Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Tiger

Specialty Definition: Tiger

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Specialty Definition: Eurocopter Tiger

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Eurocopter Tiger is an attack helicopter manufactured by the Eurocopter Group. In Germany it is known as the Tiger; in France it is called the Tigre. It is also designated the EC 665.

History

In 1984 the French and German governments had a requirement for an advanced multi-role battlefield helicopter.

In November 1989, Eurocopter received a contract to build 5 prototypes. Three were to be unarmed testbeds, and the other two armed prototypes: one for the anti-tank varient, and the other for the French escort helicopter varient.

The first prototype first flew in April 1991.

Inventory

Germany's total requirement is for 212 units; France's total requirement is for 215 units.

Versions

Characteristics

References

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Eurocopter Tiger."

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Tiger

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Tiger
(larger image)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: tigris
Binomial name
Panthera tigris

Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family, one of four 'big cats' that belong to the Panthera genus. Tigers are predatory carnivores.

Most tigers live in forests (for which their camouflage is ideally suited) and grasslands. Of all the big cats, only the tiger and Jaguar are strong swimmers, and tigers may often be found bathing in ponds, lakes and rivers. Tigers hunt alone, and their diet consists primarily of medium-sized herbivores such as Barking Deer, Sambar, Elk, Chital, Swamp Deer, Red Deer, Rusa Deer, wild pigs and Bison, but they will also take larger prey if the circumstances demand it.

There are eight separate subspecies of tiger, three of which are extinct and one of which is almost certain to become so in the near future. Their historical range (severely diminished today) ran through Russia, Siberia, Iran and Afghanistan, India, China and South-East Asia, including the Indonesian islands.

• The Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, is found through the forests and grasslands of Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India and Nepal. The estimated wild population of this subspecies is 3000 to 4600, most living in India. These tigers are under severe pressure from both habitat reduction and from poaching; some recipes in Chinese medicine (in particular cures for impotence) require parts of tigers. Project Tiger, an Indian conservation project launched in 1972, has had limited success in protecting this subspecies.

• The North China Tiger (formerly the Amur Tiger, alternately the Northeast China or Manchurian Tiger), Panthera tigris altaica, is now confined almost totally to a very restricted part of eastern Russia. There are thought to be between 150 and 400 of these tigers in the wild today, and many populations are no longer considered to be genetically viable, meaning that they are subject to potentially catastrophic inbreeding.

• The Balinese Tiger, Panthera tigris balica, has always been limited to the island of Bali. These tigers were hunted to extinction —the last Balinese Tiger is thought to have been killed at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937; this was an adult female. No Balinese Tiger was ever held in captivity.

• The Caspian Tiger, Panthera tigris virgata, appears to have become extinct in the late 1960s, with the last reliable sighting in 1968. Historically it ranged through Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Russia and Turkey.

• Corbetts Tiger or the Indo-Chinese Tiger, Panthera tigris corbetti is found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Estimates of its population vary between 1200-1800, but it seems likely that it is in the lower part of this range. The largest current population is in Malaysia, where illegal poaching is strictly controlled, but all existing populations are at extreme risk from habitat fragmentation and inbreeding. In Vietnam, almost three-quarters of the tigers killed end up providing stock for Chinese pharmacies and the tiger is seen by poor native people as a resource through which they can ease poverty.

Bengal Tiger.
Larger version

• The Javan Tiger, Panthera tigris mondaica, was limited to the Indonesian island of Java. It now seems likely that this subspecies was made extinct in the 1980s, as a result of hunting and habitat destruction, but the extinction of this subspecies was extremely probable from the 1950s onwards (when it is thought that fewer than 25 tigers remained in the wild). The last specimen was sighted in 1979.

• The Sumatran Tiger, Panthera tigris sumatrae, is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The wild population is estimated at between 400 and 500 animals, occurring predominantly in the island's five national parks. Recent genetic testing has revealed the presence of unique genetic markers, indicating that it may develop into a separate species, if it is not made extinct. This has led to suggestions that Sumatran Tigers should have greater priority for conservation than any other subspecies. Habitat destruction is the main threat to the existing tiger population (logging continues even in the supposedly protected national parks), but 66 tigers were recorded as being shot and killed between 1998 and 2000—nearly 20% of the total population.

• The The South China Tiger (also the Amoy or Xiamen Tiger), Panthera tigris amoyensis, is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger, and will almost certainly become extinct. It seems likely that the last known wild South Chinese tiger was shot and killed in 1994, and no live tigers have been seen in their natural habitat for the last 20 years. In 1959, Mao Zedong declared the tiger to be a pest, and numbers quickly fell from 4000 or so to approximately 200 in 1976. In 1977 the Chinese government reversed the law, and banned the killing of wild tigers, but this appears to have been too late to save the subspecies. There are currently 59 known captive Chinese tigers, all within China, but these are known to be descended from only 6 animals. Thus, the genetic diversity required to maintain the subspecies no longer exists, making its eventual extinction very likely.

Different subspecies of tiger have somewhat different characteristics. In general, male tigers may weigh between 150 and 310 kilograms and females between 100 and 160. The males are between 2.6 and 3.3 metres in length, and the females are between 2.3 and 2.75 metres in length. Of the more common subspecies, Corbetts Tigers are the smallest and Amur Tigers the largest.

The ground of the coat may be any colour from yellow to orange/red, with white areas on the chest, neck, and the inside of the legs. A common recessive variant is the white tiger, which may occur with the correct combination of parents. Black or melanistic tigers have been reported, but no live specimen has ever been recorded. Also in existance are golden tabby tigers(also called golden tigers or tabby tigers) which have a golden hue, much lighter than the colouration of normal tigers, and stripes that are brown. This variation in colour is very rare, and only a handful of golden tabby tigers exist nowadays, all in captivity.

White Tiger.

The stripes of most tigers vary from brown/grey to pure black, although white tigers have far less apparent stripes. The form and density of stripes differs between subspecies, but most tigers have in excess of 100 stripes. The now extinct Javan Tiger may have had far more than this. The pattern of stripes is unique to each individual animal, and thus could potentially be used to identify individuals, much in the same way as fingerprints are used to identify people. This is not, however, a preferred method of identification, due to the difficulty of recording the stripe pattern of a wild tiger. It seems likely that the purpose of stripes is camouflage, serving to hide these animals from their prey (few large animals have colour vision as capable as that of humans, so the colour is not so great a problem as one might suppose).

A Bengal Tiger

Tigers in literature

Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright
Through the forrest of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
William Blake, The Tyger, Songs of Experience

The tiger has certainly managed to appeal to man's imagination. Both Rudyard Kipling in The Jungle Books and William Blake in his Songs of Experience depict him as a ferocious, fearful animal. In The Jungle Books, Shere Khan is the biggest and most dangerous enemy of Mowgli, the uncrowned king of the jungle. Even the cutesy Bill Watterson comic strip, Calvin and Hobbes, Hobbes sometimes escapes his role of cuddly animal. At the other end of the scale there's Tigger, the tiger from A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories, who is always happy and never induces fear.

See also

• Smilodon (formerly known as the Sabertooth tiger)
• Siegfried & Roy

External links and references

• http://www.rareearthexplorations.com/wildindia/tiger/saving.htm
• http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger

• Jim Corbett, Man-eaters of Kumaon, Oxford University Press, 1946

Tiger is also:

• The name of a German tank, primarily used during World War II. See Tiger I and Königstiger.
• The title of a comic strip [1]
• One of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. See Tiger (Zodiac).
• The Tiger, a leading American high school newspaper, based in South Pasadena, California.
• City of Tigers, pet name for the city of Oslo.
• The nickname of the British pop singer Tom Jones.
• A cryptographic hash algorithm (or message digest algorithm) developed by Ross Anderson et al at Cambridge University.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tiger."

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Tiger (Zodiac)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The tiger is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits.

People who have this Chinese sign are:

• Amanda Bynes, actress
• Shia LaBeouf, actor
• Kyla Pratt, actress

See also: Tiger

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tiger (Zodiac)."

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Tiger I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H/E Tiger I (Mark VI-H/E, Panzer VI-H/E, Pzkw VI-H/E, SdKfz 181-H/E, Sonderkraftfahrzeug 181-H/E, Tiger, Tiger I) was a German tank of World War II. This combat vehicle was first used in late-1942, weighed 55.1-57 tons, had a crew of 5, and was armed with an 88mm cannon (the KwK 36). The Tiger I was in use until the German surrender and was given its nickname by Ferdinand Porsche. This design eventually resulted in the Pzkw VI Königstiger.

Combat History

It is perhaps uncontroversial that Mark VIs were capable of destroying a T-34 or Churchill IV at ranges up to 1300m. Conversely, these opposing tank types were unable to penetrate the armor of the Mark VI if firing from a range greater than 500m. Of perhaps some controversy is the argument that a Mark VI was capable of destroying a M4 Sherman at ranges in excess of 3500m, however, Shermans were not capable of penetrating the Mark VIs fore and side armor, even at pointblank range.

The Captured Tiger of 1943

In May 1943, a Tiger of the Afrika Korps was captured and sent to England for inspection. However, the western Allies did little to prepare for combat against the German tank despite their assessment that the Tiger was superior to their own tanks.. It is believed this decision was based on the doctrine of the United States Army, which did not place emphasis on tank vs. tank combat.

The Russian Response

In response to the Mark VI, Russia modified the T-34 by upgrading to an 85mm gun. They also mounted 122mm and 152mm howitzers on the KV-1, which resulted in the SU-122 and SU-152 self-propelled guns. Eventually the Russians would produce fully new tank designs, the JS-I (100mm) and the JS-II (122mm).

Design

The tank had armor up to 110mm thick and was the first tank to have interleaving road wheels with torsion bar suspension, which improved load distribution. This tank also featured a hydraulically-controlled pre-selector gearbox and a semiautomatic transmission. The original design could submerge to 4.0m and remain there for 2.5 hours, however, this being an expensive feature, it was abandoned after the first 495 tanks had been produced.

The internal layout was typical of German tanks, except: full-length sponsons provided storage for the ammunition. At the rear, they formed isolated compartments containing petrol tanks, radiators and fanss. These compartments were flooded during submersion. With no fuel stored in the crew compartment, there was considerable stowage space under the floor.

Production History

Production of the Mark VI began in August 1942 and 1,355 (1) such tanks were built by August 1944, at which point producted ceased. Production started at a rate of 25 per month and never exceed 104 per month. Generally speaking, it took about twice as long to build a Pzkw VI, in comparison to the other German tanks of the period.

In the spring of 1937, the German Armaments Ministry requested development of a "heavy tank" and Henschel & Son began developing a 30-33 ton tank to replace the Pzkw IV. This project was not given high priority until July 1941, during the invasion of Russia (see: Operation Barbarossa), when German troops reported that the Russian T-34 and KV-1 tanks had suffient armor to withstand fire from the Panzer IV's 75mm L/24 cannon, as well as the Pak 37mm. Wrote Hensche's chief designer Erwin Adlers, "There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the Wehrmacht."

In May 1941, a 45 ton tank design was requested of Henschel and Porsche and prototypes, of said design, were to be ready by April 20, 1942, Adolf Hitler's birthday. Henschel developed a tank based on the earlier 30-33 ton design, which they enlarged. The Henschel design was selected over the Porsche design, and this became the Mark VI.

Quotes

• British Tank Commander Andrew Wilson -- "All you saw in your imagination was the muzzle of an 88 behind each leaf."
• German Tank Commander Oberst Franz Bäke -- "The Tiger was the best tank and was particularly successful in heavy fighting."

Notes

• i -- Although 1,350 is a common figure, World War II magazine reported the figure of 1,355 in their January 1994 edition (p.16)

See also: List of tanks

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tiger I."

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Tiger Woods

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Eldrick 'Tiger' Woods (born December 30, 1975), son of Earl and Kultida Woods, is considered one of the greatest golfers of all time. As of July 2002, at only 26 years of age, Woods had already won 8 "major" tour events on the PGA Tour. He is one of only five players (along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player) in the history of golf to win all four professional major championships in a career. With his victory in The Masters in 2001, he became the only man to have held all four professional majors at once, although this did not occur in a calendar year, and is therefore not recognized by some as a true "Grand Slam". Before joining the PGA Tour, Woods won three consecutive United States Junior Amateur titles, followed by three consecutive United States Amateur titles. With his first US Amateur win in 1994, he became the youngest man ever to win that event. He also won one NCAA individual championship while studying at Stanford University.

Woods' major tournament victories are as follows:

• The Masters (1997, 2001, 2002)
• US Open (golf) (2000, 2002)
• British Open (golf) (2000)
• PGA Championship (1999, 2000)

Woods has an excellent all-around game. He is one of the longer drivers on the tour (12th place in 2003), with a driving distance average of 300.2 so far in 2003. He is also one of the best putters, at 19th place in putts per round so far in 2003. At the 2003 TOUR Championship, he set an all-time record for most consecutive cuts made, with 114. The next player is Ernie Els with 26 consecutive cuts.

Woods, who has African-American, Asian, Native American, and Caucasian ancestors, is credited with prompting a major surge of interest in the game of golf, especially among minorities and younger people in the United States. His father Earl Woods, an African American, is a Vietnam War veteran and a retired U.S. Army lieutenant colonel. His mother Kultida Woods is Asian-American.

External links

• Official Tiger Woods Site
• Tiger Woods Foundation

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tiger Woods."

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Tiger, Georgia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Tiger is a town located in Rabun County, Georgia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 316.

Geography

Tiger is located at 34°50'47" North, 83°26'3" West (34.846374, -83.434181)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²). 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 316 people, 137 households, and 77 families residing in the town. The population density is 148.8/km² (384.2/mi²). There are 161 housing units at an average density of 75.8/km² (195.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.10% White, 1.90% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 137 households out of which 25.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% are non-families. 38.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.23 and the average family size is 3.01. In the town the population is spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $27,875, and the median income for a family is $31,563. Males have a median income of $26,875 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,453. 18.2% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 20.4% are under the age of 18 and 28.3% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tiger, Georgia."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Tiger

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Synonyms within Context: Tiger

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Modern Usage: Tiger

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Commercial Usage: Tiger

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Image Slideshow: Tiger

Photos: Tiger More pictures...

Illustrations: Tiger More pictures...

Computer Images: Tiger More pictures...

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Photo Album: Tiger

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Under experimental conditions the Aedes albopictus mosquito, also known as the Asian Tiger Mosquito, has been found to be a vector of West Nile Virus. Aedes is a genus of the Culicine family of mosquitos. Credit: CDC.		The Ganges River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The delta is largely covered with a swamp forest known as the Sunderbans, which is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. Credit: NASA.
	Observing from station Tiger South Triangulation in support of aerial photography Triangulation party of Harold J. Oliver. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		14-foot, 1200 pound tiger shark caught in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Ca. 1966. Credit: Small World.
	Bringing up 14-foot, 1200 pound tiger shark for weighing. Credit: Small World.		Tiger trout. Credit: USDA.
	The Tiger Lily, or the Lilium tigrinum, of the Liliaceae family. Credit: Tim Haller.		Tiger Swallotail Butterflies at Riddle Brothers Ranch. Credit: Scott Moore.
	A Tiger Lily (Lilium columbianum) with a butterfly sitting on top. Upper Trail Creek. Credit: Terry Tuttle.		Butterfly on Tiger Lily along Upper Trail Creek. Credit: Terry Tuttle.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Tiger
 

"Tiger" by Carlos A Commentary: "Shot i took at Bronx Zoo."	"Tiger" by James McCallum Commentary: "Tiger."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Tiger".

Play	Caption
	Tiger growling.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Historic Usage: Tiger

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Use in Literature: Tiger

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Non-Fiction Usage: Tiger

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Spoken Usage: Tiger

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Speeches: Tiger

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Usage Frequency: Tiger

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Tiger

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Derived & Related Names: Tiger

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Usage in Company Names: Tiger

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Tiger

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Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.