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Definition: Values |
ValuesNoun1. Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); "he has very conservatives values". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "values" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1588. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Tips from 1870 | Usage: Weights, Measures, Values. The names of weights, measures, and values, when considered as wholes, require singular verbs, and when considered as units require verbs in the plural. "There is twenty shillings in my purse," meaning one pound in value. "There are twenty shillings in my purse," meaning twenty separate coins, each being a shilling. "Sixty-three gallons equals a hogshead." "Ten tons of coal are consumed daily." Source: Slips of Speech. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Note: This page combines the content of the two former articles on 'Value Theory' and 'Goodness' which had similar subject matter.A definition of goodness would be valuable because it might allow one to construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction, elaboration or prioritisation. One could answer the ancient question, "How then should we live?"
Philosophers over the ages have worked hard on this question, in parallel with non-philosophers work to reach an answer. It is now (perhaps more than previously) recognised that academic approaches to the question are apparently inconclusive. But people (incorrigibly, some philosophers may say) take the clear view that goodness exists, and they spend a good part of their waking life pursuing it in the form they see as correct, occasionally having their views on goodness amended under the influence of others.
Philosophical approaches are thus separate from the answers which most of us live out in the decisions we make about leading our everyday lives, and what we pursue as good:
This article is about philosophical and academic approaches to a definition of goodness. Chiefly, it considers Western philosophical approaches but other viewpoints will be mentioned where relevant. (Those with an interest in and knowledge e.g. Eastern philosophy are welcome to edit and contribute as they see fit.)
- Goodness, Miss West, what wonderful diamonds!
- Goodness had nothing to do with it, honey!
Sadly, known definitions are meaningless, circular, or long lists of cultural values.
Moral versus other goods
There's an important difference between the words "morally good" as applied to persons and actions , as when we say that Mary's a morally good person and her honesty is good, and "good" in other senses, as when we say that a banana split is good. So what is really worthwhile? What is really desirable? That is the important question which has concerned philosophers and politicians down through the centuries, and they have usually focussed on the sense of "morally good", as applied to persons and actions.
Kant: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives.
Kant's (1724-1804) thinking was influential in Moral Philosophy. He pursued the idea of moral value as a unique and universally identifiable property. He showed that many practical goods are good only in states-of-affairs described by a sentence containing an "if" clause. Further, the "if" clause often described the category in which the judgment was made (Art,science, etc.). Kant described these as "hypothetical goods," and tried to find a "categorical" good that would operate across all categories of judgment.
An influential result of Kant's search was the idea of a good will as being the only good in itself.
He saw a good will as acting in accordance with a moral command, the "Categorical Imperative": "Act according to those maxims that you could will to be universal law." From this, and a few other axioms, Kant developed a moral system that would apply to any "praiseworthy person." (See Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, third section, [446]-[447].)
It's clear that any general definition of goodness must define goods that are categorical in the sense that Kant intended.
Goodness as a property
One problem is that 'goodness' seems not to be definable, and therefore it is sometimes thought not to be a real property of the world.
Attempted definitions of goodness fail in known ways. Definitions generally either describe traits or properties of a real object or set of objects, or divide the concept into other, subsidiary concepts. Both approaches have failed to define goodness. Either the definition provided is circular, or we are left without any substantial or meaningful definition at all.
As a result, philosophers have tried desperate expedients to get some of the value that such a definition would provide.
Problems with definitions using traits or properties:
Most philosophers find that the traits or properties that would justify calling a thing good are different for different categories of judgment. For example, the criteria by which we judge art to be good are different from those by which we judge people to be good. A famous early discussion of this problem is by Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics (at 1096a5).
Many judgments of goodness translate to prices, but this appears to be a summary or effect of judgment, not a cause. For example, a piece of art found in an attic may be sold for the price of a meal. A collector may then recognise it as a lost work of a famous artist, and sell it for more than the price of a house. The price changed because the collector had better judgment than the owner who kept it in an attic.
If goodness were a common trait or property, we should be able to abstract it, but no one has succeeded. Thus goodness is widely believed not to be a property of any natural thing or state of affairs.
Of course, this belief is open to trivial skepticism: Perhaps philosophers just haven't stumbled across the right definition. However, after several thousand years, the prospect is bleak.
One wonders where such an immaterial trait as goodness could reside. An obvious answer is "Inside people." Some philosophers go so far as to say that if some state of affairs does not tend to arouse a desirable subjective state in self-aware beings, then it cannot be good.
Although the elusive definition of external "objective" goodness could be used to construct rational morals and legislation, a subjective definition of goodness could be useful to help one live a good life.
Shortcomings of Subjectivism
In this connection it is useful to discuss relativism, or subjectivism, about intrinsic goods. Values subjectivism states that to answer the question, "What things are intrinsically good?" we need only answer a further question, "Well, what do I, or what does my group, want not merely as a means to something else, but for itself?"
But there are clear problems with this theory. We can be wrong about what is good for us. A clear example is where people derive pleasure from imprisoning and then torturing people. Most people want to say that this practice is criminal, and that the pleasure taken torturing people is not at all valuable or good in any sense. That, in fact, the pleasure is so bad that it is a very great evil .
Intrinsic versus instrumental goodness
A fundamental distinction is between instrumental and intrinsic goodness. This was discussed by Aristotle: an intrinsically good thing, even if it doesn't help you get anything else that's good, is still worth having for itself.
First, some instrumental goods: a hammer, or a radio. So hammers and radios, are instrumentally good.
Some plausible examples of things which are often held to be intrinsically good: the pleasure we get from listening to a great piece of music, or understanding philosophy.
Take understanding: the people who like such subjects as Science and Philosophy will often swear that understanding is something that is worthwhile in itself.
But it's not always an either-or proposition. Some things are both good in themselves, and good for getting other things that are good. They are both intrinsically and instrumentally good, for example understanding.
The important question was: "What sorts of things are good, or valuable?" And now that question can be made more precise. Ultimately we want to know what things are intrinsically valuable. What things are good in themselves?
We all know very well that we have to pursue some instrumentally good things in order to get the intrinsically good things. For example, most people pursue money as merely an instrumentally good thing, so that they can afford what they call "the finer things in life," and those things, like concerts, vacations, and of course a happy family, are supposed to be good in themselves, or intrinsically good. But it's ultimately, in any case, the things we believe to be intrinsically good that we want. So up at the top of the hierarchy of goods that we aim at, there are the intrinsic goods. And the question is: What are they? Which things are intrinsically good?
Pragmatism and Intrinsic goodness
John Dewey (1859-1952) in his book Theory of Valuation saw goodness as the outcome of valuation. Valuation is a continuous balancing of ends in view, i.e. of objectives which we contingently adopt, which we then refine or reject based on their (or their precondition's) consistency with other objectives or means to objectives, held by ourselves or others.
Intrinsic goodness then would only be accepted by him as a transitory property which depends on the situational context, being mainly based on facts about things other than the thing which is judged intrinsically good.
In short his empirical approach did not accept intrinsic value as an inherent or enduring property of things. He saw it as an illusory product of our continuous valuing activity as purposive beings. In his view, all goodness is best understood as instrumental, with no contrasting intrinsic goodness.
Hedonism
Epicurus made the first known attempt to define goodness as subjective pleasure, and its opposite as pain. This is called Hedonism. (See Lives of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius)
However, simple hedonism is rejected even by most hedonists because there seem to be pleasures that are bad (e.g. eating too much) and pains that are good (e.g. going to the dentist).
There are other problems with identifying goodness as pleasure. It's strange to say that carrying out one's duty (which is obviously good) has anything to do with pleasure. Also, the sense of achievement following completion of one's work is rarely considered pleasure, although it is clearly good to finish one's work.
Aristotle even distinguished genuine happiness from amusement, and virtuous from base pleasures. This makes some sense because useful work (like the Wikipedia) is seen as better than mere amusement (such as a chat room).
The usual fix of Hedonism is to consider consequences, as well as pleasure and pain. For example. going to a dentist has a small amount of pain now, but avoids a great deal more later. However, even consequentialism is strained when considering duty.
Happiness or pleasure can often be recognized, which solves many problems for Hedonism. But there are more problems with Hedonism. No known definitions of happiness or pleasure have met objections similar to those of a definition of goodness: The situations producing the happiness or pleasure are different in different categories of action.
Furthermore, the conditions and consequences of pleasure, or pain, can seem to be either good or bad, and thus undermine our judgement about that pleasure or pain.
Neither happiness nor pleasure has been conceptually divided (analyzed) in a way that permits deductive choices of real-world alternatives.
So consider that the only intrinsically good things in the world are good pleasures. But then aren't we giving a circular account of "good" -- if we are saying that the good things are good pleasures, then we're using the word "good" to define itself.
Alternatively, we try to find out which pleasures will result in the most other pleasures. Then we call those pleasures "intrinsically good," and only then do we say: "the only instrinsically good things in the world are good pleasures." That allows us to get around the circularity problem.
But this is flawed. Imagine a nation of sadists. The public torture of one person in such a nation may produce more pleasure than any other event, since everyone's basic (not to say base) urges would be satisfied vicariously. But of course such an action would not be good.
So pleasure seems a poor candidate as a criteria of goodness.
Non-cognitivism
Some philosophers, in the face of apparently intransigent undefinability or circularity, pursued the line that goodness was a special property which was not empirically verifiable, like 'redness' or 'circular'.
For example, G.E. Moore blamed this circularity on what he called "The Naturalistic Fallacy". He believed that people had a sort of nonphysical intuition that could sense goodness, which was then falsely projected onto things and fallaciously treated as a natural property. Few people believe in this intuitionism, but the term has stuck because goodness is so widely thought nonphysical, or no physical basis can be found for it.
Others described a theory called Emotivism, simplistically referred to as the 'Boo-Hurray' theory of morality. It was thought by emotivists that to call something wrong, or good, was either to express a feeling of disapproval or approval, or to simply state that one disapproved or approved.
Emotivism did not bear up well as an explanation of goodness. For example, people's emotions vary according to situation, person or circumstance. But goodness is usually conceived as being constant across all situations. Also torture, for example does not become good because it is approved: and public disapproval does not always mean that an action is wrong. Therefore emotions are an inconsistent and inaccurate, guide to goodness.
Circularity in the analysis of 'goodness'
The other form of definitions of goodness is to try to divide the concept of goodness into smaller, more understandable concepts.
It has been thought that if some conception of goodness were divided, or causally regressed far enough, the process would eventually come to a logical stopping place, an "ultimate good." However all known forms of such regressions appear to be either circular, or open to skepticism.
Attempts to translate, divide or causally regress the concept of goodness usually fail in a particular way. Every such attempt seems to end up with one or more subconcepts prefixed with the word "good" or related words like "pleasure," "dutiful," "praiseworthy", or "virtuous." Such definitions appear to be circular, and therefore are believed invalid.
The circularity of causal regression hits scientific definitions of goodness especially hard, because it seems to indicate that science cannot study goodness. Some philosophers have gone so far as to say that science can only study "what is", not "what should be." They claim that there is an unsurmountable gap between facts and values, the "fact -value distinction"
The clearest proponent of this viewpoint was David Hume in A Treatise Concerning Human Understanding, who famously said that there is no logical way to move from statements about facts to statements about what ought to be. It is not illogical for a person to prefer the destruction of the world rather than suffer a small injury to their finger.
The evasiveness of a definition of 'goodness'.
Many philosophers tried to end the regressions by applying an auxiliary evaluation that helps the general regression to a stopping place. This auxiliary evaluation is often open to skepticism.
For example, Aristotle considered "The supreme element of happiness" to be theoretical study, because it "ruled all others." (Nicomachean Ethics, 1177a15) In this case, supremity was the auxiliary evaluation that could be doubted.
He also supported the ancient Greek view which said that it was not happiness , which is a mental state over time, which is intrinsically good -- it is, instead, something like happiness, but eudaimonia, for which there is no word in English, except perhaps the word "flourishing" or "well-being." Eudaimonia is more than simply happiness; it is a happy life that is well -lived .
Happiness is a subjective state. Eudaimonia is an objective state; literally, it means something like "having a good spirit." Thus this line of argument ends in circularity also.
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) appproached the problem by asserting that everything sensed was an effect, with an earlier cause. Each immediate (proximal) cause was less diluted in goodness, and therefore, the first cause would have to be perfectly good. In this case, the concept of dilution might be doubted as an inaccurate metaphor, or that the dilution necessarily scales back to perfection (maybe the first cause was very good, instead of perfect). One might also doubt that the causal regression ends: It might be circular, for instance.
Another improvement is to distinguish contributory goods. These have the same qualities as the good thing, but need some emergent property of a whole state-of-affairs in order to be good. For example salt is food, but is usually good only as part of a prepared meal. Other exampless come from music and language.
Most philosophers that think goods have to create desirable mental states also say that goods are experiences of self-aware beings. These philosophers often distinguish the experience, which thay call an intrinsic good, from the things that seem to cause the experience, which they call "inherent" goods.
Collectivism versus Individualism: Contributory Goods
We may want to go beyond eudamonia by saying that an individual person's flourishing is valuable only as a means to the flourishing of society as a whole. In other words, a single person's life is, ultimately, not important or worthwhile in itself, but is good only as a means to the success of society as a whole.
Some elements of Confucianism are an example of this, encouraging the view that people ought to conform as individuals to the demands of a peaceful and ordered society.
So the question at issue now is: Is an individual's life intrinsically good, or is it merely instrumentally good? Is an individual's life, well-lived, something that is desirable for its own sake, or is it desirable, ultimately, only as a means to having a happy society?
We can use the terms "values individualism" and "values collectivism" to mark the dispute. Here are some definitions:
Values individualism is the view that only individual lives (or their eudaimonia ) are intrinsically valuable; and so they are valuable not merely as a means to the flourishing of society.
Values collectivism is the view that individual lives (or their eudaimonia) are only instrumentally valuable, i.e., good only as a means to, or as an outcome of the flourishing of society; the flourishing of society (whatever this might be) is the only intrinsically good thing.
We are then faced with the problem of how to choose, and on what basis, between values collectivism and values individualism.
Radical values environmentalism: transcendental value
For the sake of completeness, there is a view beyond the collective/indiviualist duality, held by some environmentalists. They feel that it's not merely the flourishing of society that is the only intrinsically good thing. It's the flourishing of all sentient life . Or perhaps all life, period.
Radical values environmentalism is the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a flourishing ecosystem; individuals and societies are merely instrumentally valuable, good only as means to having a flourishing ecosystem.
This is reminiscent of the philosophy of Hegel(1770-1831). Hegel rejected individualism as expressed for example in both the American and the French revolutions. Individualism, he felt, runs directly contrary to the nature of humanity and reality, since the individual has value and reality only as a part of a greater and unified whole.
Another similar viewpoint is that of Taoism, the ancient Chinese philosophy which advocated quietism and conformity to the Way, or Tao: "The Tao is the natural order of things. It is a force that flows through every living or sentient object, as well as through the entire universe".-Wikipedia
This sort of holism seems an odd point of view: in our experience goodness, or value exists within an ecosystem, Earth. What kind of being could validly apply the word to an ecosystem as a whole? Who would have the power to assess and judge an ecosystem as good or bad? By what criteria? Perhaps this view could be grounded in a Hegelian Absolute Mind, or in the concept of God, but these concepts are not accepted as providing an elucidation of everyday examples of goodness.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that many people get support in accepting the fact that God created the world, and therefore that it has a purpose and value which lies beyond our understanding.
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham's book The Principles of Morals and Legislation prioritized goods by considering pleasure, pain and consequences. This theory had a wide effect on public affairs, up to and including the present day. A similar system was later named Utilitarianism by John Mill.Utilitarianism succeeds in many cases. However Utilitarianism has some questionable implications.
For example, it considers all goods as interchangeable. If feeding a starving child would cause the child to feel sick, and not permanently improve his situation, a Utilitarian would prefer to spend the money on a car for a rich man.
Unhappily, the utilitarian argument to permit abortions is of the same form as this questionable type, though with changed quantities. To see this, substitute "unconscious fetus, destined for loveless poverty" for "starving, hopeless child" and "improved woman's income" for "rich man's watch."
To a humanist, who values human life above all else, the form of the judgment remains invalid, while a utilitarian might agree with the statement, based on the changed magnitudes of value.
In another widely questioned set of judgments, Utilitarians weigh the pleasures and pains of men and animals in the same scale. (See PETA, an animal rights organization based firmly on Utilitarian ideals.)
John Rawls' book A Theory of Justice prioritized social arrangements and goods based on their contribution to justice. Rawls defined justice as fairness, especially in distributing social goods, defined fairness in terms of procedures, and attempted to prove that just institutions and lives are good, if rational individuals' goods are considered fairly.
Rawls' crucial invention was "the original position," a procedure in which one tries to make objective moral decisions by refusing to let personal facts about oneself enter one's moral calculations.
A problem with both Kant's and Rawls' approach is that goodness appears to be both prior to and essential to fairness, and different for different beings. Procedurally fair processes of the type used by Kant and Rawls may reduce the totality of goodness, and thereby be unfair.
For example, if two people are found to own an orange, the standard fair procedure is to cut it in two, and give half to each. However, if one wants to eat it, while the other wants the rind to flavor a cake, cutting it in two is clearly less good than giving the peel to the baker, and feeding the meat to the eater.
Many people judge that if both procedures are known, using the first procedurally-fair procedure to mediate between a baker and an eater is unfair because it is not as good.
Applying procedural fairness to an entire society therefore seems certain to create recognizable inefficiencies, and therefore be unfair, and (by the equivalence of justice with fairness) unjust.
This strikes at the very foundation of Kantian ethics, because it shows that hypothetical goods can be better than categorical goods, and therefore be more desirable, and even more just.
Summary: Values pluralism and the grading of values.
Notice that there is a succession of things which can be considered as the kind of thing which is intrinsically good: from particular events of pleasure, to an individual's happiness, to an individual's eudaimonia , to the flourishing of a society, to the flourishing of an entire ecosystem. So it can be seen that there is a rather difficult problem about the scope of the theory of value. Where do you stop, in this succession of items, in your account of what is valuable for its own sake?
If you say that an individual pleasure is valuable for its own sake, then why don't you say that an individual's entire happiness is valuable for its own sake? And so forth: and on reaching the end of this sequence, we find ourselves valuing ecosystems which is itself an activity which seems metaphysical, inexplicable.
As a values pluralist, you might say: every item in this succession of items is intrinsically good. The goodness of a particular experience, of an individual's whole life, of society, and of an ecosystem, are all worth having for their own sake, and not merely as a means to something else. So as a values pluralist you would say: I don't have to decide which of these things is intrinsically good, because they are all intrinsically good.
That position does not seem to hold up to careful scrutiny. Sometimes we have a choice , for example, to sacrifice our own pleasure, or happiness, or even our own lives, for the sake of many other people. In these cases two things are weighed: your own individual happiness, and the more general happiness of a lot of other people. And if you conclude that you should sacrifice your own happiness, in one of these ways, what does that amount to?
It could say that your own life is worthwhile in and of itself, and that it is also worthwhile as a means to the happiness of others. Remember, the same thing can be both instrumentally and intrinsically good: understanding, or knowledge, is one possible example. It is clear that a human life might be another, and in that way we might want to defend values pluralism. Two different things, your life and the good of society, can both be intrinsically good, even though you might sacrifice the first for the second. There's no contradiction in saying that.
Indeed, existentialism faces this dilemma in an egregious way: since being precedes essence, then our choices are paramount in setting our values. It makes little sense to evaluate one action over another: if they are real choices then they are expressions of our being, and of our ultimate freedom. Jean Paul Sartre faced the famous difficulty of being unable to decide whether it was better to stay at home to care for his elderly mother, or to go to war in the defence of his country.
We are left with an unresolved issue: the issue of the relative importance of intrinsic values. If these things are to be ranked in order of importance, how would the ranking go? So a person could be a values pluralist and still be an individualist, or a collectivist, or a radical environmentalist. It would just have to be said that the most important thing, the most valuable thing, is my own flourishing; or, instead, the flourishing of society; or, perhaps, the flourishing of the environment.
But this leaves us back at the start of the argument: on what basis do we, should we, choose in cases of conflict? Why is one thing better than another? Why is anything good?
Conclusion
After all this, we can see why the notion or thing called 'goodness' has a claim on being the most important, yet the most puzzling area of philosophy.
So much in our day to day life involves apparent value judgements: crucial life decisions we make, the habits we develop and transmit to our children, our deepest political convictions.
Academic philosophy seems to provide no objective criteria or decision process to help us in our decision making or reflections on these matters.
Hypothetical imperatives can outweigh Categorical imperatives, as we have seen, and intrinsic goods can be outweighed by instrumental goods. For each proposed ideal candidate for being called good, we seem able to envisage a situation where that candidate is judged bad.
Further, the prospect of the quest being successful, that goodness could finally be analysed, satisfactorily defined and universally agreed is unsettling in some ways. Perhaps the definition could be used in a totalitarian way, perhaps the world would lose some of its plurality, there may be a loss of diversity in society and in ways of life. So we are left with the paradoxical situation that ultimate, incontrovertible knowledge of what is good may not itself seem good or desirable.
Perhaps the only certainty we can have from looking at the investigations of philosopers over the centuries is that:
These conclusions may in the long run be more likely to give us some practical guidance in a world of multiple choice and of bewildering pluralism.
- What is good cannot be defined in abstraction from situations and our experience of them, academic approaches have so far proved infertile.
- There seems to be no enduring thing which can be said to be absolutely good in itself.
- Perhaps an inductive, empirical based investigation of goodness as the outcome of situations of valuation activity would be a more productive approach.
See also: Meta-ethics, Descriptive ethics , Inductive reasoning
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Goodness and value theory."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Moral codes are often complex statements of right and wrong. Although some people might think that the moral code is simple, rarely is anything simple about one's morals or ethics or for that matter judgment of other morals. The difficulty lies in the fact that morales are often part of a religion and more often then not about culture codes.A common version of a moral code is a legal code which states the penalties or corrective actions associated with any particular act (note that many of the legal codes are built on a foundaton of religion).
In some cultures, the relationship between moral and legal codes are often absolute - they're one and the same. Moral codes help drive personal conduct.
Examples of moral codes include the golden rule; the noble eightfold path of Buddhism; the ten commandments of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; and the ten Indian commandments.
A related and more advanced (some say more corrupt) concept is an ethical code, which establishes tradeoffs and rationale for making decisions for the great good. Some of these resemble a moral code, most are less strict and make no special claim to actually distinguish 'right' from 'wrong' in any absolute sense. The ethical code is concerned with weighing all the negative and positive results of an action, and making a decision based upon the great good for a greater number.
Another related concept is the moral core which is assumed to be innate in each individual, to those who accept that differences between individuals are more important than Creators or their rules. This in some religious systems, (e.g. Taoism and Gnosticism) is assumed to be the basis of all aesthetics and thus moral choice. Moral codes as such are therefore seen as coercive — part of human politics.
See also: applied ethics.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Moral code."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:ValueEconomically speaking, the value of an object or service is the price it would bring in a fair, open market; the item's "buying power".
Intrinsic value is value which is inherent in an object: A one-ounce gold coin has intrinsic value because of the gold it contains. Even if its issuing authority (such as a government) were to fail to honor the coin's value, it would retain its intrinsic value.
Extrinsic value is value which arises because of an agreement: Although the intrinsic value of a €100 note is not much more than the value of any similar piece of paper with a pretty picture on it, it has a practical value (an extrinsic value) of €100. If its issuing authority were to fail to honor the note's value, it would soon become nearly worthless. This happened recently with the Argentinian peso.
See also: value (computer science)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Value."
Crosswords: Values |
| Specialty definitions using "values": comma separated values, contributory values ♦ default format values, design values ♦ extreme values ♦ for values of, frequent values ♦ mth values ♦ planning values of the reference equivalents ♦ sort on date values, span between extreme values ♦ tied values ♦ values margin. (references) |
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Screenplays | Somewhere along the line, your values took a tumble (Vengeance Unlimited; writing credit: Andrew Davies; William Makepeace Thackeray) From this distance, The production values look remarkably cheap (Ed, Edd n' Eddy; writing credit: Jan Dirchsen; Mikkel Dyrting) They worship strength, because it is strength that makes all other values possible (Enter the Dragon; writing credit: Michael Allin) After you've worked with a man a certain length of time, you come to know his habits, his values - you come to know him - and either he's the kind who chases after women or he isn't (Chinatown; writing credit: Robert Towne) You have no sense of values beyond your ow survival (Battlestar Galactica; writing credit: Souleymane Cissé) | |
Movie/TV Titles | A Question of Values (1971) Mixed Values (1915) Family Values (2002) Values (2000) Relative Values (2000) | |
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 | Table showing sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of serological tests for antibody to A antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis in early convalescent phase sera. Credit: CDC. |  | Beach erosion studies As property values increased, beach erosion studies became important Raymond Stanton Patton, Director of C&GS 1929-1938, was a pioneer in this field. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Figure 59. Nansen microscope for precise reading of thermometers. This instrument was designed by Fridtjof Nansen to facilitate the reading of thermometer scales and to better be able to estimate values between graduations of the scale and also to better remove parallax errors. This instrument was designed about 1910 and constructed by the German Ernst Leitz. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | NRCS walks with the landowners on their family farm in Peoria County, Illinois. Many conservation practices have been installed on the farm which is used to teach local students and residents the values of the agriculture and the benefits it offers wildli. Credit: Bob Nichols. |
 | The moral majority Family values Right to life. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Relative news values. Credit: Library of Congress. |
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| "Teen series - family values 1" by Bobbie Osborne Commentary: "Upload Date: 2003-08-26 Model releases available." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
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Claiborne Johnson | The real values of life are solid and unshakable. A financial crisis can rob us of all that we have; but it cannot affect what we are. |
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | If we are to go forward, we must go back and rediscover those precious values -- that all reality hinges on moral foundations and that all reality has spiritual control. |
Dwight David Eisenhower | A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both. |
John Kenneth Galbraith | The conspicuously wealthy turn up urging the character building values of the privation of the poor. |
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Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment. (reference) |
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Tangled Tale | Carroll, Lewis | And we require the values of x+y+z, and of 2x+3y+5z |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | The greatest gains and values are farthest from being appreciated |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The values mentioned below are ones that panel members perceived as warranting operation. (references) | |
No "normal" or "average" range of values can be suggested in a fashion that is meaningful. (references) | ||
Your diet will probably change as your medicines, blood values, weight, and blood pressure change. (references) | ||
Business | All calculations are based on FOB - US$ currency and constant values. (references) | |
Contracts that are below the threshold values are also formally announced. (references) | ||
Percentages of contained nutrients to Korean nutrient reference values should be also indicated. (references) | ||
Children | Korea | Social norms reflect traditional, family-centered values in which children are cherished. (references) |
Brunei | The strong commitment to family values within society, the high standard of living, and government funding for children's welfare provides most children a healthy and nurturing environment. (references) | |
Lithuania | The prevalence of authoritarian values in family upbringing discouraged more active measures against child abuse; however, the press reported increases in cruelty to children, including sexual abuse, intentional starvation, beatings, and killings. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | India | The RSS espouses a return to Hindu values and cultural norms. (references) |
Maldives | There are no legal prohibitions on the import of foreign publications except for those containing pornography or material otherwise deemed objectionable to Islamic values. (references) | |
Lebanon | A group that seeks official recognition must submit its dogma and moral principles for government review to ensure that such principles do not contradict popular values and the Constitution. (references) | |
Economic History | Belgium | Values in E are in thousands of travelers. (references) |
Singapore | Data are converted from S$ values to US$ terms. (references) | |
Belgium | The above market values A-D are in millions of U.S. dollars. (references) | |
Indigenous People | New Zealand | The Government addressed the problem of recidivism among Maori through Maori focus units, which integrate Maori values into the prison rehabilitation program. (references) |
New Zealand | Government policy recognizes a special role for indigenous people and their traditional values and customs, including cultural and environmental issues that have an effect on commercial development. (references) | |
Minorities | Fiji | Ethnic Fijians' traditional beliefs, cultural values, and self-identity are tied to the land. (references) |
Political Economy | Ireland | The two countries share the same language and similar values. (references) |
Maldives | There is a strong commitment to maintaining traditional values. (references) | |
Samoa | Those who do not conform to accepted societal values may face pressure, threats, violence, and banishment. (references) | |
Political Rights | Afghanistan | Until the Taliban's fall from power, discontent with the Taliban's strictures and its rural southern Pashtun values was strong in Kabul and in non-Pashtun cities in the north. (references) |
Trade | Dominican Rep | Export values are reported in US dollars. (references) |
Spain | Spanish customs values shipments at C.I.F. prices. (references) | |
Travel | Costa Rica | Average rental values for a 3-4-bedroom home with U.S. type amenities range from $3500-$5000 per month. (references) |
Ecuador | U.S. currency became legal tender in Ecuador in 2000, although Ecuadorian coins have been minted in values equal to American coins and are concurrently in circulation. (references) | |
Belgium | The country is blessed with an intense and varied cultural life and is highly regarded for its acceptance of foreign goods and persons, and its overall life style and family-oriented values system. (references) | |
Women | Bahrain | However, other women desire a return to more traditional values and support calls for a return to traditional Islamic patterns of social behavior. (references) |
Palau | Since 1993 local women's groups have organized an annual women's conference that focuses on women's and children's issues, including health, education, drug abuse, prostitution, and traditional customs and values. (references) | |
Libya | However, employment gains by women tend to be inhibited by lingering traditional restrictions that discourage women from playing an active role in the workplace and by the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalist values. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Japan | Both societal values and the rigorous enforcement of the Labor Standards Law protect children from exploitation in the workplace. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ART, n. This word has no definition. Its origin is related as follows by the ingenious Father Gassalasca Jape, S.J. One day a wag -- what would the wretch be at? -- Shifted a letter of the cipher RAT, And said it was a god's name! Straight arose Fantastic priests and postulants (with shows, And mysteries, and mummeries, and hymns, And disputations dire that lamed their limbs) To serve his temple and maintain the fires, Expound the law, manipulate the wires. Amazed, the populace that rites attend, Believe whate'er they cannot comprehend, And, inly edified to learn that two Half-hairs joined so and so (as Art can do) Have sweeter values and a grace more fit Than Nature's hairs that never have been split, Bring cates and wines for sacrificial feasts, And sell their garments to support the priests. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Al Hunt | We're skipping around a little bit, Mr. Chairman, but let me ask you this. There is always a trade-off between promoting American ideals and values around the world and necessity. |
Caroline Kennedy | I did some of the contacting of them. I wrote them all. And one of the great things for me, I think, having grown up in a family that really values writing and words is the way that the writers responded to being involved in this project. |
Dennis Miller | Sure, we pay lip service to cooperation and altruism, but in the real world, those values are ignored like crunchy peanut butter at a nursing home. |
Rush Limbaugh | It's a fact of life that when something is given to someone, he values it far less than when he earns it through his own sweat. |
Sarah Ferguson | Is out there with her people and upholding the values of integrity and upholding the values of hard work and giving up her whole life for here country and for really believing the tradition of history. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Since VJ-day the wartime housing shortage has been growing steadily worse and pressure on real estate values has increased. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | This is a time of challenge to our interests and our values and it's a time that tests our wisdom and our skills. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Tonight America is stronger because of the values that we hold dear. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | We've got to take the time after a busy day to sit down and read with our kids, help them with their homework, pass along the values we had as children. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Middle class values sustain us. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Values" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 99.06% of the time. "Values" is used about 7,196 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 99.06% | 7,128 | 1,360 |
| Lexical Verb (-s form) | 0.89% | 64 | 42,009 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.06% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 7,196 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| United Kingdom | Fidelity Asian Values Plc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "values": comma separated values ♦ contributory values ♦ default format values ♦ design values ♦ digital values ♦ extreme values ♦ family values ♦ for values of ♦ frequent values ♦ future values ♦ guide values ♦ mean values ♦ moral values ♦ mth values ♦ planning values of the reference equivalents ♦ Reference Values ♦ social values ♦ sort on date values ♦ span between extreme values ♦ Threshold Limit Values ♦ tied values ♦ transformation of data values ♦ values at risk ♦ values margin ♦ work values. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "values": values-added, values-based, values-system. | |
Ending with "values": b-values, E-values, note-values, rm-values, r-values, truth-values, use-values. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
boat values | 1,212 | beanie baby values | 110 |
blue book values | 1,107 | midwestern values | 108 |
coin values | 890 | blue book auto values | 102 |
blue book car values | 403 | motorcycle values | 98 |
property values | 364 | stamp values | 93 |
values | 358 | coalition traditional values | 93 |
gun values | 340 | truck values | 89 |
baseball card values | 337 | blue book gun values | 88 |
comic book values | 275 | blue book values for boat | 88 |
house values | 269 | core values | 87 |
used boat values | 257 | vehicle values | 86 |
real estate values | 235 | lab values | 81 |
family values | 216 | personal values | 75 |
blue book used car values | 201 | pokemon card values | 75 |
classic car values | 199 | old coin values | 74 |
automobile values | 162 | automobile blue book values | 72 |
auto values | 148 | antique car values | 71 |
nutritional values | 133 | food nutritional values | 67 |
mobile home values | 116 | used truck values | 67 |
rv values | 115 | food values | 64 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "values"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Bulgarian | ценности (riches, valuables), достойнства. (various references) | |
Chinese | 价值 (value, Worth). (various references) | |
Czech | zásady (principles). (various references) | |
Danish | varer,der skal repareres eller er repareret,med deres fulde værdi (or have been, repaired, total values of the goods which are due to be), vaerdier for de forskellige koefficienter og parametre, som skal anvendes for de vigtigste radionuklider, afhaenger af kontaminationsarten og de forskellige oekologiske faktorer, der spiller ind i overfoerings/transport processen (depending on the type of contamination and the different factors which come into play in relation to the transfer process, values of the various coefficients and parameters to be applied in respect of the principal radionuclides), vaerdier der indgaar i groshavari (contributory values), værdiområde (domain, range, span between extreme values, values margin), værdier,der direkte eller indirekte udtrykkes i monetære enheder (values expressed directly or indirectly in monetary units), vejledende værdier (guide values), designværdier (design values), kursliste (list of prices, list of quotations, posted values), kronologisk sortering (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), hyppige værdier (frequent values), hoeje krybestyrke-vaerdier ved middellange tider kombineret med en hoej kaervfoelsomhed (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), erstatning af bly i benzin med benzen-aromater goer det muligt at opnaa motor-octan-tal paa 84-91 (replacement of lead in petrol by benzene aromatics, which make it possible to achieve motor octane values /numbers/ of 84 to 91), En gennemsnitsvaerdi er saa meget des mere betydende,som de individuelle vaerdier,den sigter mod at karakterisere,ligger taet op ad den. (Any average value is more significant if the individual values it represents are close to it.), ekstremværdier (extreme values), middelværdier (mean values), digitale vaerdier (digital values), oprindelig emission opsplittet i stykker med faste pålydende værdier (original issue broken down into pieces with fixed nominal values), de ud fra ionkammer-målingerne beregnede værdier stemte rimeligt godt overens med dem der blev opnået med den landsomme,i handelen værende film (there was reasonably good agreement between values calculated from ion chamber measurements and those obtained on the slow commercial film), bundne værdier (tied values), beregnede værdier (design values), begyndelsestilnærmelser til egenværdierne (initial approximations to the eigen values), at opgøre lageret ved periodens begyndelse og slutning i periodens gennemsnitspriser (to take the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks measured at the average prices for the period), dimensioneringsværdier (design values), samfundets fastslåede værdinormer (conventional social values, prevailing system of values), transformation af dataværdier (transformation, transformation of data values), transformation (transformation), standardformat (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), standardegenskaber (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), stabile men justerbare paritetsværdier (stable but adjustable par values), sortering efter datotal (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), m'te værdier (mth values), sammenkoblede valutaer (paired values), momentan taleintensitet (momentary speech values), RST høj (high level RST, reset of a relay contact intended for use with high values of voltage), risikobelagte værdier (values at risk), referenceaekvivalenters dimensioneringsvaerdier (planning values of the reference equivalents), prisliste (posted values), priser eller værdier,der er beregnede eller tilnærmede (prices or values which are reconstructed from accounting elements), mutabilitet (mutability, the susceptibility of a characteristic to assume different qualitative values), arbejdets kvalitative værdi (work values), sortering efter dato (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates). (various references) | |
Dutch | digitale waarden (digital values), algemene methode voor het vaststellen van het geluidsniveau (unified procedure to assess noise emission values), gevaarsobjecten (values at risk), gemiddelden (mean values), extremen (extreme values), extreme waarden (extreme values), eenvormige procedure voor meting van het geluidsniveau (unified procedure to assess noise emission values), Een gemiddelde waarde heeft een grotere significantie indien de individuele waarden die erin tot uitdrukking komen rond deze gemiddelde waarde zijn gegroepeerd. (Any average value is more significant if the individual values it represents are close to it.), grote kruipsterkte bij beproeving van middellange duur, gepaard gaande met grote kerfgevoeligheid (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), DMV (Decision on Texts Relating to Minimum Values and Imports by Sole Agents, Sole Distributors and Sole Concessionaires), heersend waardesysteem (conventional social values, prevailing system of values), de waarde van de voorraden bij het begin en aan het einde van de beschouwde periode vast te stellen op grond van de gemiddelde prijzen van deze periode (to take the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks measured at the average prices for the period), de met het ionisatievat verrichte metingen stemden redelijk overeen met de met behulp van de langzame in de handel verkrijgbare films bepaalde waarden (there was reasonably good agreement between values calculated from ion chamber measurements and those obtained on the slow commercial film), chronologisch sorteren (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), BMW (Decision on Texts Relating to Minimum Values and Imports by Sole Agents, Sole Distributors and Sole Concessionaires), bijdragende waarden (contributory values), Besluit betreffende de teksten in verband met de minimumwaarden en de invoer door exclusieve agenten,exclusieve distributeurs en exclusieve concessiehouders (Decision on Texts Relating to Minimum Values and Imports by Sole Agents, Sole Distributors and Sole Concessionaires), arbeidswaarden (work values), dragende waarden (contributory values), planningswaarden van de referentie-equivalenten (planning values of the reference equivalents), uiterste waarden (extreme values), transformatie (transformation), standaardweergavevorm (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), standaardopmaak (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), samenvallende waarden (tied values), RST,hoog (high level RST, reset of a relay contact intended for use with high values of voltage), richtwaarden (guide values), goederen die gerepareerd moeten worden of gerepareerd zijn (or have been, repaired, total values of the goods which are due to be), prijzen of waarden die aan de hand van boekhoudkundige elementen zijn gereconstrueerd (prices or values which are reconstructed from accounting elements), waarden van de verschillende coëfficienten en parameters, die voor de voornaamste radionucliden moeten worden toegepast, al naar gelang de besmettingswijze en de verschillende ecologische factoren, die bij de overdracht een rol spelen (depending on the type of contamination and the different factors which come into play in relation to the transfer process, values of the various coefficients and parameters to be applied in respect of the principal radionuclides), oorspronkelijke emissie gesplitst in stukken met vaste nominale waarde (original issue broken down into pieces with fixed nominal values), mutability (mutability, the susceptibility of a characteristic to assume different qualitative values), momentane spraakintensiteit (momentary speech values), lood in benzine vervangen door benzeenaromaten, opdat motor-octaan-getallen van 84 tot 91 bereikt kunnen worden (replacement of lead in petrol by benzene aromatics, which make it possible to achieve motor octane values /numbers/ of 84 to 91), interval van waarden (span between extreme values, values margin), initiële benaderingen tot de eigenwaarden (initial approximations to the eigen values), resultaat van deze berekening is de activiteitswaarde van de maximaal toegestane lichaamsbelading voor de verschillende radionucliden (this calculation yielded the values for the recommended limits ( maximum permissible levels ) of body burden in respect of different radionuclides). (various references) | |
Finnish | vertausekvivalenttien suunnitteluarvot (planning values of the reference equivalents), vakuutettava omaisuus (values at risk), vakioasetukset (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), virumislujuus (an upper bainitic structural arrangement gives optimum creep strength and ductility properties, high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), loviherkkyys (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), alkuperäinen emissio pilkotaan "osuuksiin",joilla on kiinteä nimellisarvo (original issue broken down into "pieces" with fixed nominal values), arvomaailma (set of values), arvomarginaali (span between extreme values, values margin), keskipitkä aikaväli (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), korkean tason resetointi (high level RST, reset of a relay contact intended for use with high values of voltage), kronologinen lajittelu (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), ääriarvot (extreme values), laskenta-arvo (design values), muunnos (modification, variety, version), oletusarvot (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), ominaisarvojen alkuperäiset likiarvot (initial approximations to the eigen values), työarvot (work values), kvalitatiivinen muuttuja (mutability, the susceptibility of a characteristic to assume different qualitative values). (various references) | |
French | valeurs. (various references) | |
German | Werte (results, worthes). (various references) | |
Greek | τιμές σε ζεύγη (paired values), Ψηφιακές τιμές (digital values), αξίες σε ζεύγη (paired values), αξίες που εκφράζονται άμεσα ή έμμεσα σε νομισματικές μονάδες (values expressed directly or indirectly in monetary units), αξίες της εργασίας (work values), αξία περιουσιακών στοιχείων προς ασφάλιση (values at risk), αναγγελθείσες τιμές (posted values), αντικατάσταση του μολύβδου της βενζίνης με αρωματικές ενώσεις βενζολίου επιτυγχάνει αριθμό οκτανίων από 84 έως 91 (replacement of lead in petrol by benzene aromatics, which make it possible to achieve motor octane values /numbers/ of 84 to 91), αρχική προσέγγιση των ιδιοτιμών (initial approximations to the eigen values), ατομικό όφελος (Any average value is more significant if the individual values it represents are close to it.), ακρότατες τιμές (extreme values), τιμές μελέτης αναφορικών ισοδυνάμων (planning values of the reference equivalents), τιμές ή αξίες που προκύπτουν από λογιστικά στοιχεία (prices or values which are reconstructed from accounting elements), τιμές των διαφόρων συντελεστών και παραμέτρων που χρησιμοποιούνται για τα κύρια ραδιονουκλεϊδια,ανάλογα με το είδος της μόλυνσης και τους (depending on the type of contamination and the different factors which come into play in relation to the transfer process, values of the various coefficients and parameters to be applied in respect of the principal radionuclides), τιμές διαστασιολόγησης (design values), τιμοκατάλογος (menu), τακτικές τιμές (frequent values), ταξινόμηση κατά χρονολογική σειρά (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), αποτίμηση της διαφοράς μεταξύ των αξιών των αποθεμάτων έναρξης και λήξης αποτιμημένων στις μέσες τιμές της περιόδου (to take the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks measured at the average prices for the period), πρότυπα ιδιοχαρακτηριστικά (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), κατεστημένες κοινωνικές αξίες (conventional social values, prevailing system of values), συνεισφέρουσες αξίες στην οικονομική ρύθμιση της γενικής αβαρίας (contributory values), συχνές τιμές (frequent values), στιγμιαίες τιμές ομιλίας (momentary speech values), σταθερές αλλά προσαρμοζόμενες ισοτιμίες (stable but adjustable par values), μέσες τιμές (mean values), μελλοντικέσ αξίεσ (future values), αγαθά που προορίζονται για επισκευή ή έχουν επισκευαστεί (or have been, repaired, total values of the goods which are due to be), m-οστές τιμές (mth values), προτεθειμένες τιμές (preset values), πεδίο τιμών (domain, span between extreme values, values margin), υψηλή αντίσταση ερπυσμού,με διατήρηση υπό φόρτιση μέσης διάρκειας,που συνδυάζεται με υψηλή ευαισθησία στην επίδραση εγκοπής (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), η αρχική έκδοση επιμερίζεται σε "τεμάχια" με σταθερές ονομαστικές αξίες [1] (original issue broken down into "pieces" with fixed nominal values), ενιαία διαδικασία αξιολόγησης των τιμών εκπομπής θορύβου (unified procedure to assess noise emission values), ενδεικτικές τιμές (guide values), Υπήρχε λογικά καλή σύμπτωση μεταξύ των τιμών που υπολογίστηκαν με με-τρήσεις με θαλάμους ιονισμού και αυτών που έγιναν με αργό εμπορικό φι (there was reasonably good agreement between values calculated from ion chamber measurements and those obtained on the slow commercial film), μεταβλητότητα (alterability, variability). (various references) | |
Hungarian | szellemi értékrend, erkölcsi értékrend, értékrend. (various references) | |
Indonesian | nilai hidup (the worth of life, values of life). (various references) | |
Italian | valori del lavoro (work values), valutare le scorte di inizion e di fine periodo ai prezzi medi del periodo (to take the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks measured at the average prices for the period), valori dei vari coefficienti e parametri da impiegare per i principali radionuclidi in funzione del tipo di contaminazione e dei vari fattori ecologici che intervengono nel trasferimento (depending on the type of contamination and the different factors which come into play in relation to the transfer process, values of the various coefficients and parameters to be applied in respect of the principal radionuclides), valori emmesimi (mth values), valori espressi direttamente o indirettamente in unità monetarie (values expressed directly or indirectly in monetary units), valori estremi (extreme values, outliers), valori ex aequo (tied values), valori sociali stabiliti (conventional social values, prevailing system of values), valori in rischio (values at risk), valori istantanei di segnali vocali (momentary speech values), valori medi (mean values), valori numerici (digital values), valori guida (guide values), valore di pianificazione degli equivalenti di riferimento (planning values of the reference equivalents), Decisione sui testi relativi ai valori minimi e alle importazioni effettuate da agenti esclusivi,distributori esclusivi e concessionari esclusivi (Decision on Texts Relating to Minimum Values and Imports by Sole Agents, Sole Distributors and Sole Concessionaires), da tale calcolo risultano per i vari nuclidi le massime dosi ammissibili per il corpo (this calculation yielded the values for the recommended limits ( maximum permissible levels ) of body burden in respect of different radionuclides), c'era una buona corrispondenza tra i valori calcolati con le misure della camera di ionizzazione e quelli ottenuti con la pellicola commerciale a bassa sensibilità (there was reasonably good agreement between values calculated from ion chamber measurements and those obtained on the slow commercial film), campo di calcolo (span between extreme values, values margin), beni da riparare o riparati per la totalità del valore (or have been, repaired, total values of the goods which are due to be), attributi standard (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), approssimazione iniziale degli autovalori (initial approximations to the eigen values), DMV (Decision on Texts Relating to Minimum Values and Imports by Sole Agents, Sole Distributors and Sole Concessionaires), attributi per difetto (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), emissione originaria spezzata in "pezzi " aventi valore nominale fisso (original issue broken down into "pieces" with fixed nominal values), intervallo dei valori (span between extreme values, values margin), mutabilità (changeability, mutability), ordinamento cronologico (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), prezzi o valori ricostruiti partendo da elementi contabili (prices or values which are reconstructed from accounting elements), alta resistenza a scorrimento, con durata media del carico, e simultanea forte sensibilità all' intaglio (high creep-strength values at medium-long times coupled with a high notch sensitivity), RST di alto livello (high level RST, reset of a relay contact intended for use with high values of voltage), trasformazione (conversion, transformation), Un valore medio e tanto piu significativo quanto piu i valori individuali che caratterizza sono vicini al valore medio stesso. (Any average value is more significant if the individual values it represents are close to it.), procedura unificata per la determinazione dei valori di emissione acustica (unified procedure to assess noise emission values). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 価値観 , 価値観 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | かちかん. (various references) | |
Korean | 가치 (value, Worth). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | aluesvay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | valores dos diversos coeficientes e parâmetros a aplicar para os principais radionúclidos,em função do tipo de contaminação e dos vários factores intervenientes nos processos de transferência (depending on the type of contamination and the different factors which come into play in relation to the transfer process, values of the various coefficients and parameters to be applied in respect of the principal radionuclides), verifica-se uma razoável concordância entre os valores calculados através de câmara de ionização e os obtidos por filmes lentos (there was reasonably good agreement between values calculated from ion chamber measurements and those obtained on the slow commercial film), valores de planificação dos equivalentes de referência (planning values of the reference equivalents), valores do trabalho (work values), valores de ordem m (mth values), valores em risco (values at risk), valores emésimos (mth values), valores expressos directa ou indirectamente em unidades monetárias (values expressed directly or indirectly in monetary units), valores extremos (extreme values), valores instantâneos dos sinais vocais (momentary speech values), valores médios (mean values), valores sociais estabelecidos (conventional social values, prevailing system of values), valores-guia (guide values), valores digitais (digital values), intervalo de valores (span between extreme values, values margin), atributos implícitos (default attributes, default format, default format values, generated attributes, standard attributes, standard format), avaliar as existências no início e no fim do período a preços médios do período (to take the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks measured at the average prices for the period), bens para reparação ou já reparados,pelo seu valor total (or have been, repaired, total values of the goods which are due to be), emissão original dividida em "fracções" com valor nominal fixo (original issue broken down into "pieces" with fixed nominal values), estes cálculos dão origem aos valores de actividade limite recomendados para a capacidade máxima do corpo em relação a diferentes radionúclidos (this calculation yielded the values for the recommended limits ( maximum permissible levels ) of body burden in respect of different radionuclides), existências (inventory, stocks, stocks held, values at risk), mutabilidade (fluidity, instability, variability), ordenação cronológica (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), ordenação por data (chronological sort, sort on date values, sort on dates), preços ou valores reconstruídos a partir de elementos contabilísticos (prices or values which are reconstructed from accounting elements), procedimento unificado de avaliação dos valores de emissão sonora (unified procedure to assess noise emission values), aproximações iniciais aos valores próprios (initial approximations to the eigen values), substituir o chumbo nas gasolinas por derivados aromáticos do benzeno os quais permitem obter índices de octano-motor entre 84 e 91 (replacement of lead in petrol by benzene aromatics, which make it possible to achieve motor octane values /numbers/ of 84 to 91), RST de nível alto (high level RST, reset of a relay contact intended for use with high values of voltage). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | valores. (various references) | |
Russian | время простоя (dead time, down time, downtime, ineffective time, timeout value, timeout values), ниже значение (below values). (various references) | |
Spanish | valores (holding, securities, stock, valuables), principios (beginning, beginnings), morales, importancias. (various references) | |
Swedish | normer. (various references) | |
Turkish | ahlâki deşerler (eternal verities, moral values), ahlâki değerler (eternal verities, moral values). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | цінності (valuables). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Leviticus Chapter 27, Verse 25 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai pasa timh estai staqmioiV agioiV eikosi oboloi estai to didracmon |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Omnis aestimatio siclo sanctuarii ponderabitur siclus viginti obolos habet |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | But the firstborne of the beestes that pertayne vnto the Lorde, maye no ma sanctifie: whether it be oxe or shepe, for they are the Lordes allredy. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And all thy estimations shall be according to the shekel of the sanctuary: twenty gerahs shall be the shekel. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And all thy estimations shall be according to the shekel of the sanctuary: twenty gerahs shall be the shekel. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And let all your values be based on the shekel of the holy place, that is, twenty gerahs to the shekel. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Leviticus Chapter 27, Verse 25 |
| Cebuano | Ug ang tanan nga imong pagpabili ipasikad sa siclo sa balaang puloyanan; ang siclo adunay kaluhaan ka obolo. |
| Croatian | Svaka procjena neka se vrši prema hramskom šekelu: dvadeset gera jedan šekel. |
| Danish | Enhver Vurdering skal ske efter hellig Vægt, tyve Gera på en Sekel. |
| Dutch | Al uw schatting nu zal naar den sikkel des heiligdoms geschieden; de sikkel zal zijn van twintig gera. |
| Finnish | Ja kaikki sinun arvioimisesi tapahtukoon pyhäkkösekelin painon mukaan; sekelissä olkoon kaksikymmentä geeraa. |
| French | Toutes tes estimations se feront en sicles du sanctuaire: le sicle est de vingt guéras. |
| German | Alle Schätzung soll geschehen nach dem Lot des Heiligtums; ein Lot aber hat zwanzig Gera. |
| Haitian Creole | Y'a fè tout pri yo dapre sistèm lajan yo sèvi nan kote yo mete apa pou Bondye a: yon gwo pyès pou ven ti pyès. |
| Hungarian | Minden becslésed pedig a szent siklus szerint legyen; húsz géra legyen a siklus. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Semua harga harus ditentukan menurut harga yang berlaku di Kemah TUHAN. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka segala nilaianmu itu hendaklah dengan syikal tempat suci, dari pada dua puluh gera dalam sesyikal. |
| Italian | Tutte le tue stime si faranno in sicli del santuario; il siclo è di venti ghera. |
| Maori | Hei te hekere o te wahi tapu te tikanga mo au whakaritenga katoa: e rua tekau nga kera o te hekere kotahi. |
| Norwegian | All din verdsetning skal skje efter helligdommens sekel; sekelen skal være tyve gera. |
| Portuguese | Ora, toda tua avaliação se fará conforme o siclo do santuário; o siclo será de vinte jeiras. |
| Rumanian | Toate preyuirile sq se facq kn sicli sfkntului locaw: siclul are douqzeci de ghere. |
| Russian | чУСЛБС ПГЕОЛБ ФЧПС ДПМЦОБ ВЩФШ РП УЙЛМА УЧСЭЕООПНХ, ДЧБДГБФШ ЗЕТ ДПМЦОП ВЩФШ Ч УЙЛМЕ. |
| Swedish | Och när du bestämmer något värde, skall det alltid bestämmas i helgedomssiklar, sikeln räknad till tjugu gera. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words ending with "values": devalues, disvalues, eigenvalues, misvalues, outvalues, overvalues, revalues, transvalues, undervalues. (additional references) | |
| |
"Values" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aleus, Vaelaes, vagues, valens, valeum, valeur, valez, vallies, Valores, valos, valses, valuless, valus, Vanlose, vaus, veuse, vilayets, Vilyuisk, volus, voulez. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "values" (pronounced va"lyuwz) |
| 4 | -l y uw z | undervalues. |
| 3 | -y uw z | argues, continues, curfews, debuts, menus, nephews. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: avulse. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-l-s-u-v" | |
-1 letter: laves, salve, selva, slave, suave, ulvas, uveal, uveas, vales, valse, value, veals. | |
-2 letters: ales, aves, lase, lave, lavs, leas, leva, lues, luvs, sale, saul, save, seal, slue, ulva, uvea, vale, vase, vaus, veal, vela. | |
-3 letters: ale, als, ave, eau, els, las, lav, lea, leu, lev, luv, sae, sal, sau, sea, sel, sue, use. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-l-s-u-v" | |
+1 letter: avulsed, avulses, suavely, valuers. | |
+2 letters: allusive, alveolus, devalues, disvalue, juvenals, misvalue, ovulates, plausive, revalues, unravels, vacuoles, valguses, valuates, valvules, vaulters, vesicula, vestural, vulgates. | |
+3 letters: abusively, acervulus, disvalued, disvalues, eluviates, evaluates, marvelous, misvalued, misvalues, outvalues, overhauls, suasively, univalves, universal, upheavals, valuables, valueless, vaultiest, vesiculae, vesicular, visualise, visualize, vulcanise, vulgarest, vulgarise. | |
+4 letters: absolutive, allusively, assaultive, autoclaves, boulevards, cultivates, curveballs, devaluates, evaluators, marvellous, olivaceous, overslaugh, overvalues, ravenously, revaluates, revictuals, simulative, survivable, televisual, transvalue, univalents, universals, unsolvable, versicular, vesiculate, vestibular, victualers, violaceous, visualised, visualises, visualized, visualizer, visualizes, vulcanised, vulcanises, vulcanizes, vulgarised, vulgarises, vulgarizes. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Company Usage 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Bible Trace 20. Derivations | 21. Rhymes 22. Anagrams 23. Bibliography |
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