Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Thalidomide |
ThalidomideNoun1. A sedative and hypnotic drug; withdrawn from sale after discovered to cause severe birth defects because it inhibits angiogenesis. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The drug was synthesized at Chemie Grünenthal in West Germany in 1953. It was marketed from October 1, 1957 mainly in Germany and Britain and was available in around fifty countries, although not in the USA, under at least forty different names (such as Talimol, Kevadon, Nibrol, Sedimide, Quietoplex, Contergan, Neurosedyn, etc.).
It was later (1960-61) found to be teratogenic in fetal development, most visibly as a cause of amelia or phocomelia as the drug is a angiogenesis inhibitor - interfering with blood vessel development, especially if taken during the first 25 to 50 days of pregnancy. Around 15,000 fetuses were damaged by Thalidomide. Some 12,000 children in 46 countries were born with birth defects caused by Thalidomide, with only 8,000 of them surviving past the first year of life, and most of them are still alive, nearly all with disabilities caused by the drug.
Thalidomide is racemic; one enantiomer is effective against morning sickness, and the other is teratogenic. It should be noted that the enantiomers are converted to each other in vivo. That is, if a human is given D-thalidomide or L-thalidomide, both isomers can be found in the serum. Hence, administering only one enantiomer will not prevent the teratogenic effect in humans.
The drug is most toxic if taken orally and is a mild carcinogen. Other symptoms can include peripheral neuritis, numbness, paresthesias in the extremities, peripheral neuropathy, mental confusion, unsteadiness, hypotension, and absent reflexes. Excessive dosages can lead to pulmonary oedema, atelectasis or aspiration pneumonia, and refractory hypotension.
Thalidomide was banned for its intended use but it has been found to be effective elsewhere and is currently (2001) undergoing clinical trials with the name Thalomid(R): as an antineoplastic agent, in the treatment of leprosy symtoms (ENL, erythema nodosum leprosum), in HIV related symptoms by reducing inflammation (blocking Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)), for advanced multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, and glioblastoma, and Crohn's disease.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Thalidomide."
Crosswords: Thalidomide |
| English words defined with "thalidomide": deformed, distorted ♦ ill-shapen ♦ malformed, misshapen ♦ phocomelia ♦ seal limbs ♦ teratogen. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "thalidomide": CC-1088. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | Starkweather, homicide, children of Thalidomide ("We Didn't Start The Fire"; performing artist: Billy Joel) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Shows 1962 photo of baby born with an extra appendage connected to the foot caused by the pregnant mother taking the drug Thalidomide.Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| "Thalidomide" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.22% of the time. "Thalidomide" is used about 36 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 97.22% | 35 | 58,339 |
| Noun (proper) | 2.78% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 36 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "thalidomide": thalidomide baby ♦ thalidomide child. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "thalidomide"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | ''利多迈. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | thalidomid, talidomid. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | thalidomine, thalidomidum, thalidomide. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | talidomidi. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | Torantal, thalidomine, thalidomide. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Thalidomin, Thalidomidum, Thalidomid. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | Torantal, θαλιδομίνη. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | Torantal, thalidomine, thalidomidum, talidomide. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | サリチル酸メチル (methyl salicylate, sage, saloon, salsa, Salvarsan, salvia, sarcoidosis, Sarin, sulfadiazine, sultan, thalidomide baby). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | サリドマイド . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | alidomidethay talidomida. (various references) talidomina, talidomida. (various references) talidomid. (various references) ยากล่อมประสาทที่ทำให้ทารกเกิ"มามือและแขนกุ". (various references) uyuşturucu bir ilaç. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "thalidomide": thalidomides. (additional references) | |
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"Thalidomide" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: thalidamide, thalidimide, thaliomide, tholidomide. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "thalidomide" (pronounced thuli"dumī'd) |
| 3 | -m ī' d | bromide, polyamide. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-d-e-h-i-i-l-m-o-t" | |
-2 letters: ethmoidal. | |
-3 letters: halidome, hematoid, hemiolia, lithemia. | |
-4 letters: delimit, deltoid, diamide, dilated, dithiol, ethmoid, haemoid, halidom, hemiola, iodated, limited, lithoed, lithoid, loathed, melodia, toadied. | |
-5 letters: amidol, daimio, daledh, daleth, detail, diadem, dialed, diatom, dilate, dildoe, doated, doiled, doited, eidola, eolith, hailed, halide, halite, haloed, haloid, halted, hamlet, hemoid, hiemal, hilted, iodate, iodide, iolite, laddie, lamedh, lathed, lithia, loaded, loamed, loathe, mailed, maloti, malted, mediad, medial, meloid, method, middle, miladi, milted, moated, moiled, molded, molted, motile, tailed, tholed, tidied, toddle, toiled. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-d-e-h-i-i-l-m-o-t" | |
+1 letter: thalidomides. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)54 68 61 6C 69 64 6F 6D 69 64 65 |
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)- .... .- .-.. .. -.. --- -- .. -.. . |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010100 01101000 01100001 01101100 01101001 01100100 01101111 01101101 01101001 01100100 01100101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)T h a l i d o m i d e |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0054 0068 0061 006C 0069 0064 006F 006D 0069 0064 0065 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5474677875708179757071 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Rhymes 12. Anagrams | 13. Orthography 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
