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Definition: Translation |
TranslationNoun1. A written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language. 2. A uniform movement without rotation. 3. The act of transforming; "a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface". 4. (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. 5. Rewording something in less technical terminology. 6. The act of uniform movement. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "translation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Translation \Trans*la"tion\, noun. [French expression translation, from Latin expression translatio transferring, translation, version. See Translate, and compare to Tralation.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | Movement in a straight line without rotation. (references) |
Computing | In a single cable system, the process by which incoming transmissions at one frequency are converted to another frequency for outgoing transmission. The translation takes place at the headend. Source: European Union. (references) |
Medicine | The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional, i. e. mRNA can never be made from a protein chain. Source: European Union. (references) |
Physics | Of a V/STOL aircraft, including a helicopter:horizontal movement in any direction when in hovering flight. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
For translation software, see machine translation. For other meanings of translation see Translation (disambiguation).
Translation is the act of rendering text in one language - the source - into another, the target.
Among practitioners, a distinction is generally made between translation, where the source and target texts are written, from interpreting or interpretation, where the source and target are spoken. From the point of view of analyzing the processes involved (translation studies), it is perhaps more useful to treat interpreting as a subcategory of translation.
The translation process can be logically divided into two steps: 1. The meaning must be decoded from the source language, and 2. This meaning must be re-encoded with the target language. For precise translation, both of these steps often require knowledge of both the semantics of the language and the culture of its speakers.
A successful translation approaches two ideals:
To be a good translator, one must be not only at ease in the source language, but also a skilled writer in the target language. For this reason, most translators choose to translate into their mother tongue.
All forms of literature and speech can be translated, including novels, movies, computer and video games, poetry, speeches, and non-fiction.
Different areas are of varying difficulty of translation, however. Computer and video games usually have Japanese as the source language and English as the target language.
Non-fiction works that are translated may include corporate and consumer documents, government works, and scholarly texts.
Non-fiction is usually more straight-forward to translate than literary works, as meaning is more important than form and because the content is clearer and less metaphorical.
Therefore, some believe that translating non-fiction texts requires little knowledge of culture or artistic aspects, so this task generally falls to companies staffed by low-skilled workers.
This includes the translation of manuals and other business and professional texts.
However, highly nonsensical translations may result if skilled writers in the source language are not used nor local factors taken into account.
For example, differences in lexicon between two regions that use the same language may result in ridiculous or even obscene results.
A quality translation will take this into account; this is known as localization.
Many governments also do a great deal of translating.
For instance the government of Canada must translate all official documents into English and French.
The European Union has many official languages and must employ a large number of translators.
Scholarly texts and nonfiction books are usually translated by skilled professional translators.
Metalanguage works, that is, works that discuss language, can be extremely difficult to translate usefully.
If the translation of non-fiction works is regarded as a skill the translation of fiction and poetry is much more of an art.
Some writers, such as Vladimir Nabokov, have made a name for themselves as literary translators per se.
Many consider some forms of poetry to be almost impossible to accurately translate, depending on how well the form as well as the content can be rendered in the target language.
This question was expertly explored, and a mostly positive answer given, in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, Le Ton beau de Marot.
The translation of religious works has played an important role in world history. For instance the Buddhist monks who translated the Indian sutras into the Chinese language would often skew the translation to better adapt to China's very different culture.
Thus notions such as filial piety were stressed.
The translation of the Christian Bible has long been of great import.
St. Jerome is still considered one of the greatest translators in history for his work on translating the work into Latin.
Jerome's translation was used by the Catholic Church for centuries, but even his translation met much controversy when it was released.
The Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into the local languages of Europe, and act condemned by the Catholic Church and one that had a great impact on the split between Protestantism and Catholicism.
Martin Luther's Bible in German and the King James Bible in English had immense impacts on the religion, culture, and language of those countries.
See also: Bible translations, fan translation
The reason that machine translation - translation performed by computer programs - is not a straightforward task is that one does not translate words - the "surface structure" in linguistics - but rather the meaning or "deep structure." Since computers are not sentient, the meaning is inaccessible to them.
In recent years the long anticipated goal of machines assisting in the translation process has met with limited success.
The goal of converting information from one language to another automatically is a major goal of natural language processing.
The international plaza of the internet has been a promising testing ground for these technologies, such as Alta Vista's Babel Fish.
Such programs can produce results that are broadly comprehensible but which do not come close to idiomatic quality.
Human translators are still necessary for the production of documents that are meant to be used in any generalized context.
However, in domains with highly limited ranges vocabulary and meaning, for example weather reports, machine translation can deliver excellent automated results.
Machine translation should not be confused with computer-assisted translation, which is the use by human translators of various software programs to aid in their work.
Besides standard dictionary and grammar software, a range of specialized programs are available for the translator.
For example, translation memory software packages "learn" turns of phrase frequently employed to render standard phrases in the source language, and suggest them when they recur in the same or other documents.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The key actors involved in translation are the ribosome, which consists of two subunits, the messenger RNA (mRNA), several transfer RNAs (tRNA) as well as numerous other protein factors. Translation proceeds in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination (all describing the growth of the amino acid chain, or polypeptide that is the product of translation).
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain (74-93 nucleotides), which is responsible for carrying amino acids in to the prokaryotic ribosome, which in turn links them together to form a protein. It has sites for amino-acid attachment and codon (a particular sequence of 3 bases) recognition. The codon recognition is different for each tRNA and is determined by the anticodon region, which contains the complementary bases to the ones encountered on the mRNA. Each tRNA molecule binds only one type of amino acid, but because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon exists for each amino acid.
Amino acids must be attached to the tRNA. This is achieved by enzymes termed amino acyl tRNA synthetases. There exists a different synthetase for each amino acid. This enzyme catalyses the binding of the amino acid with ATP. PP is released to form an amino acid-AMP complex. A tRNA molecule is then substituted for the AMP to form an activated tRNA-amino acid molecule. The binding of ATP gives energy to the molecule which is used later on in the energy intensive elongation phase of translation.
The ribosome used in bacterial protein synthesis consists of a 50S and a 30S subunit, which are made up of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In other organisms the sizes of these subunits are slightly different, but there is always a large and a small subunit that play similar roles. A ribosome can simultaneously hold three tRNA molecules, one each in the aminoacyl (A), peptidyl (P), and exit (E) sites.
Initiation of translation involves the small ribosomal subunit binding to the 'start' codon on the mRNA, which indicates where the mRNA starts coding for the protein. This codon is most commonly an AUG, but alternative start codons are common in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes and archaea, the amino acid encoded by the start codon is methionine. In bacteria, the protein starts instead with the modified amino acid N-formyl methionine (f-Met). In f-Met, the amino group has been blocked by a formyl group to form an amide, so this amino group cannot form a peptide bond –. This is not a problem because the f-Met it at the amino terminus of the protein. In prokaryotes the binding of the small subunit to the correct place on the mRNA is facilitated by base pairing to a series of bases known as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, located 8-13 nucleotides before the start site.
The initiator tRNA, carrying Met or f-Met, base pairs to the start codon and sits in the P site of the ribosome. The large subunit then forms a complex with the small and elongation proceeds. A new activated tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome and base pairs with the mRNA. The enzyme peptidyl transferase forms a peptide bond between the adjacent amino acids. As this happens, the amino acid on the P site leaves its tRNA and joins the tRNA at the A site. The ribosome them moves in relation to the mRNA shifting the tRNA at the A site on to the P whilst releasing the empty tRNA, this process is known as translocation.
This procedure repeats until the ribosome encounters one of three possible stop codons, where termination occurs. This stalls protein growth, and release factors, proteins which mimic tRNA, enter the A site and release the protein in to the cytoplasm.
Synthesis of proteins can take place extremely quickly. This is aided by multiple ribosomes being able to attach themselves to one mRNA chain, thus allowing multiple proteins to be constructed at once. An mRNA chain with multiple ribosomes is called a polysome. Also, as prokaryotes have no nucleus, an mRNA can be translated while it is still being transcribed. This is not possible in eukaryotes as translation occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas transcription occurs in the nucleus. (From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Distances are preserved under a translation, and so shapes and sizes remain the same.
See also affine transformation.
Modes of translation
Non-fiction
Literature
History
Machine translation
Computer-assisted translation
Noted Translators
External Links
Translation (biology)
Translation (geometry)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Translation."
Synonyms: TranslationSynonyms: displacement (n), interlingual rendition (n), rendering (n), transformation (n), version (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Churchdom | Holy orders, ordination, institution, consecration, induction, reading in, preferment, translation, presentation. |
Heaven | Resurrection, translation; resuscitation. |
Interpretation | Translation; rendering, rendition; redition; literal translation, free translation; key; secret; clew; (indication); clavis, crib, pony, trot. |
Transference | Transit, transition; passage, ferry, gestation; portage, porterage, carting, cartage; shoveling; Verb: vection, vecture, vectitation; shipment, freight, wafture; transmission, transport, transportation, importation, exportation, transumption, transplantation, translation; shifting, dodging; dispersion; transposition; (interchange); traction. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I think I've read a translation of it. (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) There's a translation of it? (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) No! Arrived, dinner has arrived is a slightly better translation. (Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes; writing credit: Edgar Rice Burroughs; Robert Towne) A more exact translation would be terror. (Dr. Terror's House of Horrors; writing credit: Milton Subotsky) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Translation of a Savage (1913) Lost in Translation (2003) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | First page of "Opusculu[m] repertorii pro[g]nosticon in mutationes aeris..." This is a Latin translation of a work by Hippocrates of the effect of climate on health. It was published in 1485 and is the oldest book in the NOAA Central Library. Call number QC859 .H56 1485. Credit: Treasures of the Library. |  | Folger Library copy work. Title page of 1565 edition of English translation of Ovid I. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | No title from P-G; use devised English title until Russian translation available. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Sir John Denham | Nor ought a genius less than his that writ attempt translation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign language is appropriated, namely, by translation. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | That is a translation of being quiet. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Translation of this new information into clinical practice is appropriate. (references) | |
The viral N and L mRNAs are thought to undergo translation at free ribosomes, whereas the M mRNA is translated in the endoplasmic reticulum. (references) | ||
The goal of this plan is to enhance knowledge about immune tolerance and to speed the translation of basic research discoveries into clinical approaches to treating and preventing immunologic diseases. (references) | ||
Business | Growth in U.S. publishers' revenues from the sale of rights and translation in Taiwan has been impressive. (references) | |
These two styles are treated in the publishing industry as two different languages with separate translation rights. (references) | ||
While not bound by law, there are some additional factors to be considered namely the translation into Swedish of all documents. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Iran | This requirement imposes sometimes significant translation expenses on minority communities. (references) |
Turkmenistan | President Niyazov ordered that all copies of Orazgylychev's Turkmen translation of the Koran be burned. (references) | |
Spain | The applicant also has the right to the assistance of translators and interpreters, and the OAR admits documents in any language without requiring an official translation. (references) | |
Economic History | Japan | Significant negative ramifications may result from errors in translation. (references) |
Israel | If these documents are in English, they must be accompanied by a Hebrew translation. (references) | |
Armenia | Assistance in the translation and publication of printed information also has been provided. (references) | |
Human Rights | Mexico | The law calls for translation services to be available at all stages of the criminal process; however, the courts do not routinely furnish translators for indigenous defendants at all stages of criminal proceedings, and thus defendants may be unaware of the status of their cases. (references) |
Minorities | Estonia | All decisions are in Estonian, but if a complaint is received in a language other than Estonian (usually Russian), the court provides a translation. (references) |
Political Rights | Moldova | Debate takes place in either the Moldovan/Romanian or Russian language, with translation provided. (references) |
Trade | Brazil | Imported products should bear a Portuguese translation of this information. (references) |
Moldova | English-language documents should have a notarized translation into Romanian. (references) | |
Portugal | All imported products sold directly to the public must be marketed with the label "Fabricado em" which is the Portuguese translation of "Made in". (references) | |
Travel | Kuwait | Oral translation costs about US$336.00 per day. (references) |
Cote D'ivoire | Also included in Gold Key service is help with arranging hotel reservations, local transportation, and professional translation services. (references) | |
Italy | The use of Italian is not only regarded as a courtesy, but assures prompt attention, and prevents inaccuracies which might arise in translation. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Albania | Foreign women who were detained at times lacked translation services, or were not given a choice of lawyers. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | BEHAVIOR, n. Conduct, as determined, not by principle, but by breeding. The word seems to be somewhat loosely used in Dr. Jamrach Holobom's translation of the following lines from the Dies Irae: Recordare, Jesu pie, Quod sum causa tuae viae. Ne me perdas illa die. Pray remember, sacred Savior, Whose the thoughtless hand that gave your Death-blow. Pardon such behavior. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Julie Nixon Eisenhower | I want to express my appreciation to my Chinese voice. To Mrs. Chung. I listen to her translation. She got every word right. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | In the best of times, much is lost in translation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Translation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Translation" is used about 1,458 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 1,458 | 5,552 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | The Translation Group, Ltd. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "translation": attribute Translation System ♦ automatic Mathematical TRANslation ♦ bibel translation ♦ close translation ♦ defy translation ♦ dynamic Address Translation ♦ english translation ♦ free translation ♦ in vitro translation ♦ interlinear translation ♦ language translation ♦ liberal translation ♦ literal translation ♦ loan translation ♦ machine translation ♦ make new translation ♦ metrical translation ♦ near translation ♦ network Address Translation ♦ new translation ♦ Polarity of Translation ♦ port Address Translation ♦ rapid translation system ♦ rough translation ♦ servile translation ♦ sight translation ♦ simultaneous translation ♦ syntax directed translation ♦ translation function ♦ translation into arabic ♦ translation lift ♦ translation process ♦ translation result ♦ translation service ♦ unseen translation ♦ verbal translation ♦ word for word translation. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "translation": translation-related. | |
Ending with "translation": back-translation, mis-translation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "translation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaans | vertaling. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | transmetim (broadcast, communication, movement, remove, shift, transmission), transferim (assignation, assignment, devolution, move, movement, switch, transfer, transferal, transference, trans-shipment), përkthim (rendering, rendition, transcript, version), lëvizje direkt. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة (interpretation, version), إفتتان (crush, fascination, ravishment, rhapsody). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | тълкуване (construction, exegesis, explanation, exposition, gloss, interpretation, note, reading, rendering), транслация, огъване (hogging, sagging), превод (interpretation, order, rendering, rendition, version), превеждане, предаване (commitment, committal, conveyance, delivery, denouncement, denunciation, handover, rendering, rendition, surrender, transmission), поддаване. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 翻译 (rendition, translate, Translated, Translating). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | překlad (lintel, rendering, rendition, version). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | oversættelse. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | translatie (dragging, movement of translation, translational movement, translations), translaat, overzetting. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | traduko. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | translaatio, taajuusmuutos, yhdensuuntaissiirtymä (movement of translation, translational movement), siirtyminen vaakatasossa, siirto (brought forward, carried forward, endorsement, move, removal, transfer, transplantation), muutos (alteration, amendment, change, change-over, variation), kääntäminen (compilation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | traduction, translation (transfer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frisian | oersetting. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Übersetzung (gear transmission ratio, transformation, translating, transmission), Translation (movement of translation, translating, translational movement), Besetzung (cast, casting, filling, occupation, seizure, stocking, team), Übertragung (conferment, devolvement, propagation, transmission, transmittal), übersetzung (gearing, transformation, transmission, version). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μετάφραση (metaphrase, rendition, version). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | תור'מ ות (interpretation), תר'ום (interpretation, rendering, translating), "עתק" (copy, copying, duplication, representation, shift), "עתק (copy, like, moving, transfer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | fordítás (construe, rendering, rendition, trans, turning). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | terjemahan, alih bahasa. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | traduzione (rendering), traslazione (shift, translating, traversing). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 翻訳 (deciphering, de-encryption). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | トランスレーション , ほ"やくしょ, ほ"やく (deciphering, de-encryption), "うどく (mine pollution, reading, reading responsively, subscription), やくしゅつ, やくしょ (government office, public office), やくじゅつ, へい"ういどう (parallel displacement, shift). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 번역 (Translating). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | fockle er fockle focklagh (verbal, verbal of translation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | tradukshon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | anslationtray tradução (transferal, version). (various references) se (each other, himself, if, itself, no translation, one, oneself, themselves), do (about, for the, no translation, of the), de (from, no translation, of), a (at, him/her, no translation, on, the, to). (various references) translaţie, traducere (rendering, rendition, version), tãlmãcire (commentary, explanation, interpretation, translating), versiune (rendition, story, version), retroversiune (retranslation, retroversion, version), lucrare tradusã, interpretare a unui gest, descifrare a unei cablograme. (various references) сдвиг (dislocation, displacement, shear, shearing, shift, upheaval), трансляция (broadcasting, compilation, relay, repeater), перевод (interpretation, render, rending, rendition, shifting, transfer, transferal), перемещение (displacement, migration, motion, movement, relocation, removal, staging, transfer, transferal, transmigration, transposition, traverse). (various references) tumačenje (commentary, explication, interpretation, version), prevod, prevođenje (interpretation, rendering, rendition). (various references) traducción (rendering). (various references) översättning (prose, transcript). (various references) tercüme (interpretation, rendering, rendition), çevirme (assembly, conversion, enclosure, inclosure, rotation, spin, surround, turning, twirl), çeviri (interpretation, rendering, rendition, version). (various references) terjime. (various references) процес перекладу, пояснення (apology, clarification, elucidation, explanation, explication, illustration, reason), переклад (interpretation, rendering, rendition), переміщення (displacement, hauling, moving, removal, shift). (various references) sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích. (various references) trosiad (metaphor), cyfieithiad (version). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Date | Source | Hebrews Chapter 11, Verse 5 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Pistei enwc meteteqh tou mh idein qanaton kai ouc eurisketo dioti meteqhken auton o qeoV pro gar thV metaqesewV autou memarturhtai euhresthkenai tw qew |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Fide Enoch translatus est ne videret mortem et non inveniebatur quia transtulit illum Deus ante translationem enim testimonium habebat placuisse Deo |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Bi feith Ennok was translatid, that he schulde not se deth; and he was not foundun, for the Lord translatide him. For bifore translacioun he hadde witnessing that he pleside God. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | By fayth was Enoch traslated yt he shuld not se deeth: nether was he founde: for God had taken him awaye. Before he was taken awaye he was reported of that he had pleased God: |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | By faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | By faith Enoch was taken up to heaven so that he did not see death; he was seen no longer, for God took him away: for before he was taken, witness had been given that he was well-pleasing to God: |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Hebrews Chapter 11, Verse 5 |
| Cebuano | Tungod sa pagtoo si Enoc gilalin ngadto sa langit aron siya dili makatagamtam sa kamatayon; ug siya wala hikaplagi kay gikuha man siya sa Dios. Sa wala pa siya kuhaa siya gipanghimatud-an nga nakapahimuot sa Dios. |
| Croatian | Vjerom Henok bi prenesen da ne vidi smrti te išèeznu jer ga je prenio Bog. Doista, prije prijenosa primio je svjedoèanstvo da omilje Bogu. |
| Danish | Ved Tro blev Enok borttagen, for at han ikke skulde se Døden, og han blev ikke funden, efterdi Gud havde taget ham bort; thi før Borttagelsen har han fået det Vidnesbyrd, at han har behaget Gud. |
| Dutch | Door het geloof is Enoch weggenomen geweest, opdat hij den dood niet zou zien; en hij werd niet gevonden, daarom dat hem God weggenomen had; want voor zijn wegneming heeft hij getuigenis gehad, dat hij Gode behaagde. |
| Finnish | Uskon kautta otettiin Eenok pois, näkemättä kuolemaa, "eikä häntä enää ollut, koska Jumala oli ottanut hänet pois". Sillä ennen poisottamistaan hän oli saanut todistuksen, että hän oli otollinen Jumalalle. |
| French | C`est par la foi qu`Énoch fut enlevé pour qu`il ne vît point la mort, et qu`il ne parut plus parce Dieu l`avait enlevé; car, avant son enlèvement, il avait reçu le témoignage qu`il était agréable Dieu. |
| German | Durch den Glauben ward Henoch weggenommen, daß er den Tod nicht sähe, und ward nicht gefunden, darum daß ihn Gott wegnahm; denn vor seinem Wegnehmen hat er Zeugnis gehabt, daß er Gott gefallen habe. |
| Hungarian | Hit által vitetett fel Énokh, hogy ne lásson halált, és nem találták meg, mert az Isten felvitte õt. Mert felvitetése elõtt bizonyságot nyert a felõl, hogy kedves volt Istennek. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Karena beriman, maka Henokh tidak mati, melainkan diangkat dan dibawa kepada Allah. Tidak seorang pun dapat menemukan dia, sebab dia sudah diangkat oleh Allah. Dalam Alkitab tertulis bahwa sebelum Henokh diangkat, ia menyenangkan hati Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka dari sebab iman juga Henokh sudah digaibkan, supaya jangan ia merasai mati; dan ia tiada dijumpai orang, sebab Allah sudah mengambil dia; karena sebelum ia digaibkan itu sudah ada kesaksian tentang dia, bahwa ia diperkenankan Allah. |
| Maori | Na te whakapono a Enoka i kawea ketia ai, te kite i te mate; na kahore ia i kitea, no te mea kua kawea ketia ia e te Atua; i mua atu hoki i tona kawenga ketanga i whakaaturia mai ia, e ahuareka ana te Atua ki a ia. |
| Norwegian | Ved tro blev Enok bortrykket, så han ikke skulde se døden, og han blev ikke funnet, fordi Gud hadde bortrykket ham. For før han blev bortrykket, fikk han det vidnesbyrd at han tektes Gud; |
| Portuguese | Pela fé Enoque foi trasladado para não ver a morte; e não foi achado, porque Deus o trasladara; pois antes da sua trasladação alcançou testemunho de que agradara a Deus. |
| Rumanian | Prin credinyq a fost mutat Enoh de pe pqmknt, ca sq nu vadq moartea. Wi n`a mai fost gqsit, pentrucq Dumnezeu kl mutase. Cqci knainte de mutarea lui, primise mqrturia cq este plqcut lui Dumnezeu. |
| Shuar | Enuksha Yúsan nekas Enentáimtak iwiaakuk nayaimpiniam junakmiayi. Yus jukimiu asamtai Wáinkiacharmiayi. Tura Yus-Chichamnum aarma "Enuk Júnatsuk Yúsan ti shiir Enentáimtikniuyayi" tawai. |
| Swahili | Kwa imani Henoki alichukuliwa na Mungu, asipate kufa. Hakuonekana tena kwa sababu Mungu alikuwa amemchukua. Maandiko yasema kwamba kabla ya kuchukuliwa kwake, yeye alikuwa amempendeza Mungu. |
| Swedish | Genom tron togs Enok bort, för att han icke skulle se döden; och "man såg honom icke mer, ty Gud tog honom bort". Förrän han togs bort, fick han nämligen det vittnesbördet att han hade täckts Gud; |
| Uma | Ngkai pepangala' -na Henokh, uma-i-hana mate, ra'ongko' tuwu' -tuwu' -i ngkai dunia' toi. Uma hema to mporua' woto-na, apa' Alata'ala mpo'ongko' -i ngkai dunia' toi. Hi rala Buku Tomoroli' te'uki': kako'ia-na Henokh ra'ongko', Alata'ala mpokagoe' -i. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "translation": translational, translations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "translation": mistranslation, retranslation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "translation": mistranslations, posttranslational, retranslations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Translation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: ranslation, translaction, transnation, transplation, Transradio, transtation, traslation, trenslation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "translation" (pronounced tranzlā"shun) |
| 5 | -l ā" sh u n | accumulation, adulation, annihilation, appellation, articulation, assimilation, calculation, cancellation, capitulation, coagulation, compilation, confabulation, congratulation, consolation, constellation, contemplation, correlation, deflation, demodulation, depopulation, deregulation, desolation, dilation, disinflation, distillation, ejaculation, elation, emulation, escalation, exhalation, extrapolation, fibrillation, formulation, gastrulation, granulation, hyperinflation, inflation, inhalation, inoculation, installation, insulation, isolation, jubilation, legislation, manipulation, miscalculation, modulation, mutilation, oscillation, overpopulation, overregulation, ovulation, population, recalculation, reflation, regulation, relation, reregulation, revelation, simulation, speculation, stagflation, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, tabulation, titillation, triangulation, tribulation, vacillation, ventilation, violation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, aspiration, assassination, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calibration, cannibalization, capitalization, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolidation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, elaboration, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, information, inhabitation, initiation, innovation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overvaluation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, stabilization, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, toleration, transformation, transillumination, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-i-l-n-n-o-r-s-t-t" | |
-1 letter: tarnations. | |
-2 letters: antisolar, atonalist, natations, nationals, nonartist, rationals, saltation, santolina, stational, tarnation. | |
-3 letters: alations, annalist, annattos, antlions, arnattos, intrants, natation, national, notarial, orinasal, rational, rattails, sonantal, sonatina, strontia, tonsilar. | |
-4 letters: alanins, alastor, alation, altoist, anattos, annatto, anoints, antiars, antlion, arnatto, aroints, artisan, attains, attorns, instant, intorts, intrant, introns, lariats, latinos, latrias, lattins, nations, natrons. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-i-l-n-n-o-r-s-t-t" | |
+1 letter: alternations, transitional, translations. | |
+2 letters: replantations, retranslation, strangulation, transactional, translational, translocating, translocation, transnational. | |
+3 letters: intercalations, internationals, mistranslation, presentational, reinstallation, retranslations, strangulations, transductional, transitionally, translocations, transvaluation, triangulations, ultramontanism. | |
+4 letters: antirationalism, antirationalist, centralizations, congratulations, connaturalities, demonstrational, externalisation, mistranslations, naturalizations, neutralizations, nonutilitarians, reimplantations, reinstallations, transcriptional, transliteration, transpirational, transplantation, transpositional, transvaluations, ultramontanisms. | |
+5 letters: antirationalisms, antirationalists, externalisations, externalizations, gastrointestinal, internalizations, internationalise, internationalism, internationalist, intracutaneously, nonmaterialistic, rationalizations, representational, supranationalist, supranationality, transcontinental, transformational, transilluminator, transliterations, transnationalism, transplantations, transportational, ultranationalism, ultranationalist. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)54 72 61 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)- .-. .- -. ... .-.. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010100 01110010 01100001 01101110 01110011 01101100 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)T r a n s l a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0054 0072 0061 006E 0073 006C 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5484678085786786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Company Usage 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Bible Trace 20. Derivations | 21. Rhymes 22. Anagrams 23. Orthography 24. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
