Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Adenovirus |
AdenovirusNoun1. Any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Viruses
Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped icosohedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. There are 49 immunologically distinct types (6 subgenera: A through F) that can cause human infections. Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical or physical agents and adverse pH conditions, allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body. Adenoviruses in Humans
Clinical features
Adenoviruses most commonly cause illness of the respiratory system; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other illnesses, such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and rash illness. Symptoms of respiratory illness caused by adenovirus infection range from the common cold syndrome to pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis. Patients with compromised immune systems are especially susceptible to severe complications of adenovirus infection. Acute respiratory disease (ARD), first recognized among military recruits during World War II, can be caused by adenovirus infections during conditions of crowding and stress. Epidemiologic features
Although epidemiologic characteristics of the adenoviruses vary by type, all are transmitted by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission. Some types are capable of establishing persistent asymptomatic infections in tonsils, adenoids, and intestines of infected hosts, and shedding can occur for months or years. Some adenoviruses (e.g., serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6) have been shown to be endemic in parts of the world where they have been studied, and infection is usually acquired during childhood. Other types cause sporadic infection and occasional outbreaks; for example, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37. Epidemics of febrile disease with conjunctivitis are associated with waterborne transmission of some adenovirus types, often centering around inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and small lakes. ARD is most often associated with adenovirus types 4 and 7 in the United States. Enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 cause gastroenteritis, usually in children. For some adenovirus serotypes, the clinical spectrum of disease associated with infection varies depending on the site of infection; for example, infection with adenovirus 7 acquired by inhalation is associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease, whereas oral transmission of the virus typically causes no or mild disease. Outbreaks of adenovirus-associated respiratory disease have been more common in the late winter, spring, and early summer; however, adenovirus infections can occur throughout the year. Diagnosis
Antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction assay, virus isolation, and serology can be used to identify adenovirus infections. Adenovirus typing is usually accomplished by hemagglutination-inhibition and/or neutralization with type-specific antisera. Since adenovirus can be excreted for prolonged periods, the presence of virus does not necessarily mean it is associated with disease. Treatment
Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment. Because there is no virus-specific therapy, serious adenovirus illness can be managed only by treating symptoms and complications of the infection. Prevention
Vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7, but were available only for preventing ARD among military recruits. Strict attention to good infection-control practices is effective for stopping nosocomial outbreaks of adenovirus-associated disease, such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Maintaining adequate levels of chlorination is necessary for preventing swimming pool-associated outbreaks of adenovirus conjunctivitis.Sources
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Adenovirus."
Crosswords: Adenovirus |
| Specialty definitions using "adenovirus": adeno-associated virus, Adenovirus E1 Proteins, Adenovirus E1A Proteins, Adenovirus E1B Proteins, Adenovirus E2 Proteins, Adenovirus E3 Proteins, Adenovirus E4 Proteins, Adenovirus Early Proteins, Adenovirus Infections, Human, Aviadenovirus ♦ Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor, Cyclin A ♦ Eye Infections, Viral ♦ Hepatitis, Infectious Canine ♦ Lung, Hyperlucent ♦ Mastadenovirus ♦ Retinoblastoma Protein. (references) |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | This image depicts adenovirus. Computer graphics are made by utilizing data fed into a computer. This data may consist of chemical weights and measures and the structure of specific elements. A three-dimensional image can be made so one can visualize an otherwise minute structure.Credit: Dr. Richard Feldmann (photographer). |  | Pictured is a scanning electron micrograph of cultured HeLa cells originally derived many years ago from a woman's cancerous cervical tissue. A light micrograph (x130) of the same cells (inset) reveals rounded double cells in the center in the process of dividing. This HeLa cell (named after patient Henrietta Lacks) has been infected with adenovirus. After 4-1/2 hours the HeLa cell's surface becomes rough. The multiple surface blebs on this cell characteristic for a certain stage of cell division that both normal and cancer cells go through. Research with the SEM has established the extraordinarily responsive nature of cell surface form. This instrument records, in pictures, specific cell reactions to various changes in the cells environment and maps the distribution of surface binding sites for biologically important molecules such as hormone, antigens, and pharmacologic agents.Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Transmission electron micrograph of adenovirus.Credit: CDC. | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | ARD is most often associated with adenovirus types 4 and 7 in the United States. (references) | |
Patients with compromised immune systems are especially susceptible to severe complications of adenovirus infection. (references) | ||
Adenovirus typing is usually accomplished by hemagglutination-inhibition and/or neutralization with type-specific antisera. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Adenovirus" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Adenovirus" is used about 33 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 33 | 60,273 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "adenovirus": Adenovirus E1 Proteins ♦ Adenovirus E1A Proteins ♦ Adenovirus E1B Proteins ♦ Adenovirus E2 Proteins ♦ Adenovirus E3 Proteins ♦ Adenovirus E4 Proteins ♦ Adenovirus Early Proteins ♦ Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
adenovirus | 195 |
adenovirus infection | 4 |
adenovirus symptom | 3 |
adenovirus vector | 3 |
adenovirus canine | 2 |
adenovirus pharyngitis | 2 |
36 adenovirus | 2 |
adenovirus purification | 2 |
adenovirus definition | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "adenovirus"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||
Danish | adenovirus. (various references) | ||||||||||
French | adénovirus. (various references) | ||||||||||
German | Adenovirus. (various references) | ||||||||||
Italian | adenovirus. (various references) | ||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | アッ"ア街" (adenoid, Adidas, appendicitis, Appian Way, Apple, apple pie, applique, Athens, attention, attention value, attest, carton, dubbing, goodbye, style of speaking in which the speaker gives the end of each sentence or phrase a higher intonation, up, up down, up style, up sweep, up to date, update, upload, upright, upright piano). (various references) | ||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | アデノウイルス . (various references) | ||||||||||
Pig Latin | adenovirusay adenovirus. (various references) | ||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "adenovirus": adenoviruses. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-e-i-n-o-r-s-u-v" | |
-2 letters: aneroids, aversion, avodires, avoiders, denarius, dinosaur, dourines, invaders, ravenous, savoured, sourdine, souvenir, unraised, unvaried, uranides. | |
-3 letters: adviser, advisor, aneroid, arenous, aroused, asunder, avodire, avoider, danseur, devious, devisor, devoirs, devours, dineros, diurons, dourine, durians, durions, enduros, envious, erasion, evasion, indorse, inroads, insured, invader, invades, naevoid, nervous, neuroid, niveous, ordains, ordines, ovaries, oversad, randies, ravined, ravines, renvois, residua, resound, roadies, rondeau, rosined, sadiron, sandier, sardine, saviour, savored, sordine, sounder, unaired, undoers, unsaved, uranide, urinose, various, vendors, verdins, version, visored, voiders. | |
-4 letters: adieus, adonis, adores, adorns, advise, aiders, aivers, anodes, ariose, arisen, aroids, around, arouse, arseno, arsine, arsino, audios, avions, avoids, danios, davens, davies, deairs, denari, denars, devoir, devons, devour, dinars, dinero, diners, diuron, divans, divers, donsie, dories, douras, douser, dovens, drains, driven, drives, drones, droves, durian, durion, enduro, envois, indues, inroad, insure, inured, inures, invade, invars, irades, ironed, irones, nadirs, naevus, naiver, naives, navies, nevoid, noised, norias, nosier, nudies, nursed, onside, ordain, oreads, ovines, radios, radius, radons, rained, raised, ranids, ravens, ravine, ravins, reason, redans, redias, redons, renvoi, resaid, rinsed, roadie, rouens, rounds, roused, ruined, rusine, sained, sander, sarode, savine, savior, savour, senior, senora, snared, snider, snored, soared, sonder, sorned, souari, soudan, soured, sovran, suaver, sundae, sunder, undies, undoer, undoes, unread, unrove, unsaid, uredia, uredos, urines, ursine, vadose, vainer, varied, varies, vendor, venous, verdin, viands, videos, vinous, vireos, visaed, visard, voduns, voider. | |
-5 letters: adieu, adios, adore, adorn, aeons, aider, aides, aired, airns, aiver, anise, anode, arise, aroid, arose, arson, arvos, aside, audio, aurei, aures, auris, avens, avers, avion, aviso, avoid, danio, dares, darns, daven, deair, deans, dears, denar, devas, devon, dinar, diner, dines, divan, divas, diver, dives, doers, donas, dorsa, doser, doura, douse, doven, doves, drain, drave, dries, drive, drone, drove, druse, dunes, duras, dures, durns, duros, earns, eidos, envoi, eosin, euros, ideas, indue, inure, invar, irade, irone, irons, nadir, naevi, naive, nards, nares, naris, naves, nears, nerds, nevus, nides, nidus, nodes, nodus, noirs, noise, noria, noris, nosed, novae, novas, nuder, nudes, nudie, nurds, nurse, oared, oaves, oread, ornis, osier, ourie, ovens, overs, ovine, radio, radon, raids, rains, raise, rands, ranid, ranis, rased, raved, raven, raves, ravin, reads, redan, redia, redon, redos, reins, rends, resid, resin, resod, rides, rinds, rinse, risen, rived, riven, rives, roads, roans, rosed, rosin, rouen, roues, round, rouse, roved, roven, roves, ruins, runes, saned, saner, sarin, sarod, saved, saver, savin, savor, sedan, senor, serai, serin, servo, sieur, sired, siren, siver, snare, snide, snore, soave, sonar, sonde, sound, suave, sudor, unais, under, uraei. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-e-i-n-o-r-s-u-v" | |
+2 letters: adenoviruses. | |
+3 letters: subordinative. | |
+4 letters: overeducations, overpersuading, undiscoverable. | |
+5 letters: predevaluations, undemonstrative, undervaluations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)41 64 65 6E 6F 76 69 72 75 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).- -.. . -. --- ...- .. .-. ..- ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000001 01100100 01100101 01101110 01101111 01110110 01101001 01110010 01110101 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)A d e n o v i r u s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0041 0064 0065 006E 006F 0076 0069 0072 0075 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)35707180818875848785 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Photo Album | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
