Yellow Fever

Yellow fever (also called black vomit or sometimes The American Plague) is an acute viral disease. It is still an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in several African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. In the past it was a source of several devastating epidemics.

1940 - thousands of people die in Sudan
1960-62 - 15,000 - 30,000 die in Ethiopia
1965 - several thousand cases cause several hundred deaths in Senegal
1978 - 91 deaths in Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela
1978 - 63 deaths in The Gambia
1978 - 40 deaths in Ghana

The disease is caused by an arbovirus (Flaviviridae), one of the smallest RNA viruses isolated from man.

Mosquitos are the primary disease vector in transmission of the disease from forest monkeys to man and in man-to-man transmission. The mosquitos involved are Aedes simpsoni, Aedes africanus, and Aedes aegypti in Africa; and the Haemagogus and Sabethes genera.

The course of the disease varies from an inapparent infection to an intense feverish illness with high mortality rate. There is a difference between disease outbreaks in rural or forest areas and in towns. Disease outbreaks in towns and non-native people are usually more serious.

After a 3 to 6 day incubation period the typical symptoms that arise are fever, muscle aches, headache and backache. Other symptoms may include a red tongue, flushed face, and reddening of the eyes may also be symptoms of the disease. In a proportion of cases there is also involvement of internal organs - liver, kidneys and the heart. There may be hemorrhage from the digestive tract (bloody vomit). Later the disease is sometimes complicated by jaundice with liver failure and/or renal insufficiency with proteinuria. If the disease progresses, delirium, seizures and coma ensue. Hypotension and dehydration are also common. Mortality is around 5%. Patients who die usually do so within six to seven days from the onset.

Public health

Yellow fever is one of the few diseases in the world for which some countries have a legal requirement for vaccination for someone travelling to an affected area. There countries also usually have regulations requiring quarantine for people who arrive from yellow fever endemic areas who do not provide evidence of their having being vaccinated against yellow fever. This is because the vector for transmission of yellow fever, the Aedes mosquito, exists in other tropical parts of the world which are not affected by yellow fever and an outbreak could potentially erupt if the disease is inadvertently brought in.

Prevention

A vaccine for yellow fever was developed which gives a 10-year immunity from the disease and effectively protects people travelling to the affected areas and being a means to control the disease at the same time. Insecticides, protective clothing and screening of houses are helpful but not always enough. In affected areas some sort of mosquito control has proved effective in decreasing number of cases.

Treatment

There is no specific cure for the disease; therefore vaccination is so important. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive only. Fluid replacement, fighting hypotension and transfusion of blood derivates is mostly needed in severe cases. In renal insufficiency - dialysis.

See also : Lassa fever.

Synonyms within Context: Yellow Fever

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Disease	Ague, angina pectoris, appendicitis; Asiatic cholera, spasmodic cholera; biliary calculus, kidney stone, black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic plague; blennorrhagia, blennorrhoea; blood poisoning, bloodstroke, bloody flux, brash; breakbone fever, dengue fever, malarial fever, Q-fever; heart attack, cardiac arrest, cardiomyopathy; hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis; bronchocele, canker rash, cardialgia, carditis, endocarditis; cholera, asphyxia; chlorosis, chorea, cynanche, dartre; enanthem, enanthema; erysipelas; exanthem, exanthema; gallstone, goiter, gonorrhea, green sickness; grip, grippe, influenza, flu; hay fever, heartburn, heaves, rupture, hernia, hemorrhoids, piles, herpes, itch, king's evil, lockjaw; measles, mumps, polio; necrosis, pertussis, phthisis, pneumonia, psora, pyaemia, pyrosis, quinsy, rachitis, ringworm, rubeola, St. Vitus's dance, scabies, scarlatina, scarlet fever, scrofula, seasickness, struma, syntexis, tetanus, tetter, tonsillitis, tonsilitis, tracheocele, trachoma, trismus, varicella, varicosis, variola, water qualm, whooping cough; yellow fever, yellow jack.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Modern Usage: Yellow Fever

Commercial Usage: Yellow Fever

Domain	Title
References	The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Yellow Fever (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (reference) A Most Satisfactory Man: The Story of Theodore Brevard Hayne, Last Martyr of Yellow Fever (reference) An American Plague: The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 (reference) Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 (Studies in Health Illness and Caregiving) (reference) The French Physician's Boy: A Story of Philadelphia's 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic (reference) (more book examples)

Music	Yellow Fever (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Yellow Fever

Photo Album: Yellow Fever

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Illustration of Aedes aegypti adult mosquito, vector of yellow fever. Parasite. Credit: CDC.		Tombstone of Henry Warren, R.N., who died of yellow fever in 1855. Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Credit: CDC.
	Sign over the cell that housed Dr. Samuel Mudd, controversial doctor who treated John Wilkes Booth following Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Mudd was convicted of helping Booth and served three years of his sentence at Fort Jefferson. He helped treat many Union soldiers during a yellow fever epidemic and was subsequently paroled. Credit: America's Coastlines.		Gorgas Hospital, Ancon, Canal Zone. : Screening method of segregating Yellow Fever patients in old hospital. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Destroy their 'Fox Holes' : this mosquito spreads dengue & yellow fever. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		[Fumigation] : [Fumigation of sheds in New Orleans, yellow fever campaign, 1905]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Yellow Fever / Elon Clark. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		Aristides Agramonte, M.D. : Member of the U.S.A. Yellow Fever Commission. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Patients in yellow fever hospital, Havana, Cuba. Credit: Library of Congress.		We've fought in the open - bubonic plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis--now venereal diseases / H. Dewitt Welsh. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Non-Fiction Usage: Yellow Fever

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		The CDC does not keep a list of registered yellow fever vaccination sites. (references)
		If a person is at continued risk of yellow fever infection, a booster dose is needed every 10 years. (references)
		People with asymptomatic HIV infection may be vaccinated if exposure to yellow fever cannot be avoided. (references)
Business		A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travelers coming from infected areas. (references)
Trade	Costa Rica	The Government of Costa Rica prohibits the importation of used tires without rims, because mosquitoes carrying yellow fever or dengue fever breed in water accumulated in rimless tires. (references)
Travel	Senegal	Evidence of a vaccination for yellow fever may be required at the port of entry. (references)
	Liberia	Visas: A passport and visa are required, as is evidence of yellow fever vaccination. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Expressions: Yellow Fever

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Yellow Fever

Modern Translation: Yellow Fever

Language		Translations for "yellow fever"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Dutch		gele koorts (Bulam fever, Pym fever). (various references)

Esperanto		flava febro. (various references)

Finnish		keltakuume. (various references)

French		fièvre jaune. (various references)

German		Gelbfieber. (various references)

Greek		κίτρινοσ πυρετόσ. (various references)

Hungarian		sárgaláz (black vomit, true yellow fever), aranyláz (gold fever, gold rush, gold-fever). (various references)

Italian		febbre gialla. (various references)

Japanese Kanji		黄熱病 , 黄熱 . (various references)

Japanese Katakana		おうねつびょう, おうねつ, �"うねつびょう, �"うねつ (high fever, light and heat, pyro-). (various references)

Manx		yn chiassagh buigh. (various references)

Pig Latin		yelloway everfay

Portuguese		febre amarela (camp-fever). (various references)

Romanian		friguri galbene. (various references)

Russian		желтая лихорадка. (various references)

Spanish		fiebre amarillo. (various references)

Sranan		gerikorsu. (various references)

Turkish		sarıhumma (yellow jack). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Anagrams: Yellow Fever

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "e-e-e-f-l-l-o-r-v-w-y"
	-3 letters: overflew, volleyer, yellower.
	-4 letters: flowery, flyover, leveler, loverly, overfly.
	-5 letters: feeler, feller, felloe, fellow, flower, fowler, freely, lovely, lowery, overly, refeel, refell, reflew, reflow, releve, rewove, volery, volley, weever, wolfer, wolver, yeller, yellow, yowler.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Domain	Definition
19th Century Satire	A passion for reading the Hearst newspapers. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904.
Botanical	An infectious tropical disease. Treated with Bursera, Dendropanax, Fevillea, Lycopersicon, Moringa. (references)
Health	An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	If that's his adam's apple, he's got yellow fever. (A Day at the Races; writing credit: Robert Pirosh; George Seaton)
Movie/TV Titles	Yellow Fever (1998)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expression	Frequency per Day
yellow fever	246
yellow fever mosquito	102
yellow fever vaccine	18
picture of yellow fever	14
yellow fever vaccination	10
yellow fever shot	5
yellow fever symptom	5
yellow fever virus	4
yellow fever history	4
yellow fever immunization	4
yellow fever epidemic	3
disease yellow fever	2
yellow fever cause	2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expressions using "yellow fever": Yellow Fever Vaccine ♦ Yellow Fever Virus. Additional references.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Yellow Fever

Definition: Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever

Noun

Specialty Definition: Yellow Fever

Specialty Definition: Yellow fever

Synonyms: Yellow Fever

Synonyms within Context: Yellow Fever

Disease

Crosswords: Yellow Fever

Modern Usage: Yellow Fever

Screenplays

Movie/TV Titles

Commercial Usage: Yellow Fever

References

Books

Music

Image Slideshow: Yellow Fever

Photos:Yellow Fever

Photo Album: Yellow Fever

Non-Fiction Usage: Yellow Fever

Expressions: Yellow Fever

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Yellow Fever

Modern Translation: Yellow Fever

Dutch

Esperanto

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hungarian

Italian

Japanese Kanji

Japanese Katakana

Manx

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Spanish

Sranan

Turkish

Anagrams: Yellow Fever

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

INDEX

Photos:
Yellow Fever