Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Vaccine |
VaccineNoun1. Immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "vaccine" was first used: 1798 (adj.). (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Computing | In the context of computer security, a software protection system that can "inoculate" a computer against so-called virus programs. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. (references) |
Medicine | Generic term for any preparation employed to produce active immunity. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The immune system recognizes the vaccine particles as foreign, destroys them and "remembers" them. When the virulent version of the agent comes along, the immune system is prepared for a fast strike, neutralizing the agent before it can spread and multiply to vast numbers.
Live but weakened vaccines are used against tuberculosis, rabies, and smallpox; killed agents are used against cholera and typhoid; toxoids against diphtheria and tetanus.
Vaccines, though they are by far not as virulent as the "real" agent, can have unpleasant side effects, and have to be renewed every few years. A new attempt to avoid these obstacles of "classic" vaccination is DNA vaccination. The DNA coding for a part of a virus or a bacterium that is recognizable by the immune system is inserted and expressed in human/animal cells. These cells now produce the toxoid for the infectious agent, without the effects other parts of a weakened agent might have. As of 2003, DNA vaccination is still experimental, but shows some promising results.
Many diseases such as polio have been largely controlled in developed countries through mass use of vaccines (indeed smallpox appears to have been completely eliminated in the wild).
As long as the vast majority of people are vaccinated it is difficult for an outbreak of disease to spread. This effect is called herd immunity. Some people, particularly those who practice alternative medicine, refuse to immunize themselves or their children, as they believe vaccines' side effects outweigh their benefits. Thus, they reap some of the benefits of vaccines, through herd immunity, without assuming any of the risks. Advocates of routine vaccination argue that side effects of approved vaccines, whilst real, are either far, far less serious than actually catching the disease, or are very rare, and argue that the calculus of risk/benefit ratio should be based on benefit to humanity rather than simply on the benefit to the immunized individual. The main risk of rubella, for example, is to the fetuses of pregnant women, but this risk can be effectively reduced by the immunization of children to prvent transmission to pregnant women.
Vaccination against smallpox seems especially contentious. Dissenters falsely suggest that modern vaccines might result in outbreaks of smallpox (in fact, they contain no smallpox virus: they contain live vaccinia virus), and suggest that infections in the past originated (as in the small vaccinia outbreak in England in 1961), spread in greater proportion, and/or were more lethal amongst the vaccinated. They contend that improved sanitation and nutrition, not vaccine, account for most of the reduction in smallpox. Inoculation proponents dispute these allegations, and recognize that the current vaccine has risks. As the risk of the disease (barring germ warfare) is effectively zero, routine smallpox vaccination has not been recommended for many years.
The threat from smallpox as a biological weapon has however, caused a reconsideration, though not a reversal, of this position. A 2003 US vaccination effort was unpopular. There was poor turnout among hospital staffs who were designated to be the first to receive the vaccine. In addition to the known risks of the vaccine, several deaths were reported from cardiac causes among the immunized, suggesting that people with coronary artery disease might be at risk. Development of newer formulations that might avoid the newly discovered risks is underway. Illinois and New York suspended the program pending investigation of the apparent vaccine deaths of two healthcare workers (the main focus of the program). The California Nurses Association opposed the effort from the start.class="external">[1
The safety of inoculant additives is being questioned. Some suspect the mercury-containing preservative Thimerosal to be a contributor to autism. Mercury has been long known to have deleterious neurological effects, and is tightly regulated by the EPA, but the CDC and pharmaceutical companies deny there is any connection to autism, whose cause remains unknown. [1]. For those who remain concerned despite the lack of evidence, thimerosal-free formulations of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, polio vaccine, MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) vaccines and Hib/Hepatitis B combination vaccines are available.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Vaccine."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Animal | Equine, bovine, vaccine, canine, feline, fishy; piscatory, piscatorial; molluscous, vermicular; gallinaceous, rasorial, solidungulate, soliped. |
Remedy | Prevention, preventative medicine, immunization, inoculation, vaccination, vaccine, shot, booster, gamma globulin. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | '52 Eisenhower, vaccine, England's got a new Queen ("We Didn't Start The Fire"; performing artist: Billy Joel) | |
Clever | New Vaccine May Contain Rabies (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Canada: Human Vaccine (1963) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Officials check the initial shipment ... of vaccine ... / USIS photo.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | [Developers of a promising new experimental vaccine against rubella (German measles)].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Vaccine culturing.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | La Vaccine. / L. Boilly G. Lith. de Delpech.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | La Dindonnade : ou la Rivale de la Vaccine.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Pneumonia Vaccine Now Is Availavle For You : Be Protected!.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | [Anti-polio vaccine for Australian children].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | [Inoculation] : [Typhoid vaccine for U.S. soldiers].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | [Researcher weighing mouse lungs in the Tuberculosis Vaccine Development Unit].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | [Freeze-dried vaccine being prepared from virus grown on the skin of a calf] WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr.. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | No dengue vaccine is available. (references) | |
All babies should get the vaccine. (references) | ||
You can get the hepatitis A vaccine. (references) | ||
Business | In view of the seriousness of hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan, hepatitis B vaccine has been in great demand. (references) | |
Due to growing demands for diagnostic kits and vaccines worldwide, Taiwan manufacturers have primarily been producing medical diagnostic kits, cholera vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, and toxoid. (references) | ||
Children | Mozambique | During the year, a large-scale vaccine initiative and a program to manage childhood illnesses were implemented. (references) |
Pakistan | According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1997 91 percent of confirmed polio cases in the eastern Mediterranean region were in Pakistan (1,147). The WHO and the Center for Disease Control reported in 1999 that the full (three-dose) course of oral polio vaccine had been given to only 57 percent of children in Punjab, 50 percent in the NWFP, 42 percent in Sindh, and 22 percent in Baluchistan. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Ghana | It was reported that 155 children up to age 5 received the vaccine. (references) |
Economic History | India | Some of the Indian private companies and multinational companies in India involved in health biotechnology activities including vaccines are Piramal, Wockhardt, Ranbaxy, Torrent, Dr. Reddy's Labs, UB, Cadila, and RPG Life Sciences (drugs, agro and nutrition), Glaxo Wellcome, Novartis Aventis, Smithkline Beecham, Hoechst-Roussel, Core Laboratories, Lupin Laboratories, The public sector vaccine firms are the Central Research Institute (in Kasauli), BCG Laboratory (in Chennai), Bengal Immunity (in Kolkata), Haffkine (in Mumbai) and Bharat Immunological and Biological Corporation Limited (in Bulandshar). (references) |
Political Economy | DENMARK | Denmark recently finalized a regulation, which will phase out certain industrial greenhouse gases, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The Danish government will phase out import, sale, and use of these gases and new products containing them beginning in 2002, with a complete ban in effect by January 1, 2006. There are exemptions for certain products, including small refrigerating systems containing HFCs, medical aerosol sprays, vaccine coolers, and lab equipment, and all production for export is exempt. (references) |
Travel | Turkey | Visitors who will visit rural areas, or go on hiking, or trekking trips in the country may wish to get Rabies vaccine although this is not required. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | You don't need to be able to get a fourteen-gazillion-dollar verdict and put an otherwise fine company out of business, thereby preventing the vaccine in the first place. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | With new resources, NIH will now become the most powerful discovery engine for an AIDS vaccine, working with other scientists to finally end the threat of AIDS. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Vaccine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Vaccine" is used about 381 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 381 | 14,421 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "vaccine": acellular vaccine ♦ ALVAC-CEA vaccine ♦ Anthrax vaccine ♦ antigen-presenting cell vaccine ♦ anti-idiotype vaccine ♦ APC vaccine ♦ attenuated vaccine ♦ autogenous vaccine ♦ BCG vaccine ♦ bovine vaccine ♦ Brucella Vaccine ♦ cancer vaccine ♦ Chickenpox Vaccine ♦ conjugated vaccine ♦ dendritic cell vaccine ♦ Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine ♦ Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ♦ DNA vaccine ♦ DPT vaccine ♦ GM2-KLH vaccine ♦ Hepatitis B Vaccine ♦ hexavalent vaccine ♦ human vaccine ♦ Influenza Vaccine ♦ Measles Vaccine ♦ Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ♦ melanoma vaccine ♦ Mumps Vaccine ♦ oral poliovirus vaccine ♦ Pertussis Vaccine ♦ Plague Vaccine ♦ pneumococcal vaccine ♦ poliovirus vaccine ♦ recombinant HB vaccine ♦ recombinant hepatitis B vaccine ♦ Rubella Vaccine ♦ Sabin vaccine ♦ Salk vaccine ♦ Smallpox Vaccine ♦ trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine ♦ tumor antigen vaccine ♦ vaccine adjuvant ♦ vaccine point ♦ vaccinia CEA vaccine ♦ viral vaccine ♦ whole cell vaccine ♦ Yellow Fever Vaccine. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "vaccine": vaccine-damaged, vaccine-preventable, vaccine-related. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
vaccine | 207 |
chicken pox vaccine | 147 |
hepatitis b vaccine | 116 |
small pox vaccine | 105 |
hepatitis vaccine | 99 |
omaha vaccine | 97 |
polio vaccine | 93 |
meningitis vaccine | 92 |
mmr vaccine | 84 |
hiv vaccine | 66 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "vaccine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | vaksinë. (various references) | |
Arabic | لقاحي (vaccinal), لقاح (inoculation, pollen, virus), تلقيحي, بقري (bovine). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | ваксина (lymph). (various references) | |
Chinese | 疫苗 . (various references) | |
Czech | vakcína, oèkovací látka (serum). (various references) | |
Danish | vaccine (vaccina, vaccinum). (various references) | |
Dutch | vaccin (microbial vaccine, vaccinal lymph, vaccinum), entstof (vaccinal lymph, vaccinum), vaccine. (various references) | |
Esperanto | vakcino. (various references) | |
Faeroese | koppseting. (various references) | |
Farsi | مایه بله , واکسن . (various references) | |
Finnish | rokotusohjelma. (various references) | |
French | vaccin (vaccinal lymph, vaccinum). (various references) | |
German | Impfstoff (inoculant, inoculating agent, inoculum, serum, vaccinum), Vakzine (vaccina, vaccinum), Schutzstoff (corrosion inhibitor, inhibitor). (various references) | |
Greek | εμβόλιο (graft, vaccinal lymph, vaccination, vaccinum). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תרכיב (serum). (various references) | |
Hungarian | vakcina, oltóanyag. (various references) | |
Indonesian | vaksin. (various references) | |
Italian | vaccino (cow, vaccinum). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 痘苗 , ワープロ馬鹿 (business shirt, dead silence after a joke falls flat, food wagon service, multi-national enterprise, news program, shirt, someone whose kanji-writing ability has suffered due to overreliance on the kana->kanji conversion systems used to input Japanese text on a computer, table-side service, talk and varietyshow, vagina, vaseline, wacoal, Wagner, wagon, wagon sale, Waikiki, warlock, washer, Washington, Washington Post, WASP, watt, wax, wide, wide-angle lens, wide-band, wife, wild, wild pitch, windshield wipers, windup, wine, wine color, wine glass, wine list, wine red, winecooler, winery, wipe, wipe in, wipe out, wire, wire glass, wired, wireless, wireless mike, wire-wrapping, wise, wivern, working holiday, workshop, World, world class, World Cup, world enterprise, World Games, World Series, worm, wow, wow and flutter, Wyoming, wyvern). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ワクチン , とうびょう (dropping anchor, fighting against an illness). (various references) | |
Korean | 면역주사. (various references) | |
Manx | vacseen. (various references) | |
Norwegian | vaksinasjon. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | accinevay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | vacina (lymph, vaccinal lymph, vaccinate, vaccination, vaccinum). (various references) | |
Romanian | variolic, vaccin, relativ la vaccin, referitor la vaccinare. (various references) | |
Russian | вакцина (animal lymph). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | vakcina. (various references) | |
Spanish | vacuna (cow-pox, vaccinate, vaccination, vaccinum). (various references) | |
Swedish | vaccin. (various references) | |
Turkish | inek çiçek hastalığı ile ilgili, aşıya ait, aşı maddesi, aşı (graft, inoculation, jab, poison, shot, vaccinal, vaccination). (various references) | |
Turkmen | waktsina (r). (various references) | |
Ukranian | вакцинний, вакцина. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | vaccinus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "vaccine": vaccinee, vaccinees, vaccines. (additional references) | |
| |
"Vaccine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: acine, Akcije, Faccini, Paccione, raccine, vaccene, vaccime, vaccnie, vacinu, Vockins. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "vaccine" (pronounced va'ksē"n) |
| 3 | -s ē" n | casein, foreseen, obscene, scene, seen, unforeseen, unseen. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-e-i-n-v" | |
-2 letters: cavie, naevi, naive, vinca. | |
-3 letters: acne, cain, cane, cave, ceca, cine, nave, nevi, nice, vain, vane, vein, vena, vice, vina, vine. | |
-4 letters: ace, ain, ane, ani, ave, can, ice, nae, vac, van, via, vie. | |
-5 letters: ae, ai, an, en, in, na, ne. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-c-e-i-n-v" | |
+1 letter: vaccinee, vaccines. | |
+2 letters: biconcave, vacancies, vaccinate, vaccinees. | |
+3 letters: connivance, covariance, cunctative, vaccinated, vaccinates, vicariance. | |
+4 letters: concavities, conceivable, conceivably, connivances, contractive, contrivance, covalencies, covariances, revaccinate, vicariances. | |
+5 letters: clairvoyance, coacervation, conciliative, conjunctivae, consecrative, contrivances, convalescing, convectional, conveyancing, intervocalic, overcoaching, revaccinated, revaccinates, unvaccinated. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)56 61 63 63 69 6E 65 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)...- .- -.-. -.-. .. -. . |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010110 01100001 01100011 01100011 01101001 01101110 01100101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)V a c c i n e |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0056 0061 0063 0063 0069 006E 0065 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)56676969758071 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Spoken | 9. Quotations: Speeches 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Orthography 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
