft (the F-111, Panavia Tornado, and B-1 Lancer, among others).
The lifting body configuration where the body itself produce lift has been tested. So far the only significant practical application of the lifting body was in the Space Shuttle.
A second large category of aerodynamically lifted aircraft are the rotary-wing aircraft. Here, the lift is provided by rotating rotors. The best-known examples of this category are the helicopter, the earlier autogyro, and the tiltrotor aircraft (such as the V-22 Osprey).
A further category might encompass the wing-in-ground-effect types, for example the Russian ekranoplan, also nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster" and hovercraft, most of the latter employing a skirt and achieving limited ground or water clearance to reduce friction and achieve speeds above those achieved by boats of similar weight.
And finally, the flapping-wing ornithopter is a category of its own. These designs may have considerable potential but are not yet practical.
By propulsion
Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or glider, do not have any propulsion. Balloons drift with the wind. For gliders, takeoff takes place from a high location, or the aircraft is pulled into the air by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or towed aloft by a powered "tug" aircraft.
Most early aircraft used a piston-engine with propeller as propulsion. Although the configuration of the engine can vary (rotary, radial, inline), they all work according to the same principles.
Just prior to World War II, the first jet engines emerged. Different types exist, such as the ramjet, pulse jet, turbojet, and the turboprop, the latter of which still uses a propeller.
By usage
Three major uses for aircraft may be seen: recreational, military, and commercial.
For recreation, almost any type of aircraft can be used, although they are usually small ones. Gliders and balloons are used almost exclusively for recreational purposes although they have been used in times of war in the past. For instance, balloons were used for observation in the American Civil War and World War I. Gliders were used to deliver troops into occupied territory during World War II.
The first widespread use of military aircraft was for reconnaissance and surveillance in World War I. Soon they were adapted for attacking the ground or enemy vehicles/ships/guns/aircraft as well, and the first bombers were born. In order to prevent the enemy from bombing, fighter aircraft were developed to intercept and shoot down enemy aircraft.
Eventually, two-seat trainers were developed for the purpose of instructing new pilots. The use of transport aircraft enabled the rapid movement of supplies, ammunition, cargo, troops and also casualty evacuation; transport aircraft were also used to drop paratroopers. Tankers are used to refuel planes in mid-air, thus increasing their operational range.
Commercial aviation can be divided in passenger transport and cargo transport. For the former, large planes have been developed that can transport up to 500 passengers over large distances. Commercial cargo aircraft are often similar to military transport aircraft, or might be adapted from the passenger fleets of an earlier era.
Other uses include search-and-rescue operations (especially by helicopters), border protection and water-bombing (fire-fighting). Further divisions can be drawn between aircraft designs having a conventional (wheeled) undercarriage, and amphibious floatplanes or flying boats.
Related topics
- Aerial refueling
- Aeronautics
- Aircraft carrier
- Aircraft manufacturers
- Aircraft spotting
- Airline call signs
- Airliner
- Aviation
- Bomber
- Contrail
- Fighter aircraft
- Jet engine
- Karl Jatho
- Lifting body
- Military aircraft
- Model aircraft
- Sir George Cayley
- Spacecraft propulsion
- Spacecraft
- Successful aircraft types
- Undercarriage
- Wright brothers
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aircraft."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Aviation or Air transport refers to the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft, include fixed wing (airplane) and rotary wing (helicopter) types, as well as lighter than air craft such as dirigibles.
Aviation can be broadly divided into three areas:
- Commercial Aviation
- General Aviation
- Military Aviation
Commercial Aviation
Commercial air transport is offered by airlines, companies such as American Airlines, British Airways, Singapore Airlines or Cargolux, operating passenger or cargo flights.
General Aviation
General Aviation is a term comprising all of aviation other than government and scheduled air transport (airlines), and includes privately owned aircraft, charter services, business owned aircraft, such as "bizjets," and many more types of working aircraft that are not, strictly speaking, for transportation. General aviation (GA), contrary to popular opinion, is not exclusively non-commercial. Although a large part of General Aviation consists of recreational flying, an equally large part involves important, commercial activities. These include flight training, shipping, surveying, agricultural application, air taxi, charter passenger service, corporate flying, emergency transport, firefighting and more. Ultralights are increasingly becoming a part of the highly regularised civil aviation system, and are often considered a part of general aviation.
Military Aviation
Military aviation includes combat activities as well as flight missions that support military activities.
See also
- Aircraft
- Airlines
- Airport
- Air traffic control
- Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
- Aviation system
- Aviation history
- Aviation noise
- Avionics
- Flight
- Flight level
- Flight simulator
- Flying
- Global Positioning System
- Incidents in aviation
- Jet engine
- Milestones in aviation
- Oshkosh Airshow
- List of aviation topics
- List of people who died in plane crashes
- List of years in aviation
- Radar
- Propeller
- Reciprocating engines
- Wright brothers
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aviation."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Aviation is a cocktail made of
Shake or stir with ice. Strain into a cocktail glass. Serve with a cherry.
- 2 ounces gin
- 1 ounce lemon juice
- 1 ounce maraschino liqueur
Maraschino liqueur is hard to find in the United States, and many bars do not stock it. Common brands of maraschino are Luxardo and Stock. Other cherry-flavored liqueurs or the syrup from maraschino cherries should not be substituted, as they are much sweeter and have a very different taste.
See also the Wikipedia Cocktail Guide.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aviation cocktail."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| av. | English | Aviation | Military & Defense, Transportation |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: AviationSynonyms: air (n), air power (n), air travel (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Government | Office of the president, office of the prime minister, cabinet; senate, house of representatives, parliament; council; courts, supreme court; state, interior, labor, health and human services, defense, education, agriculture, justice, commerce, treasury; Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; NIH; Postal Service, Post Office; Federal Aviation Administration, FAA. |
Navigation | Aerostation, aerostatics, aeronautics; balloonery; balloon; ballooning, aviation, airmanship; flying, flight, volitation; wing, pinion; rocketry, space travel, astronautics, orbital mechanics, orbiting. |
Ship | Jet plane, rocket plane, jet liner, turbojet, prop-jet, propeller plane; corporate plane, corporate jet, private plane, private aviation; airline, common carrier; fighter, bomber, fighter-bomber, escort plane, spy plane; supersonic aircraft, subsonic aircraft. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Aviation Medicine (1954) Part 4: Handle with Care: From Compound to Aircraft Aviation Fuel Handling (1954) Handling Aviation Gasoline in the Field (1943) Cavalcade of Aviation (1942) Aviation Vacation (1941) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Lieutenant Commander Paul A. Smith headed aeronautical charting for C&GS He was responsible for producing over 60 million aeronautical charts per year He became Minister to International Civil Aviation Organization after war He went from Lieutenant Commander to Rear Admiral when made a Minister. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Paul A. Smith United States delegate to International Civil Aviation Organization Headed aeronautical charting during WWII. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Artist's conception of NIMBUS meteorological satellite system. In: "Plan for a National Meteorological Satellite System", produced by the National Coordinating Committee for Aviation Meteorology, April 1961. Credit: NOAA in Space. |  | Arrangement of components on TIROS VII baseplate. In: "Plan for a National Meteorological Satellite System", produced by the National Coordinating Committee for Aviation Meteorology, April 1961. Credit: NOAA in Space. |
 | Former "Good Morning America" host David Hartman, left, retired Brig. Gen. Chuck Yeager, center, and retired Maj. Gen. Joe Engle shared a laugh while they discussed their role in aviation history, recently at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. (Phot. |  | Aviation fuel being loaded onto fire airplane that will take fire retardant to slow down the spread of the fire. Credit: Howard Parman. |
 | Interior, looking north. Photograph by Jet Lowe, May 1985. (Reproduction Number: HAER OHIO,77-AKRO,6-18) Built by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in 1929, this cavernous structure was used for the construction and repair of zeppelins. Eleven steel parabolic arches, 221 feet high, support the airdock without additional interior columns, creating one of the largest open interior spaces in the world. This view shows the complicated system of overhead cranes and catwalks used to construct zeppelins, along with the huge curved door for moving zeppelins in and out of the airdock. The Goodyear Airdock calls to mind the great age of lighter-than-air aviation in the 1920s. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | School Of Aviation Medicine & Station Hospital Randolph Field Tx (Front Views). Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Ground Breaking Ceremonies : School Of Aviation Medicine. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Personnel from Naval Air Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, on liberty in a Public Park. They are (from left to right): Signalman 2nd Class Harold Howey; Aviation Machinist's Mate 2nd Class Evalyne Olsen; Pharmacist's Mate 3rd Class Anna Welsh; and Pharmacist's Mate 1st Class Jackie Welsh. Photographed prior to December 1944. Credit: NAVY. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Aviation series 1" by Peter Skadberg Commentary: "Various aviation pictures. Use is free. Contact is required. Credit is required where does not take away from production. Copy of finished product required "not used for approval". Will respond to email within 24 hours." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The German Government must furnish to the Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of Control all such information and legislative, administrative or other documents which the Commission may consider necessary to ensure the complete execution of the air clauses, and in particular a list of the personnel belonging to all the German Air Services, and of the existing material, as well as of that in process of manufacture or on order, and a list of all establishments working for aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing grounds. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Dassault Aviation controls between 40 and 50% of the business market. (references) | |
Sweden is a country with a strong tradition in aviation and in aerospace industry. (references) | ||
Also, senior aviation officials from Pakistan regularly visit the Paris and Dubai air shows. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Kenya | Private organizations that have been issued frequencies to broadcast but have not done so include the Pentecostal Church, Pete Aviation, and Maritime Media Services. (references) |
Economic History | Belgium | The only significant general aviation company is Abelag. (references) |
India | Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation also were initiated. (references) | |
Human Rights | Saudi Arabia | The Minister of Defense and Aviation and the King review the decisions of courts-martial. (references) |
Pakistan | Former Sharif advisor Ghous Ali Shah, former Pakistan International Airlines chairman Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, former Director of Civil Aviation Aminullah Chaudhary, and former Inspector General of Police Rana Maqbool were charged along with Sharif. (references) | |
Political Economy | IRELAND | Specifically, Ireland maintains some barriers in the aviation industry. (references) |
Trade | Ireland | With regard to services trade, Ireland maintains a limited number of barriers in the aviation and financial services industries. (references) |
Uruguay | A civil aviation agreement between Uruguay and the United States provides for equal treatment between U.S. and Uruguayan airfreight carriers. (references) | |
Oman | Earlier this year, Oman Aviation Company signed a deal to finance the lease of two and purchase two Boeing 373 700's aircraft for a total amount of $156 million. (references) | |
Travel | Nigeria | Domestic airline schedules are fairly reliable and lack of aviation fuel can delay or cancel flights. (references) |
Costa Rica | It is in compliance with international aviation safety standards for oversight of Costa Rica's air carrier operations. (references) | |
Eq. Guinea | Two others--Canadian Helicopters and South Africa's Eagle (Aguila) Air Service--are chartered and managed by Mobil Aviation and primarily used by the petroleum companies headquartered on the island of Bioko. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Malaysia | In February 2000, the Government approved the establishment of a federation of airline unions that would represent about 20,000 employees in the aviation industry. (references) |
Ukraine | The NPGU, unions representing pilots, civil air traffic controllers, locomotive engineers, aviation ground crews, and other unions operate either independently or within one of three national confederations. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Aviation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.72% of the time. "Aviation" is used about 936 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 98.72% | 924 | 7,795 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.85% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Noun (common) | 0.43% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 936 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| France | Dassault Aviation | Japan | Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited |
| USA | Aviation Distributors, Inc. | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "aviation": 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) ♦ army aviation ♦ aviation climatology ♦ Aviation Environment Federation ♦ aviation forecast ♦ aviation industry ♦ aviation medical examiner ♦ aviation medicine ♦ aviation meteorology ♦ aviation pathology ♦ aviation routine weather report ♦ aviation support ♦ civil aviation ♦ combat aviation control center ♦ commercial aviation ♦ federal Aviation Administration ♦ fighter aviation ♦ general aviation ♦ International Civil Aviation Organisation ♦ international civil aviation organization ♦ international general aviation ♦ military aviation ♦ ministry of aviation ♦ naval aviation. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "aviation": aviation-based, aviation-minded, aviation-oriented, aviation-related. | |
Ending with "aviation": Sud-aviation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
aviation | 5,641 | aviation gps | 121 |
aviation weather | 2,534 | aviation week | 121 |
aviation job | 1,245 | airline aviation news | 116 |
aviation art | 1,014 | commercial aviation | 109 |
naval aviation | 717 | aviation safety | 104 |
aviation employment | 421 | aviation software | 100 |
federal aviation administration | 407 | federal aviation regulation | 98 |
aviation history | 385 | aviation insurance | 96 |
aviation news | 286 | aviation chart | 93 |
military aviation | 268 | aviation career | 93 |
aviation school | 249 | aviation accident | 90 |
army aviation | 213 | aviation maintenance | 87 |
aviation headset | 199 | aviation museum | 82 |
aviation book | 190 | aviation eclipse | 75 |
aviation supply | 183 | aviation college | 72 |
aviation gift | 181 | general aviation | 72 |
aviation magazine | 167 | army aviation credit federal union | 71 |
era aviation | 160 | aviation digital data service | 65 |
great lake aviation | 159 | duncan aviation | 63 |
aviation model | 135 | aviation training | 63 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "aviation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | aviacion. (various references) | |
Arabic | ملاحة جوية, طيران (flight, fly, flying, wing), صناعة الطائرات. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | авиация (aircraft, flying). (various references) | |
Chinese | 航空 . (various references) | |
Czech | aviatika, letectví (airmanship). (various references) | |
Danish | aeronautisk meteorologi (aeronautical meteorology, aviation meteorology), aeronautisk klimatologi (aeronautical climatology, aviation climatology), Organisation for International Civil Luftfart (ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organisation, International Civil Aviation Organization), ICAO (ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organisation, International Civil Aviation Organization), handlingsprogrammet Vejen frem for den civile luftfart i Europa (action programme The way forward for civil aviation in Europe), flyvevejrforudsigelse (aeronautical forecast, aviation forecast), flyverlæge (aviation medical examiner, aviators'physician), flyvepatologi (aviation pathology). (various references) | |
Dutch | vliegwezen (aeronautics), luchvaart (aeronautics), aviatiek (aeronautics). (various references) | |
Esperanto | aviado. (various references) | |
Farsi | هواپیماءی , هوانوردی . (various references) | |
Finnish | ilmailu (flying). (various references) | |
French | aviation. (various references) | |
German | luftfahrt (aeronautics), Flugsport. (various references) | |
Greek | αεροπορία (airforce). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תעופה (flight, flying), אוירונות (aeronautics). (various references) | |
Hungarian | repülés (aeronautics, airmanship, flight, fly, flying, pilotage, wing). (various references) | |
Indonesian | aviasi, penerbangan (flight). (various references) | |
Italian | aviazione (aeronautics). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 飛行 , 航空 (flying), 航空 (flying). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ひこう (delinquency, introduction of poems at a poetry party, misconduct, thickening of the skin), こうくう (flying, high altitude, mouth cavity). (various references) | |
Korean | 항공 (airline, Air-line). (various references) | |
Manx | etlagh (flight, fly). (various references) | |
Papiamen | aviashon (aeronautics). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | aviationay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | aviação (aeronautics, air force, flying). (various references) | |
Romanian | aviaţie (aerial navigation, aircraft). (various references) | |
Russian | авиация (aeronautics, air force, aircraft). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | avionski (aerial), avijacijski, avijacija, vazduhoplovstvo, vazduhoplovni (aeronautic). (various references) | |
Spanish | aviación (aeronautics, air force, aviations). (various references) | |
Swedish | flyg (aero, aeronautic, aeroplane, airplane, flight, plane). (various references) | |
Thai | ศิลปและศาสตร์ในการบิน. (various references) | |
Turkish | havacılık (aerial navigation, aero, aeronautic, aeronautical, aeronautics, aeros, airmanship, flying). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | авіація (aircraft). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | thuật hàng không (aeronavigation), hàng không. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | avis. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "aviation": aviations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Aviation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aiviation, alization, apiation, aristion, avaition, avation, averation, Aviazione, aviction, avigation, avitation, viation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "aviation" (pronounced ā'vēā"shun) |
| 6 | -v ē ā" sh u n | abbreviation, alleviation, deviation. |
| 5 | -ē ā" sh u n | affiliation, appreciation, appropriation, association, conciliation, creation, delineation, denunciation, depreciation, differentiation, dissociation, exfoliation, expatriation, expropriation, foliation, glaciation, humiliation, initiation, irradiation, mediation, misappropriation, miscreation, negotiation, nucleation, procreation, pronunciation, radiation, reconciliation, recreation, remediation, renegotiation, renunciation, repatriation, repudiation, retaliation, substantiation, variation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abdication, aberration, abomination, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, approbation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, dictation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remuneration, renationalization, renomination, renovation, reorganization, reparation, replication, representation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-i-i-n-o-t-v" | |
-3 letters: avant, avian, avion. | |
-4 letters: anoa, anta, anti, inia, inti, into, iota, naoi, nota, nova, tain, vain, vina, vino, vita. | |
-5 letters: ain, ait, ana, ani, ant, ava, avo, ion, nit, not, oat, ova, tan, tao, tav, tin, ton, van, vat, via. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-i-i-n-o-t-v" | |
+1 letter: aviations, variation. | |
+2 letters: activation, cavitation, divagation, navigation, salivation, validation, variations. | |
+3 letters: activations, aestivation, alleviation, captivation, cavitations, covariation, divagations, evagination, gravitation, invalidator, navigations, passivation, salivations, vacationing, vacationist, vaccination, vacillation, validations, variational, variegation, vaticinator, vibrational. | |
+4 letters: abbreviation, aestivations, alleviations, avitaminoses, avitaminosis, avitaminotic, captivations, covariations, deactivation, derivational, divarication, evaginations, gravitations, inactivation, innovational, invagination, invalidation, invalidators, invitational, invocational, levitational, motivational, navigational, passivations, reactivation, revalidation, salvationism, salvationist, vacationists, vaccinations, vacillations, valorization, vaporization, variegations, vasodilation, vaticination, vaticinators, velarization, vitalization, vocalization. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Abbreviations 18. Acronyms 19. Derivations 20. Rhymes | 21. Anagrams 22. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
