TURNER SYNDROME

Turner syndrome is a human genetic abnormality, caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes. Instead of the normal XX or XY sex chromosomes, only a single X chromosome is present. In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. People with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, webbed neck, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest.

Turner syndrome is a disorder caused by the loss of genetic material from one of the sex chromosomes.

Humans normally have a total of 46 chromosomes (which are tiny, DNA-containing elements) that are present in every cell of the body. DNA encodes genes, which specify all the proteins that make up the body and control its functions.

In humans, there are 23 matched pairs of chromosomes in every cell. Each cell contains 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes that are the same in males and females. The remaining pair of chromosomes, the X- and Y-chromosomes, are not shaped similarly, and thus are not matched in the same way as the autosomes.

The X- and Y-chromosomes are called sex chromosomes. They are responsible for the difference in development between males and females. A Y-chromosome contains genes responsible for testis development; and the presence of a X-chromosome paired with a Y-chromosome will determine male development. On the other hand, two X-chromosomes are required for normal ovarian development in females.

What can be done?

As a chromosomal condition, there is no "cure" for Turner syndrome. However much can be done to minimize the symptoms. For example:

Growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, will improve growth and probably final adult height. Growth hormone is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Turner syndrome and is covered by many insurance plans.
Estrogen replacement therapy has been used since the condition was described in 1938 to promote development of secondary sexual characteristics. Estrogens are also important for maintaining good tissue and bone integrity.
Modern reproductive technologies have also been used to help women with Turner syndrome become pregnant if they desire. For example, a donor egg can be used to create an embryo, which is carried by the Turner syndrome woman.

External links

Commercial Usage: TURNER SYNDROME

Domain	Title
Books	Basic and Clinical Approach to Turner Syndrome: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Turner Syndrome, Chiba, Japan, 8-10 July 1992) (reference) Growth Hormone Therapy in Turner Syndrome (Journal, Vol. 39, Supplement 2, 1993: Hormone Research) (reference) Turner Syndrome (reference) Turner Syndrome in a Life Span Perspective: Research and Clinical Aspects (reference) Turner Syndrome: Growth Promoting Therapies: Proceedings of a Workshop on Turner Syndrome, Frankfurt/Main, 25-26 May 1990 (International Congress S) (reference) (more book examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: TURNER SYNDROME

Modern Translation: TURNER SYNDROME

Language		Translations for "TURNER SYNDROME"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Danish		Turners syndrom (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome), gonadal dysgenesi (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

Dutch		syndroom van Turner (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

Finnish		Turnerin oireyhtymä (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome), X0-oireyhtymä (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

French		syndrome de Turner (Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome). (various references)

German		Turner-Syndrom (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

Greek		σύνδρομο Turner (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

Italian		sindrome di Turner (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)

Pig Latin		urnertay yndromesay

Spanish		síndrome de Turner (Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis XO, monosomy X, Turner's syndrome, Turner-Ullrich syndrome, XO syndrome). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Anagrams: TURNER SYNDROME

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "d-e-e-m-n-n-o-r-r-r-s-t-u-y"
	-4 letters: durometers, nurserymen, tremendous, understory, undertones, unrestored.
	-5 letters: demurrers, destroyer, deuterons, durometer, endosteum, entoderms, modernest, murderers, nondesert, oystermen, remounted, returners, roundsmen, rousement, roystered, surrender, tourneyed, udometers, undermost, undertone.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Domain	Definition
Medicine	A chromosomal condition affecting 1 in 2, 5 00 girls where the second X chromosome is absent or abnormal. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expression	Frequency per Day
turner syndrome	733
picture of turner syndrome	37
parsonage turner syndrome	27
turner syndrome society	9
mosaic turner syndrome	8
turner syndrome information	4
mosiac turner syndrome	2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

TURNER SYNDROME

Specialty Definition: TURNER SYNDROME

Medicine

Specialty Definition: Turner syndrome

What can be done?

External links

Commercial Usage: TURNER SYNDROME

Books

Frequency of Internet Keywords: TURNER SYNDROME

turner syndrome

picture of turner syndrome

parsonage turner syndrome

turner syndrome society

mosaic turner syndrome

turner syndrome information

mosiac turner syndrome

Modern Translation: TURNER SYNDROME

Danish

Dutch

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Italian

Pig Latin

Spanish

Anagrams: TURNER SYNDROME

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

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