Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Apnea |
ApneaNoun1. Transient cessation of respiration. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. (references) |
Medicine | Cessation of breathing. Source: European Union. (references) |
Public Administration | Temporary cessation of breathing due to any cause. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Apnea (British spelling - apnoea) is the absence of external breathing. During apnea there is no movement of the muscles of respiration and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged. Depending on the patency of the airways there may or may not be a flow of gas between the lungs and the environment; gas exchange within the lungs and cellular respiration is not affected. Apnea can be voluntarily achieved (i.e. "holding one's breath"), drug-induced (e.g. opiate toxicity), mechanically induced (e.g. strangulation), or it can occur as a consequence of neurological disease or trauma.
Under normal conditions, humans can not store much oxygen in the body. Apnea of more than approximately one minutes' duration therefore leads to severe lack of oxygen in the blood circulation. Permanent brain damage can occur after as little as three minutes and death will inevitably ensue after a few more minutes unless ventilation is restored. However, under special circumstances such as hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygenation, apneic oxygenation (see below), or extracorporal circulation, much longer periods of apnea may be tolerated without severe consequences.
Untrained humans can not sustain voluntary apnea for more than one or two minutes. The reason for this is that the rate of breathing and the volume of each breath are tightly regulated to maintain constant values of CO2 tension and pH of the blood. In apnea, CO2 is not removed through the lungs and accumulates in the blood. The consequent rise in CO2 tension and drop in pH result in stimulation of the respiratory centre in the brain which eventually can not be overcome voluntarily. However, tolerance of apnea can be trained. The ancient technique of free-diving requires breath-holding and trained free-divers can indeed hold their breath for up to seven minutes. An apneist, in this context, is someone who can hold his breath for a long time.
With the onset of apnea, an underpressure develops in the airspace of the lungs, because more oxygen is absorbed than CO2 is released. With the airways closed or obstructed, this will lead to a gradual collaps of the lungs. However, if the airways are patent (open), any gas supplied to the upper airways will follow the pressure gradient and flow into the lungs to replace the oxygen consumed. If pure oxygen is supplied, this process will serve to replenish the oxygen stores in the lungs. The uptake of oxygen into the blood will then remain at the usual level and the normal functioning of the organs will not be affected.
However, no CO2 is removed during apnea. The partial pressure of CO2 in the airspace of the lungs will quickly equilibrate with that of the blood. As the blood is loaded with CO2 from the metabolism, more and more CO2 will accumulate and eventually displace oxygen and other gases from the airspace. CO2 will also accumulate in the tissues of the body, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
Under ideal conditions (i.e. if pure oxygen is breathed before onset of apnea to remove all nitrogen from the lungs, and pure oxygen is insufflated), apneic oxygenation could theoretically be sufficient to provide enough oxygen for survival of more than one hour's duration in a healthy adult.
Apneic oxygenation is more than a physiologic curiosity. It can be employed to provide a sufficient amount of oxygen in thoracic surgery when apnea can not be avoided, and during manipulations of the airways such as bronchoscopy, intubation, and surgery of the upper airways. However, because of the limitations described above, apneic oxygenation is inferior to extracorporal circulation using a heart-lung machine and is therefore used only in emergencies and for short procedures.
Apneic oxygenation
Because the exchange of gases between the blood and airspace of the lungs is independent of the movement of gas to and from the lungs, a sufficient amount of oxygen can be delivered to the circulation even if a person is apneic. This phenomenon (apneic oxygenation) is explained in the following.References
See also
External links
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Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Apnea."
Crosswords: Apnea |
| English words defined with "apnea": apneic, apnoeic ♦ periodic apnea of the newborn ♦ sleep apnea. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "apnea": Cheynes-Stokes respiration, Cheyne-Stokes periodic respiration ♦ Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome ♦ Sleep Apnea Syndromes. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Apnea" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Italian (apnea, apnoea), Spanish (apnea, apnoea). |
| Domain | Title |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The apnea hypothesis should be further tested. (references) | |
Some patients with sleep apnea may need surgery. (references) | ||
An estimated 18 million Americans have sleep apnea. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
Expressions using "apnea": periodic apnea of the newborn ♦ Sleep apnea ♦ Sleep Apnea Syndromes. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "apnea"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | apnø. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | apnoea, apnoe (apnoea), apneu. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | apnea, hengitystauko, hengityspysähdys, hengityskatkos, hengityskatko, hengittämättömyys. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | apnée (apnoea). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Atemstillstand, Atemanhalten, Apnoe (apnoea). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | άπνοια (apnoea, calm). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | apnea (apnoea). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | apneaay asfixia (asphyxia, asphyxy, choke, suffocation), apneia (apnoea), apnéia. (various references) асфиксия (asphyxia). (various references) apnea (apnoea). (various references) apné (apnoea), andningsstillestånd. (various references) าวะหยุ"หายใจชั่วคราว (apnoea). (various references) припинення дихання (apnoea). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "apnea": apneal, apneas. (additional references) | |
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"Apnea" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: abnea, Abonae, Aenea, Agneau, alnae, Alpnet, amnea, Ampenan, anaa, anae, anea, anee, anei, aneo, anoa, Anpe, apane, apea, apen, apena, Apenera, Apenisa, Aphek, aphnea, apn, Apna, Apneoa, apnia, apone, aponea, appea, Apsewac, asnea, Enpa, Kapeno, Mapena, Nanpean, pakeha, Panayia, pandea, panea, Panerai, Panezai, Pangea, Panneau, Pantea, Rapanea, sanpoa. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "apnea" (pronounced a"pnēu) |
| 3 | -n ē u | cornea, Eugenia, gonia, hernia, insignia, insomnia, mania, megalomania, millennia, neurasthenia, petunia, pollinia, schizophrenia, Sinfonia, vaccinia, Xenia, Zinnia. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: paean. | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-e-n-p" | |
-1 letter: nape, neap, pane, pean. | |
-2 letters: ana, ane, ape, nae, nap, pan, pea, pen. | |
-3 letters: aa, ae, an, en, na, ne, pa, pe. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-e-n-p" | |
+1 letter: apneal, apneas, apnoea, canape, paeans, paesan, pavane. | |
+2 letters: anapest, apanage, apnoeal, apnoeas, apogean, canapes, capelan, deadpan, hanaper, paesani, paesano, paesans, pageant, pampean, panacea, panache, pancake, patinae, pavanes, pawnage, peasant, planate, platane, preanal, saphena. | |
+3 letters: airplane, anableps, anapaest, anapests, anaphase, antepast, antirape, anyplace, apanages, aphanite, aphelian, appanage, apparent, campagne, capelans, catnaper, deadpans, empanada, epifauna, hanapers, jalapeno, japanize, japanned, japanner, lagnappe, napalmed, paeanism, paesanos, paganise, paganize, pageants, paginate, palatine, pampeans, panacean, panaceas, panaches, panatela, pancaked, pancakes, pancetta, pancreas, panetela, parament, paranoea, paravane, parental, parlance, parlante, partaken, paternal, patinate, pawnable, pawnages, pearmain, peasants, phalange, pheasant, placeman, placenta, planulae, platanes, pleasant, prenatal, priapean, pygmaean, saphenae, saucepan, scalepan, seaplane, spaceman, spearman, spelaean, tapenade, trappean, warplane. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)41 70 6E 65 61 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).- .--. -. . .- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000001 01110000 01101110 01100101 01100001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)A p n e a |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0041 0070 006E 0065 0061 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)3582807167 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Danish | ordbog, deskriptordefinition, oversættelse | tanskalainen, danois, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, danese, dinamarquês, датский, danés, dansk, датський, датська мова |
Dutch | woordenboek, definitie, translatie | hollandsk, hollantilainen, néerlandais, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, olandese, holandês, голландский, holandés, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, голландська мова, голландський |
Finnish | määritelmä, translaatio, taajuusmuutos | suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, finlandese, finlandês, finês, финский, finlandés, finés, finsk, фінська мова, фінський |
French | dictionnaire, définition, traduction | ranskalainen, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, francese, francês, французский, francés, fransk, franska, французька мова, французький |
German | Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definition | tysker, Duitse, saksalainen, allemand, "ερμανός, tedesco, alemão, немецкий, alemán, tysk, าษาเยอรมัน, เยอรมัน, німкеня, німецький, німець |
Greek | λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση | græker, kreikkalainen, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, greco, grego, греческий, грек, griego, grek, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | italiener, italialainen, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, italiano, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italiensk, italienska, italienare, ชาวอิตาลี, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка |
Portuguese | dicionário, definição, tradução | portugiser, portugalilainen, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portoghese, português, португальский, portugués, portugis, португальський, португальська мова, португалець |
Russian | словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение | russer, venäläinen, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, russo, русский, ruso, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | Spaans, espanjalainen, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, spagnolo, espanhol, испанский, español, spanska språk, spansk, іспанський, іспанська мова |
Swedish | ordbok, lexikon, översättning | Zweeds, ruotsalainen, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svedese, шведский, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, шведська мова, шведський |
Thai | พจนานุกรม | thailænder, Thais, Thai, thaimaalainen, Thaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, คนไทย, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський |
Ukrainian | словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення | Oekraïens, ukrainalainen, ukrainien, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ucraino, ucraniano, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ucranio, ukrainare, український, українець |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | englantia, englantilainen, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, inglese, inglês, английский, inglés, engelsk, เกี่ยวกับประเทศอังกฤษ, ชาวอังกฤษ, าษาอังกฤษ, англійський, англійці, англійська мова |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Quotations: Non-fiction | 5. Expressions 6. Expressions: Internet 7. Translations: Modern 8. Derivations | 9. Rhymes 10. Anagrams 11. Orthography 12. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
