Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | UC++ Micro-C++. A extension of C++, by Peter A Ruhr |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A microcontroller is a microprocessor optimised to be used to control electronic equipment (see embedded system). Microcontrollers represent the vast majority of all computer chips sold, over 50% are "simple" controllers, and another 20% are more specialized DSP's. While you may have one or two general-purpose microprocessors in your house (you're using one to read this), you likely have somewhere between one and two dozen microcontrollers. They can be found in almost any electrical device, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones etc.
A microcontroller includes CPU, memory for the program (ROM), memory for data (RAM, I/O lines to communicate with peripherals and complementary resources, all this in a closed chip. A microcontroller differs from a standalone CPU, because the first one generally is quite easy to make into a working computer, with a minimum of external support chips. The idea is that the microcontroller will be placed in the device to control, hooked up to power and any information it needs, and that's that.
A traditional microprocessor won't allow you to do this, it expects all of these tasks to be handled by other chips.
For instance, a typical microcontroller will have a built in clock generator and a small amount of RAM and ROM/EPROM/EEPROM, meaning that to make it work, all that is needed is some control software and a timing crystal. Microcontrollers will also usually have a variety of input/output devices, such as AD converters, timers, UARTs and specialised serial interface buses like I²C and CAN. Often these integrated devices can be controlled by specialised processor instructions.
Some modern microcontrollers include a built-in high-level programming language; BASIC is quite common for this.
Microcontrollers trade speed and flexibility for ease-of-use. There's only so much room on the chip to include functionality, so for every I/O device or memory the microcontroller includes, some other circuitry has to be removed. Finally, it must be mentioned that some microcontroller architectures are available from many different vendors in so many varieties that they could rightly belong to a category of their own. Chief among these are the 8051 and Z80 derivatives.
See also: In-circuit emulator (ICE), microbotics
Common microcontrollers
- Atmel
- ARM
- AVR
- Renesas
- H8
- Holtek
- HT8
- Intel
- 8-bit
- 8XC42
- MCS51
- 8xC251
- 16-bit
- MCS96
- MXS296
- National Semiconductor
- COP8
- Microchip
- 12-bit instruction PIC
- 14-bit instruction PIC
- PIC16F84
- 16-bit instruction PIC
- Motorola
- 8-bit
- 68HC05
- 68HC08
- 68HC11
- 16-bit
- 68HC12
- 68HC16
- 32-bit
- 683xx
- NEC
- 78K
- ST
- ST 62
- ST 7
- Texas Instruments
- TMS370
- MSP430
- Zilog
- Z8
- Z86E02
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Microcontroller."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The University of California (UC) has nine campuses around the state, with a combined student body of more than 192,000; a tenth campus is under construction near the city of Merced and is scheduled to open in 2004. The flagship and original campus is in the city of Berkeley.
History
When the state of California wrote its Constitution in 1849, it stipulated for an educational system complete with a university. Taking advantage of the Morrill Land Grant Act, the legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. However, although this institution was provided with sufficient funds, it lacked land.
Beforehand, Congregational minister Henry Durant had established the College of California in Oakland, California in 1855. With an eye for expansion, the college's trustees purchased 160 acres of land in where is now Berkeley in 1866. But unlike the state's Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College, it lacked the funds to operate.
The trustees offered to merge with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition--that the there be not simply a "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College," but a "a complete university." Accordingly, the Organic Act was signed into law establishing the University of California on March 23, 1868.
The University of California opened its first medical school on February 20, 1873 in San Francisco. In 1908, a "University Farm" was established at Davis, which became UC Davis in 1959. A "Southern Branch" was opened in Los Angeles in 1919. The Riverside campus was opened in 1954, Santa Barbara in 1958, San Diego (actually in the suburb of La Jolla) in 1959, and Santa Cruz and Irvine in 1965.
Governance
The University of California is governed by The Regents of the University of California, as stipulated by the Constitution of the State of California. 18 regents are appointed by the governor for 12-year terms. One member is a student appointed for a one-year term. Then there are 7 ex officio members - the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the Assembly, Superintendent of Public Instruction, president and vice president of the Alumni Associations of UC, and UC president.
The Academic Senate, made up a faculty members, is empowered by the Regents to set academic policies. In addition, the faculty systemwide chair and vice-chair sit on the board as non-voting members.
The Regents appoints a president to run the entire system, while individual campuses are assigned chancellors, who are given a great degree of autonomy.
List of UC Presidents
- John LeConte (1868-1870, acting); Henry Durant (1870-1872)
- Daniel Coit Gilman (1872-1875)
- John LeConte (1876-1881)
- W.T. Reid (1881-1885)
- Edward S. Holden (1885-1888)
- Horace Davis (1888-1890)
- Martin Kellogg (1890-1893, acting) (1893-1899)
- Benjamin Ide Wheeler (1899-1919)
- David Prescott Barrows (1919-1923)
- William Wallace Campbell (1923-1930)
- Robert Gordon Sproul (1930-1958)
- Clark Kerr (1958-1967); Harry R. Wellman (1967, acting)
- Charles J. Hitch (1968-1975)
- David S. Saxon (1975-1983)
- David P. Gardner (1983-1992)
- Jack W. Peltason (1992-1995)
- Richard Atkinson (1995-2003)
- Robert C. Dynes (2003-present)
Campuses
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, Davis
- University of California, Irvine
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of California, Merced
- University of California, Riverside
- University of California, San Diego
- University of California, San Francisco
- University of California, Santa Barbara
- University of California, Santa Cruz
Laboratories
The University of California manages three national laboratories on behalf of the United States Department of Energy:
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
Observatories
The University of California manages two observatories as a multi-campus research unit headquartered at it's Santa Cruz campus.
- Lick Observatory
- Keck Observatory
Affiliated law school
See also: Colleges and universities
- Hastings College of the Law
External links
- Official site
- Office of the President
- Charter
- U.C. Observatories
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "University of California."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
UC | English | Uncoated FBB board | N/A |
UC | French | Unité centrale | N/A |
UC | Italian | Unità di conto | Finance |
UC | Portuguese | Unidade de conta | N/A |
UC | Spanish | Unidad de cuenta | Finance |
| UCA | French | UC verte | Economics |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: UC |
| Specialty definitions using "UC": Berzerkeley ♦ FASBOL, Franz Lisp ♦ Irvine Dataflow ♦ Newspeak. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "UC" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Korean (uC++), Vietnamese (dinkum, jackaroo). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Uc tekerlekli bisiklet (1962) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Music |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | We celebrate women's struggles, we celebrate people's victories ... Pauley Ballroom, UC Berkeley, Jan. 26, 6 PM. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Rock 1" by T. Messick Commentary: "A rock in the arboretum at UC Davis." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Czech Republic | The Unification Church (UC), was denied registration in January 1999 when the Department of Churches determined that it had obtained the required proof of membership by fraud; the UC contested the decision in court, and the case remained pending at year's end. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "UC" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 62.07% of the time. "UC" is used about 29 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 62.07% | 18 | 82,615 |
| Noun (singular) | 37.93% | 11 | 106,044 |
| Total | 100.00% | 29 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "UC" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Uc | Last name | 100 | 76,823 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "UC": uc-sandia. | |
Ending with "UC": tsi-uc. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
uc berkeley | 1,613 | uc school | 27 |
uc davis | 1,539 | uc davis law school | 26 |
uc irvine | 492 | uc davis hospital | 26 |
uc riverside | 354 | uc davis job | 26 |
uc | 336 | uc ii | 25 |
uc santa cruz | 335 | express uc | 25 |
uc san diego | 303 | uc undercover | 25 |
uc santa barbara | 303 | uc system | 22 |
uc davis medical center | 159 | uc lending | 21 |
uc berkeley extension | 145 | uc clermont | 21 |
uc berkley | 127 | uc davis medical group | 20 |
uc merced | 85 | uc davis medical | 20 |
uc extension | 61 | uc davis med center | 20 |
uc san francisco | 60 | uc boulder | 19 |
uc davis extension | 45 | uc davis employment | 18 |
uc pathway | 38 | uc santa barbra | 18 |
uc santa cruz extension | 36 | davis session summer uc | 18 |
uc hastings | 34 | uc davis book store | 18 |
uc council.org | 30 | uc benefit | 16 |
uc application | 27 | davis sisweb uc | 16 |
uc berkeley library | 16 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "UC"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 加州大学 (uC++). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ucay.(various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "UC": barleduc, bonduc, caoutchouc, gweduc, mucluc. (additional references) | |
Words containing "UC": abduce, abduced, abducens, abducent, abducentes, abduces, abducing, abduct, abducted, abductee, abductees, abducting, abduction, abductions, abductor, abductores, abductors, abducts, accouchement, accouchements, accoucheur, accoucheurs, adduce, adduced, adducent, adducer, adducers, adduces, adducing, adduct, adducted, adducting, adduction, adductions, adductive, adductor, adductors, adducts, aeroduct, aeroducts, almuce, almuces, amuck, amucks, antibureaucratic, antieducational, antinuclear, antinucleon, antinucleons, antireductionism, antireductionisms. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words containing the letters "c-u" | |
+1 letter: cub, cud, cue, cum, cup, cur, cut, ecu. | |
+2 letters: buck, caul, chub, chug, chum, club, clue, coup, crud, crus, crux, cube, cubs, cuds, cued, cues, cuff, cuif, cuke, cull, culm, cult, cups, curb, curd, cure, curf, curl, curn, curr, curs, curt, cusk, cusp, cuss, cute, cuts, duce, duci, duck, duct, ecru, ecus, fuci, guck, huck, huic, luce, luck, much, muck, ouch, puce, puck, ruck, scud, scum, scup, scut, such, suck, tuck, unci, unco, uric, yuca, yuch, yuck. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Images: Digital Art 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Names: Frequency 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Abbreviations 14. Acronyms 15. Derivations 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
