Toxicology

Definition: Toxicology

Toxicology

Noun

1. The branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons.

Date "toxicology" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1910. (references)

Specialty Definition: Toxicology

Domain	Definition
Health	The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. (references)
	The study of the harmful effects of substances on humans or animals. (references)
Medicine	The study of poisons. Source: European Union. (references)
Public Administration	The science of poisons, their composition, detection, effects, elimination, antidotes and treatment. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Specialty Definition: Toxicology

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Toxicology is the study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of biological poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.

Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly. An example is "wood alcohol" or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between one individual and the next. Because demands placed on one liver enzyme can induce activity in another, many molecules become toxic only in combination with others. A family of activities that engages many toxicologists includes identifying which liver enzymes convert a molecule into a poison, what are the toxic products of the conversion and under what conditions and in which individuals this conversion takes place.

The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity).

See also: in vitro toxicology, pollution

External links

Society of Toxicology: http://www.toxicology.org
American College of Toxicology: http://www.actox.org

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Toxicology."

Top

Synonyms within Context: Toxicology

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Bane	Toxicology.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Top

Crosswords: Toxicology

English words defined with "toxicology": toxicologic, toxicological. (references)

Specialty definitions using "toxicology": life sciences ♦ NTP ♦ OECD Guidelines ♦ STAFF TOXICOLOGIST. (references)

Top

Commercial Usage: Toxicology

Domain	Title
Books	Sister Chromatid Exchanges: 25 Years of Experimental Research, Part B: Genetic Toxicology and Human Studies (Basic Life Sciences, Vol 29, Pt B) (reference) The World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences: Education, Research, Testing (Alternative Methods in Toxicology Series) (reference) Food Additive Toxicology (reference) Chemistry & Toxicology of Diverse Classes of Alkaloids (reference) Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Archives Of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology (reference) Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju = Archives Of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology (reference) Aquatic Toxicology (reference) Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology - Part C : Toxicology & Pharmacology (reference) Clinical And Forensic Toxicology News (reference) (more periodical examples)

Music	Bedside Toxicology (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Photo Album: Toxicology

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	CDC lab technician, Dana Shealy, is conducting a lab experiment in the toxicology robotics lab. Credit: CDC.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Top

Non-Fiction Usage: Toxicology

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		This contract, Investigational New Drug Toxicology for Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease and Other Diseases of Aging, funds a contractor to conduct animal studies to evaluate drugs for toxicity. (references)
		If the toxicology screening is successful, the data generated are used to file a request to the Food and Drug Administration for approval to carry out initial tests for safety and efficacy in humans. (references)
		Evidence to support this thesis was provided by Coral Lamartiniere, professor of pharmacology and toxicology and director of the graduate training program in toxicology at the University of Alabama, who showed that genistein, an isoflavone phytoestrogen, protects against chemically induced mammary cancer in an animal model. (references)
Business		Testing centers accredited by the Ministry of Health perform technical and toxicology tests. (references)
		The registration procedure involves several stages such as technical, safety, toxicology, hygienic and clinical tests. (references)
		Clinical tests are performed by healthcare institutions authorized by the Ministry of Health upon completion with positive results of respective technical and toxicology tests as well as hygienic assessment. (references)
Trade	Haiti	The Ministry of Health requires information regarding clinical studies, toxicology, and pharmaceutical certifications obtained from the country of origin. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Top

Usage Frequency: Toxicology

"Toxicology" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.14% of the time. "Toxicology" is used about 35 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	97.14%	34	59,261
Noun (proper)	2.86%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	35	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Top

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Toxicology

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
toxicology	300	applied pharmacology toxicology	7
analytical applied assays based biogen bioinformatics cell chemist chemistry clinical cro d development development drug eisai eli fda glaxo glaxo glp gmp industry inhalants kline lab lancaster lilly lilly mdi microbiology nda nmr not oread organic organic our packaging pfizer ppd present r research resume smith spectroscopy toxicology us validation we wyeth	260	chemistry toxicology	6
forensic toxicology	43	report toxicology	6
national program toxicology	25	mammallian toxicology	6
society toxicology	21	clinical toxicology	5
environmental toxicology	14	aquatic toxicology	5
journal toxicology	11	database toxicology	5
genetic toxicology	10	bulletin contamination environmental toxicology	5
analytical journal toxicology	10	advanced network toxicology	5
analytical applied assays based biogen bioinformatics cell chemist chemistry clinical cro d development development drug education eisai eli experience fda glaxo glaxo glp gmp industry inhalants kline lab lancaster lilly lilly mdi microbiology nda nmr objective oread organic organic packaging pfizer ppd r research resume skill smith spectroscopy toxicology validation wyeth	9	forensic job toxicology	5
redwood toxicology	9	occupational toxicology	5
analytical applied assays based biogen bioinformatics cell chemist chemistry clinical cro d development development drug eisai eli fda glaxo glaxo glp gmp industry inhalants kline lab lancaster lilly lilly mdi microbiology nda nmr oread organic organic our packaging pfizer ppd present r research resume smith spectroscopy toxicology us validation we wyeth	9	analytical applied apply assays based biogen bioinformatics cell chemist chemistry clinical cro d description development development drug education eisai eli experience experience fda glaxo glaxo glp gmp industry inhalants job job job job kline lab lancaster lilly lilly listing mail mdi microbiology nda nmr now objective opening opportunity oread organic organic packaging pfizer ppd r reference research resume resume resume skill smith spectroscopy submit toxicology validation work wyeth	5
industrial toxicology	9	toxicology urine	4
environmental toxicology and chemistry	9	consulting toxicology	4
toxicology lab	9	toxicology training	4
medical toxicology	8	american board toxicology	4
toxicology job	8	analytical applied assays based biogen bioinformatics cell chemist chemistry clinical cro d development development drug eisai eli fda glaxo glaxo glp gmp industry inhalants job job job kline lab lancaster lilly lilly listing mdi microbiology nda nmr oread organic organic packaging pfizer ppd r research resume resume resume search send smith spectroscopy submit toxicology validation wyeth	4
pharmacology toxicology	8	hazmat toxicology	4
ametryn toxicology	8	american college toxicology	4
environmental health journal toxicology	7	international journal toxicology	4
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Modern Translation: Toxicology

Language		Translations for "toxicology"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		toksikologji. (various references)

Arabic		‏مبحث السم. (various references)

Bulgarian		токсикология, наука за отровите. (various references)

Chinese		�'� 学. (various references)

Czech		toxikologie. (various references)

Danish		toksikologi. (various references)

Dutch		toxicologie, vergiftenleer. (various references)

Farsi		مبحث داروهای سمی , زهرشناسی . (various references)

Finnish		toksikologia, myrkkyoppi. (various references)

French		toxicologie. (various references)

German		Toxikologie. (various references)

Greek		τοξικολογία. (various references)

Hungarian		méregtan. (various references)

Indonesian		ilmu racun. (various references)

Italian		tossicologia. (various references)

Japanese Kanji		�'物学 , �'科学 (toxicological). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		どくぶつがく, どくかがく (toxicological). (various references)

Korean		독물학 (toxicological). (various references)

Manx		nieu-oaylleeaght. (various references)

Pig Latin		oxicologytay

Portuguese		toxicologia. (various references)

Romanian		toxicologie. (various references)

Russian		токсикология. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		toksikologija. (various references)

Spanish		toxicología. (various references)

Swedish		toxikologi. (various references)

Turkish		toksikoloji, zehirbilim. (various references)

Ukrainian		токсикологія. (various references)

Vietnamese		khoa chất độc. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Top

Misspellings: Toxicology

Misspellings
	"Toxicology" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: toxicolgy, toxicologie. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Top

Rhyming with "Toxicology"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "toxicology" (pronounced tÄ'ksikÄ"lujē)
7	-i k Ä" l u j ē	ecology.
6	-k Ä" l u j ē	gynecology, mycology, oncology, pharmacology, psychology.
5	-Ä" l u j ē	anesthesiology, anthology, anthropology, apology, archaeology, archeology, astrology, bacteriology, biology, biotechnology, cardiology, chronology, cosmetology, criminology, cytology, dendrochronology, dermatology, doxology, embryology, endocrinology, entomology, epidemiology, epistemology, ethnology, ethology, etiology, etymology, genealogy, geology, geomorphology, gerontology, graphology, histology, Hymnology, ideology, immunology, kinesiology, limnology, meteorology, methodology, microbiology, micropaleontology, mineralogy, morphology, mythology, neurology, numerology, ontology, ophthalmology, ornithology, otology, paleontology, pathology, penology, petrology, physiology, Pomology, radiology, rheumatology, seismology, serology, sociology, terminology, theology, urology, virology, zoology.
4	-l u j ē	analogy, cosmology, elegy, eulogy, trilogy.
3	-u j ē	prodigy, strategy.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Top

Anagrams: Toxicology

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-g-i-l-o-o-o-t-x-y"
	-2 letters: tocology.
	-3 letters: oologic, otology.
	-4 letters: cogito, oology.
	-5 letters: cloot, colog, cooly, cylix, igloo, logic, logoi, lotic, lytic, octyl, ology, toxic, yogic.
	Words containing the letters "c-g-i-l-o-o-o-t-x-y"
	+5 letters: toxicologically.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.