Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Date "VIRUSES" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Viruses virus. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Health | Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| Reo viruses | English | Respiratory-enteric-orphan viruses | Medicine |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | My weak body couldn't deal with the viruses of the 21st century. (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I) enters the T-lymphocyte where the virus loses its outer envelop, releasing its RNA and its reverse transcriptase. The reverse transcriptase builds a complimentary DNA strand from the viral RNA template. The DNA helix is inserted into the host genome. When this is transcribed by the infected cell, the new viral RNA and proteins are produced to form new viruses that then bud from the cell membrane, thus completing the life cycle of the virus. See artwork: GR-32. Credit: Trudy Nicholson (artist). |  | A scientist is screening a baboon virus and comparing it with HIV-I for similarities. Bacteriophage colonies are grown to determine whether there is a similarity in the two viruses and to discover the proper sequence of the AIDS virus. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | Pie chart showing causes of chronic liver disease in residents of Jefferson County, Alabama. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses contributed to the majority of cases of chronic liver disease in this population. Credit: CDC. |  | Two CDC technicians reading complement-fixation test for serological evidence of infections by suspected viruses. Credit: CDC. |
 | Norwalk viruses (and related caliciviruses) are important causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. An estimated 181,000 cases of this type of food poisoning occur annually. Credit: CDC. |  | Primarily a disease of the tropics, Dengue Fever is caused by one of four viruses of the genus Flavivrus and is spread by Aedes aegypti, a domestic, day-biting mosquito that prefers to feed on humans. Credit: CDC. |
 | In the 1960s, a major effort was made to eradicate the principal urban vector mosquito of dengue and yellow fever viruses, A. aegypti, from southeast United States, such as spraying for mosquitos using a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Credit: CDC. |  | Approximately 50% of the horses infected with WEE die from the disease. In 1938, WEE killed approximately 180,000 horses in California. Fortunately, today most horses are routinely vaccinated against WEE and other equine viruses. Credit: CDC. |
 | This image was taken during an outbreak in 1976, when a total of 340 deaths occurred in Zaire and western Sudan. Ebola is one of the four known viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever. It is believed to be zoonotic, and native to the African continent. Credit: CDC. |  | A closeup look at Burke, the latest pinto bean from ARS and university plant scientists. It resists a host of harmful fungi and viruses that can otherwise cheat growers of a bountiful harvest. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Viruses such as this herpes virus. (references) | |
People can pass viruses to each other. (references) | ||
Some viruses kill the cell they invade. (references) | ||
Business | Since the appearance of the e-mail viruses, virus alertness is more intensive in Hungary. (references) | |
Security experts in the information age have to battle a multitude of problems ranging from credit-card fraud and hackers to industrial espionage and computer viruses. (references) | ||
Approval of gene-technological alterations of plants for resistance against insects and viruses barely outweighs disapproval, while GM-food modified for improved taste, durability, or appearance is viewed negatively by over 75% of respondents. (references) | ||
Economic History | Maldives | Consumers of computer software reportedly appreciate the value of genuine products, as pirated software programs often contain bugs and viruses. (references) |
India | This legislation covers digital signatures, electronic records, service obligations, and penalties for hacking and introducing computer viruses. (references) | |
Human Rights | Trinidad and Tobago | Diseases such as chicken pox, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and viruses spread easily, and prisoners sometimes must purchase their own medication. (references) |
Travel | Lithuania | Travelers should take the same precautions, as they would visiting unfamiliar urban centers in the U.S. Although drinking water is chlorinated, it is not considered entirely safe because the filtering system does not remove viruses. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | New laser techniques could revolutionize heart bypass surgery, cut diagnosis time for viruses linked to cancer from weeks to minutes, reduce hospital costs dramatically, and hold out new promise for saving human lives. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "VIRUSES" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 97.26% of the time. "VIRUSES" is used about 402 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 97.26% | 391 | 14,189 |
| Lexical Verb (-s form) | 2.24% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.5% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 402 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "VIRUSES": African Swine Fever-Like Viruses ♦ bacteriopathogenic viruses ♦ Bunyamwera Group Viruses ♦ California Group Viruses ♦ Defective Viruses ♦ DNA Tumor Viruses ♦ DNA Viruses ♦ Encephalitis Viruses ♦ helical viruses ♦ Helper Viruses ♦ Hepatitis C-Like Viruses ♦ Hepatitis Viruses ♦ Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses ♦ HTLV-BLV Viruses ♦ Insect Viruses ♦ LCM-Lassa Complex Viruses ♦ Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses ♦ Mosaic Viruses ♦ Nairobi Sheep Disease Viruses ♦ Oncogenic Viruses ♦ Plant Viruses ♦ Reassortant Viruses ♦ Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ♦ Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses ♦ RNA Viruses ♦ Sandfly Fever Group Viruses ♦ Satellite Viruses ♦ Simbu Group Viruses ♦ Spleen Focus-Forming Viruses ♦ Tacaribe Complex Viruses ♦ Thogoto-Like Viruses ♦ Uukuniemi Group Viruses ♦ Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses ♦ Vertebrate Viruses. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "VIRUSES": viruses-one. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "VIRUSES"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 病' (viral, Virus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | tarmkanalvirus (enteric viruses), syncytiedannende vira (syncytium forming viruses), proteinkappe (protein coat of the viruses), onkogent virus (oncogenic viruses), ikosaedriske DNA-virus (icosahedral DNA viruses), helicale virus (helical viruses), fag (branch, compartment, department, pigeonhole, section, speciality), enterovirus (enteric viruses), conjunctivitisvirus (conjunctivitis viruses), basofile virus (basophil viruses), bakteriofager (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bakteriofag (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | oncogene virussen (oncogenic viruses), faagdeeltjes (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), faag (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), enteric virusen (enteric viruses), conjunctivitis-virus (conjunctivitis viruses), basophiele vira (basophil viruses), bakteriofaag (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriophagen (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriofagen (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriofaagdeeltjes (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriofaag (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | fagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), faagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), enterovirus (enteric viruses), bakteriofagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bakteriofaagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | virus de polyédrose nucléaire (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses), virus bactérien (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses), virus de la conjonctivite (conjunctivitis viruses), virus syncytiaux (syncytium forming viruses), virus des bactéries (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses), virus des encéphalo-myocardites (encephalomyocarditic viruses), virus encéphalotropes (encephalitogenic viruses), virus entériques (enteric viruses), virus hélicoïdaux (helical viruses), virus icosaédriques ADN (icosahedral DNA viruses), virus oncogènes (oncogenic viruses), virus basophiles (basophil viruses), bactériophage (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses), toute espèce de virus dont l'hôte est une bactérie (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses), phage (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses), membrane protéique du virus (protein coat of the viruses), maladie causée par des virus lents (disease caused by slow viruses), Comité International de taxonomie des virus (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Viren. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | βασεόφιλοι ιοί (basophil viruses), ιός της επιπεφυκίτιδος (conjunctivitis viruses), ιοί γαστρεντερικής οδού (enteric viruses), νόσοι που προκαλούνται από βραδείς ιούς (disease caused by slow viruses), εικοσαεδρικοί DNA ιοί (icosahedral DNA viruses), εντεροϊοί (enteric viruses), ογκογενείς ιοί (oncogenic viruses). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | virusbatterici (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), virus sinciziali (syncytium forming viruses), virus oncogeno (oncogenic viruses), virus basofili (basophil viruses), RS virus (syncytium forming viruses), malattia provocata da virus lenti (disease caused by slow viruses), involucro proteinico (protein coat of the viruses), fattori lisogenici (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), fago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), fagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), Comitato Internazionale per la Tassonomia dei virus (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses), batteriofago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), batteriofagi di d'Hèrelle (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), batteriofagi (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | "이러스 (virological, Virus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | irusesvay vírus oncogénicos (oncogenic viruses), vírus icosaedral ADN (icosahedral DNA viruses), vírus das bactérias (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), fagos (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), fago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), conjuntivite vírica (conjunctivitis viruses), bacteriófagos (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriófago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) virus oncógeno (oncogenic viruses), virus icosaédrico CON ADN (icosahedral DNA viruses), virus entéricos (enteric viruses), virus de la conjuntivitis (conjunctivitis viruses), virus basófilos (basophil viruses), fago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), enfermedad causada por virus lentos (disease caused by slow viruses), cápside (protein coat of the viruses), bacteriófagos (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage), bacteriófago (bacterial virus, bacteriopathogenic viruses, bacteriophage, bacteriophages, phage). (various references) virus (virus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "VIRUSES": adenoviruses, arboviruses, cytomegaloviruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses, hantaviruses, herpesviruses, lentiviruses, myxoviruses, oncornaviruses, papillomaviruses, papovaviruses, paramyxoviruses, parvoviruses, picornaviruses, polioviruses, poxviruses, proviruses, reoviruses, retroviruses, rhabdoviruses, rhinoviruses, rotaviruses. (additional references) | |
| |
"VIRUSES" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Varotsos, verrucas, viroses, virures. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "VIRUSES" (pronounced vī"rusuz) |
| 7 | v ī" r u s u z | retroviruses. |
| 6 | -ī" r u s u z | irises. |
| 5 | -r u s u z | actresses, addresses, buttresses, choruses, congresses, embarrasses, fortresses, mattresses, mistresses, seamstresses, terraces, waitresses, walruses. |
| 4 | -u s u z | accomplices, aliases, amaryllises, apparatuses, apprentices, biases, bonuses, businesses, campuses, canvases, canvasses, carcasses, caucuses, censuses, circuses, crevices, crocuses, encompasses, eyewitnesses, fetuses, focuses, furnaces, geniuses, goddesses, grimaces, harnesses, hippopotamuses, hospices, hostesses, illnesses, injustices, justices, likenesses, minuses, necklaces, notices, novices, offices, omnibuses, orifices, palaces, penises, porpoises, poultices, prejudices, premises, promises, prospectuses, purchases, purposes, refocuses, repurchases, services, sinuses, stewardesses, surfaces, surpluses, tortoises, treatises, weaknesses, witnesses. |
| 3 | -s u z | absences, abuses, acceptances, aces, acquaintances, advances, affixes, albatrosses, allegiances, alliances, allowances, ambulances, annexes, announces, annoyances, appearances, appendixes, appliances, asses, assesses, assurances, atlases, audiences, auspices, axes, balances, bases, basses, Biosciences, blesses, blitzes, blouses, boardinghouses, bookcases, bosses, bounces, bourses, boxes, braces, briefcases, buses, Busses, bypasses, cabooses, cadences, Casas, cases, cayuses, ceases, chances, chases, choices, circumstances, classes, clearances, clearinghouses, climaxes, clubhouses, coaxes, coffeehouses, coincidences, collapses, commences, complexes, compresses, concourses, condolences, conferences, confesses, confidences, consciences, consequences, continuances, contrivances, conveniences, converses, convinces, corpses, countenances, courses, courthouses, creases, cresses, crosses, crosspieces, crucifixes, curses, dances, databases, decreases, defenses, denounces, depresses, devices, differences, disabuses, disallowances, disappearances, discourses, discusses, dismisses, dispenses, displaces, distances, distresses, disturbances, divergences, divorces, dollhouses, doses, dresses, earpieces, eclipses, embraces, eminences, endorses, enforces, enhances, entrances, erases, esses, evidences, excesses, excuses, exes, expanses, expenses, experiences, expresses, eyeglasses, faces, farmhouses, faxes, fences, finances, firehouses, fireplaces, fixes, flexes, flounces, forces, foxes, fragrances, fusses, gases, gasses, gearboxes, glances, glasses, glimpses, glosses, graces, grasses, greenhouses, grievances, grosses, grouses, guesses, guesthouses, headdresses, hindrances, hisses, hoaxes, horses, houses, hyraxes, ices, imbalances, impresses, impulses, incidences, inconveniences, increases, indexes, induces, indulgences, inferences, influences, instances, insurances, interfaces, intersperses, introduces, invoices, issuances, juices, jukeboxes, kisses, laces, lapses, latexes, leases, licences, licenses, lighthouses, looses, losses, lynxes, mailboxes, marketplaces, masses, masterpieces, medusas, messes, minibuses, misses, missus, mixes, molasses, mongooses, morasses, mosses, mouthpieces, nieces, nixes, nuances, nurses, observances, occurrences, offenses, ordinances, ounces, outhouses, outpaces, overdoses, overpasses, paces, paradoxes, passes, performances, perplexes, perses, pieces, pizzas, places, pluses, polices, possesses, powerhouses, practices, prances, preferences, presences, presses, pretenses, prices, princes, princesses, processes, produces, professes, progresses, prominences, pronounces, protuberances, provinces, pulses, purses, pusses, racehorses, races, reassurances, recesses, reduces, references, refinances, reflexes, rehearses, reimburses, reinforces, reintroduces, relapses, relaxes, releases, remembrances, reminiscences, reminisces, remittances, renounces, replaces, reproduces, resemblances, residences, resources, responses, reverses, romances, sacrifices, sauces, sciences, sconces, senses, sentences, sequences, sexes, shoelaces, showcases, silences, sixes, skyboxes, slaughterhouses, slices, solstices, sources, spaces, spices, splices, spouses, staircases, stances, statehouses, steakhouses, stresses, substances, successes, suffices, suitcases, sunglasses, suppresses, surpasses, surtaxes, taxes, tolerances, tosses, townhouses, traces, tresses, trusses, typefaces, universes, uses, utterances, variances, vases, verses, versus, vices, voices, waltzes, waxes, workhorses, workplaces, xeroxes, yeses. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-i-r-s-s-u-v" | |
-1 letter: issuer, sieurs, sivers, versus. | |
-2 letters: issue, rises, risus, rives, ruses, sieur, sires, siver, suers, users, viers, vires, virus, vises. | |
-3 letters: ires, reis, revs, rise, rive, rues, ruse, seis, sers, sire, sirs, sris, suer, sues, sure, user, uses, vier, vies, vise. | |
-4 letters: ers, ess, ire, rei, res, rev, rue, sei, ser, sir, sis, sri, sue. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-i-r-s-s-u-v" | |
+1 letter: cursives, revuists, scurvies, stuivers, surveils, survives. | |
+2 letters: overissue, savouries, scurviest, souvenirs, supervise, survivers, universes. | |
+3 letters: discursive, intrusives, overissued, overissues, percussive, persuasive, poxviruses, proviruses, pulverises, reoviruses, revulsions, savouriest, scurviness, servitudes, subserving, subversion, subversive, supervised, supervises, supervisor, superwives, surveyings, universals, virtueless, vitreouses, voyeurisms, vulgarises. | |
+4 letters: arboviruses, cursiveness, echoviruses, furtiveness, herpesvirus, liverwursts, myxoviruses, overinsures, overissuing, overserious, oversudsing, rotaviruses, semiquavers, subdividers, subservient, subversions, subversives, supervising, supervision, supervisors, supervisory, suppressive, survivances, unassertive, vanquishers, variousness, visualizers. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Speeches | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Expressions 11. Translations: Modern 12. Abbreviations | 13. Acronyms 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
