Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Tube |
TubeNoun1. Conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct liquids or gases. 2. Electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope. 3. A hollow cylindrical shape. 4. (anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure. 5. Electric underground railway. Verb1. Convey in a tube. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "tube" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Tube \Tube\, noun. [Latin tubus; akin to tuba a trumpet: cf French tube.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Tube 1. n. A CRT terminal. Never used in the mainstream sense of TV; real hackers don't watch TV, except for Loony Toons, Rocky & Bullwinkle, Trek Classic, the Simpsons, Babylon 5, and the occasional cheesy old swashbuckler movie. 2. [IBM] To send a copy of something to someone else's terminal. "Tube me that note?". Source: Jargon File. |
Electrical Engineering | A transparent or translucent gas-tight envelope enclosing the luminous element. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | A fluorescent lamp that has a tubular shape. (Fluorescent Light). (references) |
Industry | A hollow cylindrical or slightly tapered support, without a flange, on which yarn is spun or wound. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Precision or spindle winders are capable of winding cylindrical packages on wooden, paper or metal --, paper cones. . Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mechanical Engineering | Toroid rubber chamber containing air under pressure in a pneumatic tyre. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Pipelines of metal or plastic, used for connecting fixed assemblies. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Metallurgy | An axial cavity produced in the ingot by the contraction of the steel on freezing. Source: European Union. (references) |
Occupations | The portion of a paper bag without a bottom. (references) |
Transportation | An underground railway, running through bored tunnels(usually at deep levels). Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The London Underground is a public transport network, composed of electrified railways that run underground in tunnels in central London and above ground in the London suburbs. It is usually called either the Underground or the Tube by Londoners.
1The Circle Line became known as such in 1949. The Circle line was not built as a separate line, but was instead created by joining parts of the District and Metropolitan Lines.
Line Name Colour Year of Opening Type Notes Bakerloo Line Brown 1906 Deep level Central Line Red 1900 Deep level Circle Line Yellow 1884 Sub-surface 1 District Line Green 1868 Sub-surface 2 East London Line Orange 1869 Sub-surface 3a Hammersmith & City Line Pink 1864 Sub-surface 3b Jubilee Line Grey 1979 Deep level Metropolitan Line Purple 1863 Sub-surface Northern Line Black 1907 (part) Deep level 4 Piccadilly Line Dark blue 1906 Deep level Victoria Line Light blue 1969 Deep level Waterloo and City Line Teal 1898 Deep level 5
2Originally called the Metropolitan District Railway
3aOriginally a separate line operated by a consortium of companies including the Metropolitan. The line was owned by London Underground from 1948 but British Railways goods trains continued to run on it until 1966. It was for many years regarded as a branch of the Metropolitan Line, and was shown on the map as a purple and white striped line. The line gained its own identity in the late 1980s.
3bOriginally part of the Metropolitan Line, the line became known as the Hammersmith & City Line in 1990.
4The busiest line on the system, with two branches in central London.
5Came under control of London Transport in 1994.The Piccadilly Line now runs to Heathrow Airport and although it is slow (about 45 minutes) and sometimes crowded it is nonetheless the cheapest way to get straight to the city centre.
Interchange is possible with the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) at several stations, including Bank, Canary Wharf and Stratford, while access to the Croydon Tramlink system is possible at Wimbledon. Interchange with international Eurostar trains can be achieved at Waterloo.
The lack of lines in the south of the city is because of the geology of that area, the region almost being one large aquifer. This is made up for, however, by a large number of suburban rail services run by the South West Trains, South Central and Connex franchise holders (see British railway system).
History
Being one of the oldest and most complicated rapid transit systems in the world, the London Underground has a long history.
The first half of the 19th century saw rapid development in train services to London, but most mainline termini were constructed a long way away from the central business district to avoid damage to historic buildings. As a result, reliance on buses increased until London was gridlocked. The solution came in the form of yet another railway. In 1854 it was decided that the Metropolitan Railway Company would be allowed to build a short stretch of underground railway between Paddington and Farringdon. This would link the mainline termini of King's Cross, St. Pancras, Euston and Paddington to a point near the edge of the City of London. The relatively simple cut-and-cover method was used, because deep-level tunnel construction methods were not sufficiently advanced to construct anything more than covered trenches. This first part of the Metropolitan Railway was opened in 1863 using steam locomotives to haul trains, which meant that ventilation shafts had to be built at regular intervals.
Expansion was rapid. The Metropolitan quickly branched out into the suburbs, even creating whole villages from nothing in a region of countryside which came to be known as "Metroland". The railway bought up extra land adjacent to the railway and built houses in a spectacularly practical example of demand creation and by 1880 the 'Met' was carrying 40 million passengers a year.
Meanwhile, a second railway company began construction further south. The Metropolitan District Railway first opened a stretch from Westminster to South Kensington in 1868, taking advantage of the construction of the Thames embankment to expand towards the city, reaching Tower Hill and linking the termini of Victoria, Charing Cross, Blackfriars, Cannon Street and Fenchurch Street. Having conquered the city, the District Railway turned its attention to commuters even more so than the Metropolitan Railway had, reaching Wimbledon, Richmond and Ealing.
Although the Circle Line didn't get its own identity until 1949, the "District" and the "Metropolitan" had linked up with each other to provide an "Inner Circle" service starting in 1884.
Advances in deep-level tunnel design came thick and fast. Tunnelling shields allowed stable tunnels to be constructed deep underground, and the world's first underground tube railway was the Tower Subway beneath the River Thames south of Tower Hill in 1870. While this was soon discontinued as a rail service, better shields and electric locomotive traction appealed to engineers for more ambitious schemes.
The result was the City and South London Railway, which linked King William Street (close to today's Monument Station) and Stockwell. The ride was unpleasantly rough and the lack of windows seemed to have a detrimental psychological effect. However, people learned from these mistakes and over the next 25 years six independent deep-level lines were built.
The presence of six independent operators operating different Tube lines was inconvenient. In many places passengers had to walk some distance above ground to change between lines. Also, the costs associated with running such a system were heavy, and as a result many companies looked to financiers who could give them the money they needed to expand into the lucrative suburbs.
One such financier was Charles Yerkes, an American tycoon whose company took over all but one Tube company (the Waterloo & City remained separate until 1994). Between the wars, expansion took place at a rapid pace, driving the Northern and Bakerloo Lines out into the suburbs of northern London. Architect Charles Holden's memorable station designs have brightened the commuter's journey both on these lines and elsewhere with a style which still looks fresh today.
World War II
The outbreak of World War II, and especially, The Blitz, led to the use of many Tube stations as air-raid shelters. They were particularly suited to this purpose, but sadly a small number of horrific accidents occurred, notably at Bethnal Green. Other stations and sections of line were given other uses:
- A remote stretch of the Central Line was turned into an underground aeroplane factory.
- The closed Brompton Road station was used as an anti-aircraft control centre.
- The closed Down Street station was used by Winston Churchill until the Cabinet War Rooms were built, after which it was used by the Emergency Railway Committee.
Post War Developments
Following that war, travel congestion continued to rise. The construction of the carefully planned Victoria Line on a diagonal NE-SW alignment beneath central London attracted much of the extra traffic caused by expansion after the war. It was designed so that almost all of the stations along its length allowed interchange with other lines, and it was the first underground line to use automatic train operation (ATO). The Jubilee Line was named in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's silver jubilee in 1977, but did not open until two years later. During the 1990s it was extended through the Docklands to Stratford in East London.The stations on the "Jubilee Line Extension" are particularly spacious and stylish, each one designed by a leading architect. London Underground states that North Greenwich station, for example, "is large enough to contain 3,000 double-decker buses or an ocean liner the size of the Queen Mary within its walls". Canary Wharf station is larger in volume than 1 Canada Square, one of the huge towers that dominates the Docklands area. The platforms west of Canning Town incorporate automated platform-edge doors that help to minimise the wind resistance of the train and prevent suicides. These modern stations include lifts (US: elevators) to ease access to all parts of the station complex, particularly by travellers having luggage, or using wheelchairs or push chairs.
An increasing problem for the system is flooding. Since the 1960s, the ground water of London has been rising, after the closing of industries such as breweries and paper mills that had previously extracted large volumes of water. By mid 2001 London Underground was reportedly pumping 30,000 cubic metres of water out of its tunnels each day.
Tickets
For fares Transport for London (and local National Rail franchisees) use a zonal pricing scheme where zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just outside the Circle Line. After number 6, the zones are named A, B, C and D; zone D is the most remote and consists of Amersham and Chesham out in the Chiltern Hills on the Metropolitan Line. These lettered zones cater for the rural extremities of the tube and do not encircle the capital. Confusingly, the bus operators treat zones 4, 5 and 6 as a combined zone 4.
In general, the more zones travelled through, the higher the fare. Journeys through zone 1 are more expensive than those only involving outer zones. The zone system works well because most of the stations where lines cross are in zone 1, meaning that most journeys over similar distances will cost the same.
There are assistance booths open for limited periods, and ticket machines usable at any time. The machines will accept coins and fresh English paper money, though no Northern Irish or Scottish notes, beware! They usually give change. LT and the Docklands Light Railway have recently introduced credit and debit card ticket machines across their networks. A small number of cash machines dispensing all zone bus passes have appeared.
London Transport also sell daily, weekend, weekly, monthly, and annual "LT cards", allowing unlimited rides in one or more zones on buses or on the London Underground; these are a good deal for commuters and anyone else who rides the trains or buses daily. Travelcards are similar, although they also permit travel on National Rail. Daily Travelcards are only sold from machines after 9:30 am, but a peak hour inclusive version is available at a much higher price. Many shops, usually newsagents, sell bus passes and Travelcards; these are identified by a "Pass Agent" sign, usually in a door panel or front window. A day pass is valid until 4:30 am the next morning. Passes can be bought from these agents during a day prior to travel.
Station Access
Not all Underground stations are accessible by people with mobility problems. Many have some of the 408 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators), but not all of them.The escalators in London Underground stations are both an asset and a liability. They are among the longest escalators in Europe and all are bespoke (custom-built). Because of their age and heavy usage, they tend to break down rather frequently, causing long delays at stations.
London Transport now produce a map which specifically indicates which stations are accessible. However, step height from platform to train is often as high as 20 cm on older lines, and there can be a large gap between the train and some curving platforms. Only the Docklands Light Rail network and the Jubilee Line Extension are suitable for the unassisted wheelchair-using traveller.
Safety
As far as passengers are concerned, the London Underground has a good safety record. Although suicides are unfortunately common, these are dealt with quickly and with dignity. Surprisingly few accidents are caused by overcrowding on the platforms; one explanation suggested (presumably by people who have never actually visited London or the Tube) for this is that Londoners are too polite to push!However, for its own workers the record is less good. In January 2002 London Underground was fined £225,000 for breaching safety standards for workers. In court the judge said the company was "sacrificing safety" to keep the trains running "at all costs". He continued that the company, "despite the lip service they paid to health and safety issues, fell lamentably short of the proper safety standards and, objectively, simply ignored their obligations in this respect". Workers had been ordered to work in the rain, in the dark, while the track current was still switched on. (Source: BBC News)
The worst recent incident was a fire at King's Cross station on November 18, 1987, caused by a smouldering cigarette stub falling onto a wooden-tread escalator panel. Thirty-one people died in the fire, which prompted the phasing out of wooden escalators and prompted the prohibition of smoking throughout the system.
Iconography
The London Underground Roundel at Westminster (Large)London Transport's logo (shown above) and tube map are instantly recognizable by any Londoner, almost any Briton, and many people around the world.
The logo, as well as London Transport's distinctive sans-serif typeface, were designed by Edward Johnston, the former in 1913, the latter in 1916. Much of the reason for the widespread recognition of the London Transport logo is its ubiquitous usage on London Transport documents and signage. It is used for all tube station signs (where the station name appears on the horizontal bar), for example, as well as on in-carriage maps.
Tube Map
The tube map was designed by Harry Beck in 1931. See tube map for an in-depth analysis of its history and its topological nature.London Transport is known for taking legal action against unauthorized use of its trademarks, in spite of which unauthorized copies of the logo continue to crop up worldwide.
The Future
Privatisation
The London Underground is in a state of flux at the moment. Currently midway through partial privatisation, the system's maintenance is being taken over by two Infracos (Infrastructure Companies). These are Metronet and Tube Lines. It has been decided that Metronet will maintain the Bakerloo, Central, Victoria, the Waterloo & City, Circle, District, East London, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan Lines. Tube Lines will handle the remainder: the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly Lines.The aim of this "Public-Private Partnership" (PPP) is to accelerate investment in the sadly neglected aspects of the London Underground, commissioning new trains and installing safety features such as ATP, automatic train protection. The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, is sceptical about the practicality of the PPP plan. However, he has dropped the legal challenge against PPP, and refurbishment works are expected to be carried out from end 2002 onwards.
Expansion
Further, plans are underway to extend the East London Line to both the North and the South; to the North, Shoreditch station will be abandoned, and, in a move that will bring the Underground to Hackney for the first time, the line will run on the old Broad Street viaduct to Hoxton, then to Highbury & Islington station to connect with the Victoria Line. Another branch may run on the same tracks as the North London Line to Willesden Junction. To the South, two branches are planned, running to Croydon and Wimbledon. These will transform the line from a small stub in the network to a major transport artery.
Cooling
In the summer weather, temperatures on the Tube can become very uncomfortable for passengers. Normal air conditioning has been ruled out becase of the lack of height to intall units on trains, and the problems of dipersing the heat generated. Heat pumps were proposed several years ago to overcome this, and following a successful demonstration in 2001 funds were given to the School of Engineering at London's South Bank University to develop a prototype; work began in April 2002. A cash reward of 100,000 pounds was offered by the Mayor of London in 2003 for a solution to the problem.
Underground stations
...and significant tube station content in:
- List of London Underground stations
- List of closed London Underground stations
- Bounds Green tube station
- Turnpike Lane tube station
- East Finchley tube station
- Finsbury Park tube station
- Tottenham Court Road tube station
- Dollis Hill tube station
- Notting Hill Gate tube station
- Charing Cross tube station
- London Bridge tube station
- Cannon Street tube station
- Embankment tube station
- Oval tube station
- Bethnal Green tube station
- Kings Cross fire
- Mornington Crescent
- Kings Cross station
- Marylebone railway station
- Liverpool Street station
- Paddington station
- Waterloo station
The Tube in fiction
(Please add to this list.)
- Arthur Conan Doyle: The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans (e-text)
- Barbara Vine (aka Ruth Rendell): King Solomon's Carpet
- Geoff Ryman: 253
- Various episodes of the television series Doctor Who
- Neil Gaiman: Neverwhere
- James Herbert: The Rats
See also
- Crossrail
- Croydon Tramlink
- Docklands Light Railway
- London Post Office Railway and other features of Subterranean London
- Mind the gap
- National Rail
- Northern City Line
- Railtrack
- Transport for London
- Underground in other cities
- UK topics
External Links
- The official site of the Tube
- TubeGuru
- London Journey Planner
- Clive Feather's highly detailed Clive's Underground Line Guides
- nycsubway.org's Photographs of London Underground
- Richard's LU rolling stock page
- Disused Stations on London's Underground
- A very complete timeline
- The uk.railway newsgroup
- The London Tube Map Archive has a collection of Tube maps, showing the growth of the system and the changes in the style of the Underground map
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "London Underground."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Tube is a colloquial name for the London Underground, London's metro system. The underground railway has been described as the tube since 1890 when the first electric railway line running through deep-level tunnels was opened. Specific lines also have their own nicknames; the most widely used is the Waterloo and City Line's "The Drain".
Other meanings
The Tube was an innovative United Kingdom music television programme of the 1980s.
The Tube is also a colloquial name for television, especially in the UK. It arose because a cathode ray tube is the major component in non-LCD television sets.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "The Tube."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In electronics, a vacuum tube is generally used for amplification of a signal. Once used in most electronic devices, vacuum tubes are now used only in specialized applications. For most purposes, the vacuum tube has been replaced by the much smaller and less expensive transistor, either as a discrete device or in an integrated circuit.
Vacuum tubes, or thermionic valves are arrangements of electrodes in a vacuum within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope. Although the envelope was classically glass, power tubes often use ceramics, and military tubes often use glass-lined metal.
Diode
TriodeVacuum tubes resemble incandescent light bulbs, in that they have a filament sealed in a glass envelope, which has been evacuated of all air. When hot, the filament releases electrons into the vacuum, a process called thermionic emission. The resulting negatively-charged cloud of electrons is called a space charge. These electrons will be drawn to a positively charged metal plate, the anode. This results in a current of electrons flowing from filament to plate.
Obviously this does not work the other way round, because the plate is not heated, so we have a diode, a device that conducts current only in one direction. This was invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, scientific adviser to the Marconi company, based on an observation by Thomas Edison.
The next innovation, due to Lee DeForest in 1907, was to place another electrode, the grid, between the filament and plate. The grid is a bent wire or screen. De Forest discovered that the current flow from filament to plate depended on the voltage applied to the grid, and that the current drawn by the grid was very low, being composed of the electrons which are intercepted by the grid. As the applied voltage of the grid varied from negative to positive, the current of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary correspondingly. Thus the grid was said to "control" the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent amplifier. DeForest called his invention the audion, but it is better known as a triode. The valve equivalent of a transistor, triodes were used in early valve amplifiers.
The non-linear operating characteristic of the triode gave early valve audio amplifiers a distortion that became known as the valve sound. To remedy this problem, engineers plotted curves of the applied grid voltage and resulting plate currents, and discovered that there was a range of relatively linear operation. In order to use this range, a negative voltage had to be applied to the grid to place the tube in the "middle" of the linear area with no signal applied. This was called the idle condition, and the plate current at this point the "idle current". The controlling voltage was superimposed onto this fixed voltage, resulting in linear swings of plate current for both positive and negative swings of the input voltage. This concept was called grid bias.
Batteries were designed to provide the various voltages required. "A Batteries" provided the filament voltage. B Batteries provided the plate voltage. To this day, plate voltage is referred to as "B+". C Batteries were used to provide grid bias, although many circuits used grid leak resistors or voltage dividers to provide proper bias.
Many further innovations followed. It became common to use the filament to heat a separate electrode called the cathode, and to use the cathode as the source of electron flow in the tube rather than the filament itself. This minimized the introduction of "hum" when the filament was energized with alternating current. In such tubes, the filament is called a heater to distinguish it as an inactive element.
A two-valve home-made radio from 1958. The valves are the two glass columns with the dark tops. The leads at the bottom connect to the low-voltage filament supply and to the high-voltage anode supply.
Larger versionWhen triodes were first used in radio transmitters and receivers, it was found that they were often unstable and had a tendency to oscillate due to parasitic anode to grid capacitance. Many complex circuits were developed to reduce this problem (e.g. the Neutrodyne amplifier), but proved unsatisfactory over wide ranges of frequencies. It was discovered that the addition of a second grid, located between the control grid and the plate and called a screen grid could solve these problems. A positive voltage slightly lower than the plate voltage was applied, and the screen grid was bypassed (for high frequencies) to ground with a capacitor. This arrangement decoupled the anode and the first grid, completely eliminating the oscillation problem. This two-grid tube is called a tetrode, meaning four active electrodes.
However the tetrode too had a problem, especially in higher-current applications. At high instantaneous plate currents, the plate would become negative with respect to the screen grid. The positive voltage on the second grid accelerated the electrons, causing them to strike the anode hard enough to knock out secondary electrons which tended to be captured by the second grid, reducing the plate current and the amplification of the circuit. Again the solution was to add another grid and called a supressor grid. This third grid was biased at either ground or cathode voltage and its negative voltage (relative to the anode) electrostatically suppressed the secondary electrons by repelling them back toward the anode. This three-grid tube is called a pentode, meaning five electrodes.
Tubes with 4, 5, 6, or 7 grids, called hexodes, heptodes, octodes, and nonodes, were generally used for frequency conversion in superheterodyne receivers. The additional grids were all "control grids" with different signals applied to each one. In combination with each other, they create a single, combined effect on the plate current (and thus the signal output) of the tube circuit. The heptode, or pentagrid converter, was the most common of these. 6BE6 is an example of a heptode.
It was common practice in some tube types (e.g. the Compactron) to include more than one group of elements in one bulb. For instance, type 6SN7 is a "dual triode" which, for most purposes, can perform the functions of two triode tubes, while taking up half as much space and costing less.
The beam power tube is usually a tetrode with the addition of "beam forming electrodes" which take the place of the supressor grid. These angled plates focus the electron stream onto certain spots on the anode which can withstand the heat generated by the impact of massive numbers of electrons, and thus overcome some of the practical barriers to designing high-power, high-efficiency power tubes. 6L6 is a beam power tube.
The chief reliability problem of a tube is that, like a light bulb, the filament eventually burns out. To increase filament life, tube designers try to run filaments at as low a temperature as possible while still sustaining sufficient thermionic emission. To encourage electron emission at lower temperatures, filaments are coated, usually with thorium. To meet the reliability requirements of the air defense computer system SAGE, it was necessary to build special "computer vacuum tubes" with extended filament life. The problem of early filament burnout was traced to evaporation of silicon used in the tungsten alloy to make the wire easier to draw. Elimination of the silicon from the filament wire alloy (and paying extra for more frequent replacement of the wire drawing dies) allowed production of tubes that met the reliability requirements of SAGE.
Another important reliability problem is that the tube fails when air leaks into the tube. Usually oxygen in the air reacts chemically with the hot filament. Designers therefore worked hard to develop tube designs that sealed reliably. This was much of the reason why many tubes were constructed of glass. Metal alloys and glasses had been developed for light bulbs that expanded and contracted the same amounts when hot. These made it easy to construct an insulating envelope of glass, and pass wires through the glass to the electrodes and filament.
It is very important that the vacuum inside the envelope be as perfect as possible. Any gas atoms remaining will be ionized at operating voltages, and will conduct electricity between the elements in an uncontrolled manner. This can lead to erratic operation or even catastrophic destruction of the tube and associated circuitry.
To prevent any remaining gasses from remaining in a free state in the tube, modern tubes are constructed with "getters", which are usually small, circular troughs filled with reactive metals, with barium being the most common. Once the tube envelope is evacuated and sealed, the getter is heated to a high temperature (usually by means of RF induction heating) causing the material to evaporate, adsorbing/reacting with any residual gases and usually leaving a silver-colored metallic deposit on the inside of the envelope of the tube. If a tube develops a crack in the envelope, this deposit turns a white color when it reacts with atmospheric oxygen.
Some special-purpose tubes are intentionally constructed with various gasses in the envelope. For instance, voltage regulator tubes contain various inert gasses such as argon, helium or neon, and take advantage of the fact that these gasses will ionize at predictable voltages.
Tubes usually have glass envelopes, but metal, fused quartz (silica), and ceramic are possible choices. The nuvistor is a tiny tube made only of metal and ceramic. In some tubes, the metal envelope is also the anode. 4CX800 is an external anode tube of this sort.
Near the end of World War II, to make radios more rugged, some aircraft and army radios began to integrate the tube envelopes into the radio's molded aluminum or zinc chassis. The radio became just a printed circuit, with non-tube components, that was soldered to the chassis that contained all the tubes.
Tubes were ubiquitous in the early generations of electronic devices, such as radios, televisions, and early computers. They are still used for specialised audio amplifiers, notably for electric guitar amplification, and for very high-powered applications such as microwave ovens and power amplification for broadcasting.
Other vacuum tube electronic devices include the magnetron, klystron, and cathode ray tube. The magnetron is the most common type of tube in microwave ovens. Most televisions, oscilloscopes and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes.
Other tube devices
The fluorescent displays commonly used on VCRs and automotive dashboards are actually vacuum tubes, using phosphor-coated anodes to form the display characters, and a heated filamentary cathode as an electron source. These devices are properly called "VFDs", or Vacuum-Fluorescent Displays.
Specialist low-pressure gas-filled tube devices include the Nixie tube and the dekatron. These are used to display numerals.
One of the proposed designs for a fusion reactor is basically a tube, the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor.
A tube in which electrons move through a vacuum (or gaseous medium) within a gas-tight envelope is called an electron tube.
See also: Irving Langmuir
External links and References
- http://www.marconicalling.com/museum/html/events/events-i=39-s=0.html
- Plenty of interesting information about vacuum tubes at http://www.svetlana.com/docs/tubeworks.html.
- A lot of very interesting technical information about vacuum tubes, with PDF files from old books in both English and German, with an outstanding theoretical discussion can be found at http://www.radau5.ch/valves.html. The difference between the American and the German techniques is interesting. The American technique usually uses the gain as central parameter in the calculation. The German technique uses the transparency (durchgriff) as the central parameter, which is a little bit more abstract but since the transparency is the most constant of all the parameters of the tube, it makes calculations more predictable and more precise.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Vacuum tube."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
TUBE | English | Taskforce against Unfair Business in Europe | N/A |
| TU | English | Tube | Meteorology & Standards, International Organizations |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: TubeSynonyms: electron tube (n), metro (n), pipe (n), subway (n), thermionic tube (n), thermionic vacuum tube (n), thermionic valve (n), tube-shaped structure (n), tubing (n), underground (n), vacuum tube (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Airpipe | Noun: air pipe, air tube; airhole, blowhole, breathinghole, venthole; shaft, flue, chimney, funnel, vent, nostril, nozzle, throat, weasand, trachea; bronchus, bronchia; larynx, tonsils, windpipe, spiracle; ventiduct, ventilator; louvre, jalousie, Venetian blinds; blowpipe. (wind); pipe. (tube); jhilmil; smokestack. |
Conduit | Noun: conduit, channel, duct, watercourse, race; head race, tail race; abito, aboideau, aboiteau, bito; acequia, acequiador, acequiamadre; arroyo; adit, aqueduct, canal, trough, gutter, pantile; flume, ingate, runner; lock-weir, tedge; vena; dike, main, gully, moat, ditch, drain, sewer, culvert, cloaca, sough, kennel, siphon; piscina; pipe. (tube); funnel; tunnel. (passage); water pipe, waste pipe; emunctory, gully hole, artery, aorta, pore, spout, scupper; adjutage, ajutage; hose; gargoyle; gurgoyle; penstock, weir; flood gate, water gate; sluice, lock, valve; rose; waterworks. |
Experiment | Crucible, reagent, check, touchstone, pix; assay, ordeal; ring; litmus paper, curcuma paper, turmeric paper; test tube; analytical instruments. |
Opening | Way, path; thoroughfare; channel; passage, passageway; tube, pipe; water pipe; air pipe; vessel, tubule, canal, gut, fistula; adjutage, ajutage; ostium; smokestack; chimney, flue, tap, funnel, gully, tunnel, main; mine, pit, adit, shaft; gallery. |
Receptacle | Beaker, flask, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, round-bottom flask, graduated cylinder, test tube, culture tube, pipette, Pasteur pipette, disposable pipette, syringe, vial, carboy, vacuum flask, Petri dish,beaker, flask, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, round-bottom flask, graduated cylinder, test tube, culture tube, pipette, Pasteur pipette, disposable pipette, syringe, vial, carboy, vacuum flask, Petri dish, microtiter tray, centrifuge tube. |
Remedy | Treatment, medical treatment, regimen; dietary, dietetics; vis medicatrix, vis medicatrix naturae; medecine expectante; bloodletting, bleeding, venesection, phlebotomy, cupping, sanguisae, leeches; operation, surgical operation; transfusion, infusion, intravenous infusion, catheter, feeding tube; |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | You know, while you were playing that just now, I had the craziest fantasy that I could rise up and float right down the end of this coronet, right through here, through these vales, right along this tube, and right up against your lips and give you a kiss (The Jerk; writing credit: Carl Reiner, written by Steve Martin and Carl Gottlieb.) I wanna slip my tube steak into your sister (Full Metal Jacket; writing credit: Gustav Hasford; Michael Herr) Oh! Why are the good looking ones always such tube heads (Beast Wars: Transformers; writing credit: Bob Forward; Lawrence G. DiTillio) Shut your noise tube, Taco Human (Invader ZIM; writing credit: Carel Donck) He eats through a tube. And whatever comes in through a tube has to go out through a tube (Johnny Got His Gun; writing credit: Dalton Trumbo) | |
Clever | To collect fumes of sulfur, hold a deacon over a flame in a test tube. (references; author: unknown) The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Groove Tube (1974) It's the Cathode Ray Tube Show Yes (1957) Test Tube Babies (1953) The Tree in a Test Tube (1943) La Folie du Docteur Tube (1915) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shown are various shots of two young girls with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) receiving chemotherapy. The girl on the left has an IV tube in the neck, the other girl's IV is in her arm. They are sitting on a bed and are demonstrating some of the procedures and techniques used with chemotherapy. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |  | Seen are a technician's hands performing a lab test. The test tube with some frozen breast tissue and some liquid are visible, as well as the techician in some slides. This is the estrogen receptor assay being performed at the time of mastectomy. Results suggest whether removal of ovaries or use of antiestrogen drugs are likely to be effective therapy. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |
 | Surgically removed, formalin-fixed fallopian tube has been opened to reveal human embryo and placenta. Credit: CDC. |  | Candida albicans showing germ tube production in serum. Gram stain. Credit: CDC. |
 | "Velocity Field for Fluid Flow Thru a Tube" by Tom Tredon. Use DPGraph's Scrollbar to vary A (the curvature), B (the inner diameter), or C (the speed of the fluid flow). Inspired by a drawing on page 3 of Harry Schey's "Div, Grad, Curl, and All That", 2nd edition. Click on Edit inside DPGraph for more info. |  | Goddard with Vacuum Tube Device. Credit: NASA. |
 | Coast and Geodetic Survey sounding tube equipment Hydrographic Manual 1931, Figure 17, p. 53. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | A nature trail near Thurston Lava Tube. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | Inside Thurston Lava Tube. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | A lava formation at the entrance to a lava tube. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Tube" by Jesse Braun Commentary: "Aluminium air tube." | "The tube" by Laurent Cottier Commentary: "London underground." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Earl Wilson | Money in the bank is like toothpaste in the tube. Easy to take out, hard to put back. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Joad looked into the tube of the well and listened |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | The largest pond is as sensitive to atmospheric changes as the globule of mercury in its tube. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | This tube is longer than a sigmoidoscope. (references) | |
Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. (references) | ||
Thomas, J, et al. Anencephaly and Other Neural Tube Defects. (references) | ||
Business | A tube of Rusian-made toothpaste costs only 10-12 rubles, or less than 50 cents. (references) | |
As an example, medical progress now permits tube feeding of premature babies at home so they may be leave the hospital sooner. (references) | ||
Bandeau tube dresses, hand-knitted dresses with embroidered flowers, bias-cutting, detachable straps and pockets, fluidity, multi-layered dresses, puffed sleeves. (references) | ||
Economic History | Brazil | The products with largest import share were seamless tubes and pipes (12.7% of the total dollar amount), welded tubes and pipes (11.8%), strips and hoops (9.5%), drawn products (9.3%), pipe and tube fittings (8.4%), cold rolled coils / uncoated, (5.8% of total); hot dip galvanized sheets (6.7%), stainless steel sheets and coils (6.2%), bars (4.8%), concrete reinforcing bars (4.7%), rails and track accessories (3.7%), and silicon steel sheets and coils (2.3%). (references) |
Human Rights | Swaziland | Police sometimes beat criminal suspects and occasionally used the "tube" style of interrogation, in which police suffocate suspects through the use of a rubber tube around the face and mouth. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dennis Miller | Everywhere you look, cooperation is as rare as a tube top in Queen Elizabeth's wardrobe. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Tube" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 95.46% of the time. "Tube" is used about 1,650 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 95.46% | 1,575 | 5,244 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.75% | 62 | 42,755 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.54% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.18% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Noun (common) | 0.06% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,650 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| India | Tube Investments of India Limited | Japan | Maruichi Steel Tube Ltd |
| Malaysia | Maruichi Malaysia Steel Tube Berhad | New Zealand | Steel & Tube Holdings Limited |
| USA | Maverick Tube Corporation | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "tube": acorn tube ♦ adjusting tube ♦ air tube ♦ aluminum tube ♦ amplifier tube ♦ auditory tube ♦ bailing tube ♦ belle counter tube ♦ blow tube ♦ blowing tube ♦ boob tube ♦ boron counter tube ♦ bronchial tube ♦ caesium beam tube ♦ caoutchouc tube ♦ capillary tube ♦ cartilaginous tube ♦ cathode ray tube ♦ cathode ray tube projector ♦ centrifuge tube ♦ cesium electron tube ♦ color television tube ♦ color tube ♦ color TV tube ♦ colour television tube ♦ colour tube ♦ colour TV tube ♦ Coolidge tube ♦ copper tube ♦ core tube ♦ counter tube ♦ Crookes tube ♦ culture tube ♦ curing tube ♦ Detonating tube ♦ Dewar tube ♦ digestive tube ♦ distilling tube ♦ diversion tube ♦ doping tube ♦ Draft tube ♦ Drainage tube ♦ Draught tube ♦ drop tube ♦ Dropping tube ♦ electron tube ♦ endotracheal tube ♦ eustachian tube ♦ Eustrachian tube ♦ Fallopian tube ♦ Fallopian Tube Patency Tests ♦ feeder tube ♦ feeding by a stomach tube ♦ feeding tube ♦ Fire tube ♦ Fishing tube ♦ flash tube ♦ flexible tube ♦ fluorescent tube ♦ Focus tube ♦ Friction tube ♦ geiger tube ♦ Geissler tube ♦ glass tube ♦ glow tube ♦ Gosport tube ♦ Graduated tube ♦ Hittorf tube ♦ hydraulic tube ♦ image converted tube ♦ immersed tube bank ♦ indicator tube ♦ infusion tube ♦ inner tube ♦ ionization tube ♦ Kundt's tube ♦ Lenard tube ♦ magnetron tube ♦ Moore light tube ♦ Morris tube ♦ nasotracheal tube ♦ neon tube ♦ neural tube ♦ Neural tube defects ♦ old tube ♦ on the tube ♦ organic quenched counter tube ♦ paint tube ♦ picture tube ♦ pitot tube ♦ Pitot's tube ♦ plucker tube ♦ pneumatic tube ♦ pollen tube ♦ pouring tube ♦ pressure tube anemometer ♦ priming tube ♦ probe tube ♦ proportional counter tube ♦ radio tube ♦ rear of tube. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "tube": tube-based, tube-dwelling, tube-fed, tube-fed patient, tube-feed, tube-feeding, tube-fixing, tube-framed, tube-goer, tube-legged, tube-like, tube-living, tube-making, tube-nose, Tube-nosed, tube-nosed bat, tube-nosed fruit bat, tube-noses, tube-railway, tube-ride, tube-riding, tube-shaped, tube-shaped structure, Tube-shell, tube-side, tube-squeezed, tube-station, tube-train, tube-tying, tube-tyings, tube-wells. | |
Ending with "tube": all-tube, test-tube, t-tube. | |
Containing "tube": test-tube baby. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
psp tube | 1,109 | mailing tube | 117 |
tube | 889 | fallopian tube | 116 |
tube top | 540 | tube tied | 112 |
inner tube | 399 | solar tube | 110 |
vacuum tube | 398 | steel tube | 108 |
float tube | 337 | aluminum tube | 106 |
tube bender | 255 | tube amplifier | 105 |
london tube | 217 | ski tube | 102 |
feeding tube | 182 | picture tube | 98 |
london tube map | 177 | groove tube | 93 |
x ray tube | 175 | radio tube | 93 |
paint shop pro tube | 170 | chest tube | 90 |
cathode ray tube | 169 | tube sock | 84 |
water tube | 153 | eustachian tube | 83 |
test tube | 150 | stainless steel tube | 83 |
tube bending | 149 | test tube baby | 81 |
snow tube | 147 | psp7 tube | 77 |
ear tube | 144 | tube fitting | 76 |
plastic tube | 132 | audio tube | 74 |
free psp tube | 117 | pitot tube | 72 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "tube"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | buis (barrel, channel, pipe). (various references) | |
Albanian | tunel (subway, tunnel), tubet, tub elektronik, tub (conduit, duct, fistula, pipe, pole, tubing), qyngj (flue, pipe, stovepipe, vent), kanal (aqueduct, canal, chamfer, channel, conduit, cut, ditch, drain, duct, excavation, flute, Fosse, gully, gut, gutter, Lade, program, programme, rabbet, runway, sewer, trench, watercourse), kamerdare (inner tube), gyp (canal, channel, chimney, conduit, duct, fistula, funnel, pipe, stack, trumpet, vent). (various references) | |
Arabic | نفق (subway, tunnel), قناة (aqueduct, canal, channel, chase, conduit, cut, ditch, duct, gutter, passage, path, pipe, rut, sluiceway, spile, trough, trunk, water course, waterway), قطار الأنفاق (train, underground), صمام اليكتروني (valve), التلفاز (receiver, small screen, television), الصمام (sluice, valve), الإ طار الداخلي في عجلة السيارة, إنبوب (funnel, pipe), أنبوب (channel, conduit, duct, hosepipe, igniter, pipe, poop, streamer, tubing, tunnel), ركب قطار الأنفاق. (various references) | |
Basque | metro (metre, subway, underground). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | цев (barrel, shank), тунел (subway, tunnel), тубус, туба (tuba), тръба (aqueduct, channel, passage, pipe, spout, trumpet), телевизорна тръба, телевизор (boob tube, television set, televisor, telly), вътрешна гума (inner tire), метро (metro, subway, underground), електронна лампа (diode, radio tube, vacuum tube, vacuum valve, valve), път (approach, door, drive, driveway, fetch, gateway, itinerary, journey, key, lode, pad, part, parting, passage, path, pathway, race, ride, riding, road, roadway, route, time, track, trail, way), провод. (various references) | |
Chinese | 管 (pipe, to be in charge of, to control, to look after, to manage, to run, to take care). (various references) | |
Czech | tuba, trubka (pipe, trumpet), trubice (pipe, sleeve), trouba (blockhead, dodo, fool, goof, lemon, nitwit, numskull, oaf, oven), roura (duct, pipe), hadice (hose, hosepipe, pipe, tubing). (various references) | |
Danish | rør (barrel, channel, pipe), ventil (valve), slange (inner tube, serpent, snake). (various references) | |
Dutch | buis (barrel, channel, jacket, pipe), binnenband (inner tube). (various references) | |
Esperanto | tubo (barrel, channel, pipe), valvo (valve), aertubo. (various references) | |
Faeroese | slanga (barrel, channel, pipe, serpent, snake), skel (bark, husk, peel, shell, valve), rør (barrel, channel, pipe), klaffur (valve). (various references) | |
Farsi | مجرا (Channel, Conduit, Cullis, Duct, Gullet, Gully, Runway, Strand, Vessel), نی (Cane, Junk, Sprit, Straw), نای (Gullet, Lane, Pipe, Throat, Trachea, Windpipe), ناودان (Cullis, Sike, Spout), لوله خمیرریش وغیره , لوله دارکردن , لوله (Cannon, Cylinder, Pipe, Roll, Spout), لامپ (Lamp), لاستیک توءی اتومبیل ودوچرخه وغیره , تونل (Tunnel), ازلوله ردکردن , دودکش (Chimney, Funnel, Shaft, Stack, Uptake). (various references) | |
Finnish | putki (barrel, channel, pipe, valve). (various references) | |
French | tube (tunnel), chambre à air (glow tube, inner tube), tuyau, métro (the tube). (various references) | |
Frisian | piip (barrel, channel, pipe), fentyl (valve), buis (barrel, channel, pipe). (various references) | |
German | Rohr (barrel, blowpipe, cane, channel, conduit, liner, oven, pipe, Reed, reeds, tubing, wicker), Röhre (barrel, boob tube, box, cavity, channel, drainage pipe, duct, gallery, oven, pipe, stem, strip, telly, tubing, valve), Tube, Schlauch (barrel, channel, flexible tube, grind, hose, hosepipe, inner tube, pipe, skin, sleeving, utrice), U-Bahn (subway, subwayUS, underground), Roehre (bulb, shell, tank). (various references) | |
Greek | σωλήνας (pipe, tubing), μετρό (metro). (various references) | |
Hebrew | משורה (measure), מסלה תחתית (metro, subway, underground railway), שפופרת (pipe, shell), אביק (buttonhole, dusty, pipe, powdery), אבוב (flute, pipe), זרנוק (hose, hosepipe, hydrant), דיופי (syphon), גובתה (box, cup, socket), רכבת תחתית (metro, subway, underground), צנור (canal, channel, ditch, duct, hose, jet, pipe, spout). (various references) | |
Hungarian | tubus, metró (metro, subway, underground), gumibelső (inner tube), csõ (barrel, bore, duct, pipe), cső (barrel, conduit, duct, passage, pipe). (various references) | |
Indonesian | tabung, pipa (nozzle, pipe), bis (box, bus, pipe). (various references) | |
Italian | tubo (drain, duct, flue, hose, pipe, spout), valvola (clack, fuse, gate, safeguard, valve, valvule), tubetto, metropolitana (subway, underground), condotto (barrel, channel, conducted, conduit, duct, gully, pipe, piped, shaft), camera d'aria (inner tube). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 管 (pipe), 管 (pipe), 筒 (pipe), チャン語 (Chinese language, tuba, tulip, tuna, tuner, tuning, Turing, Turing machine, Turing's test, tutor, tutorial, Zurich), パール編み (full cup, parentheses, parenthesis, pi, pie, pineapple, pioneer, pioneer spirit, pipe, pipe-line, pipe-organ, piping, purl stitch, tart, vasectomy). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | チューブ , パイプ (pipe), くだ (pipe), つつ (gun, pipe), かん (admiration, advise, appearance, best, building, can, cap, casket, coffin, cold season, coldest days of the year, crown, designating, diadem, emotion, emperor, encourage, farewell, feeling, first, free time, guesthouse, hall, heaven, hotel, house, impression, initiating on coming of age, inn, intuition, just, kan, leave, leisure, letter, look, love of peace, midwinter, naming, nerves, offer, peerless, perception, pipe, recommend, reel, right, sensation, spare time, spectacle, strong, temper, the sixth sense, tin, top character radical, trunk, volume, warship, writing brush). (various references) | |
Korean | 관 (casket, Coffin, officialdom, pipe, pipes, tubular, Vascular). (various references) | |
Manx | traen fo-halloo, raad yiarn fo-halloo (tube railway), pioban (duct, pipe, throttle), feddan (aqueduct, barrel, channel, chanter, fife, flageolet, flute, pipe, sleeve, sleeving, tubing, vessel, whistle), cur feddan ayn, choob. (various references) | |
Norwegian | ventil (valve), slange (hose, inner tube), rør (barrel, channel, pipe). (various references) | |
Occitan | metro (subway, underground). (various references) | |
Papiamen | vèntil (valve), pipa (barrel, channel, pipe). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ubetay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | tubo (barrel, channel, conduit, drain, duct, pipe), válvula (gate, valve), canudo (barrel, pipe, straw), cano (barrel, pipe, piping, spout). (various references) | |
Romanian | tub electronic, tub (canal, ear trumpet, pipe, tubing), trompã (proboscis, trunk), metropolitan (metropolitan, subway, underground), lampã de radio (valve), conductã (conduit, duct, flue, pipe, pipe line), camerã (apartment, bladder, chamber, closet, house, lock-chamber, room, roomful), burlan (flue, pipe, shank, stove pipe), ţeavã (barrel, bobbin, flue, pipe, spool, spout, tubing). (various references) | |
Russian | электронная лампа (vacuum tube, vacuum valve, vacuum-tube, valve), тюбик, туннель подземной ж.-д., трубка;тюбик;лампа, трубка (snorkel, tobacco pipe), труба (aqueduct, chimney, duct, funnel, pipe, pipes, piping, trumpet), камера шины, метрополитен (Metro, underground), лампа (lamp). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | tuba (tuba), unutrašnja guma (inner tire, inner tube), lampa (dark lantern, lamp, lantern), cev (duct, pipe, stem). (various references) | |
Spanish | válvula (pallet, shutoff, valve, vent), tubo (clyster, conduit, drill pipe, flue, passage, pipe), cámara de aire (air chamber, bladder, inner tube, innertube). (various references) | |
Swedish | rör (barrel, cane, channel, conduit, duct, pipe, piping, Reed, touch, tubing, tubular skate, valve), tunnelbana (railway, subway, underground, underground railway), tub (telescope), slang (hose, slang, to speak, tubing). (various references) | |
Thai | ท่อที่เชื่อมระหว่างหูชั้นกลางกับช่วงคอส่วนบน มีหน้าที่ปรับความดันอากาศในแก้วหูทั้งสอง (eustachian tube), หลอดนีออน (neon tube), หลอดทดลอง (test tube). (various references) | |
Turkish | boru (barrel, bugle, channel, Clarion, conduit, drain, duct, horn, pipe, trump, trumpet). (various references) | |
Turkmen | trubka (r) (pipe, receiver). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | ствол, тюбик, тунель (subway, tunnel), труба (aqueduct, pipe, trumpet), камера (breast, cabinet, cavity, cell, ward). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | ống điện tử (electron tube). (various references) | |
Welsh | pibell (pipe), pib (diarrhea, pipe), corn (corn, horn, pipe, roll). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Assyrian | 3000 BCE-1000 BCE | qanu. (various references) |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | siphon. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | canalis, fistula, fistulae, fistulas, tubus. (various references) |
| Middle French | 1400-1600 | pipette. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "tube": tubed, tubeless, tubelike, tubenose, tubenoses, tuber, tubercle, tubercles, tubercular, tuberculars, tuberculate, tuberculated, tuberculin, tuberculins, tuberculoid, tuberculoses, tuberculosis, tuberculous, tuberoid, tuberose, tuberoses, tuberosities, tuberosity, tuberous, tubers, tubes, tubework, tubeworks. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "tube": blowtube, drawtube, flashtube, phototube. (additional references) | |
Words containing "tube": antitubercular, antituberculosis, antituberculous, blowtubes, drawtubes, flashtubes, phototubes, protuberance, protuberances, protuberant, protuberantly, pseudotuberculoses, pseudotuberculosis. (additional references) | |
| |
"Tube" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Atubo, etube, fube, Iturbe, kube, nube, pube, stube, tabe, tabez, tabye, taeb, taub, taube, tbd, teabe, teba, tebba, tebe, thube, tiba, tibe, tibi, tibye, tieb, toba, tobay, Tobbi, tobe, tobi, toeb, Tolbe, tombe, torbe, toub, trba, trube, Tsuba, tsubo, Tsuboi, tuabe, tubae, tuban, Tubb, tubbed, tubbo, tubel, tubet, Tubeuf, Tubey, tubi, tubig, tubiz, tuble, tubu, tuby, tuce, tude, tu-ee, tuey, tuge, tuie, tuke, tume, tuoe, tupe, tuqe, ture, tuse, tute, tuve, tuvet, tuxe, tybe, Tzuke, ube. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "tube" (pronounced tuw"b or tyuw"b) |
| 2 | -uw" b | boob, cube, lube, rube. |
| 3 | -y uw" b | cube. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: bute. | |
| Words within the letters "b-e-t-u" | |
-1 letter: bet, but, tub. | |
-2 letters: be, et, ut. | |
| Words containing the letters "b-e-t-u" | |
+1 letter: beaut, bluet, brute, buret, buteo, butes, butle, butte, debut, rebut, tubae, tubed, tuber, tubes. | |
+2 letters: arbute, baguet, bateau, battue, beauts, beauty, besmut, bestud, bluest, bluets, brunet, bruted, brutes, bucket, budget, buffet, bullet, bunted, bunter, burets, burnet, busted, buster, bustle, butane, butene, buteos, butled, butler, butles, butted, butter, buttes, debuts, obtuse, outbeg, outbye, rebuts, sublet, subnet, subset, subtle, tabued, tubate, tubbed, tubber, tubers, tubule, tumble, ubiety, unbelt, unbent, upbeat. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Company Usage 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Abbreviations 20. Acronyms | 21. Derivations 22. Rhymes 23. Anagrams 24. Bibliography |
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