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Saint Louis

Specialty Definition: Louis IX of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (1215 - 1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. A member of the Capetian dynasty, he was born on April 25, 1215 at Poissy, France, the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. The image of Louis seen here is by the 16th-century painter El Greco

His father died when Louis was eleven years old and he was crowned in 1226 in the cathedral at Reims. His mother acted as Regent until 1234 and continued as an important counselor to the king until her death in 1252.

Louis married on May 27, 1234, Marguerite de Provence (1221 - December 21, 1295).

Their children were:

1. Blanche - (1240 - April 29, 1243)
2. Isabelle - (March 2, 1241 - January 28, 1271)
3. Louis - (February 25, 1244 - January 1260)
4. Philippe III - (May 1, 1245 - October 5, 1285)
5. Jean - (born and died in 1248)
6. Jean Tristan - (1250 - August 3, 1270)
7. Pierre - (1251 - 1284)
8. Blanche - (1253 - 1323)
9. Marguerite - (1254 - 1271)
10. Robert - (1256 - February 7, 1317)
11. Agnè - (c. 1260 - December 19, 1327)

Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere.

Louis went on crusade twice, in 1248 (Seventh Crusade) and then in 1270 (Eighth Crusade).

Louis was the elder brother of Charles I of Sicily (1227-1285), whom he created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty.

He died near Tunis on August 25, 1270. His finger is interred at Saint Denis Basilica but most of his body is buried in Tunisia.

Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French monarch ever to be made a saint.

Louis IX was succeeded by his son, Philippe III.

The city of Saint Louis, Missouri, Lac Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California are named for him.

Preceded by: Louis VIII

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Philip III

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis IX of France."

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Saint Louis

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The name Saint Louis has several referents:

• King Saint Louis IX of France;
• the city of Saint Louis, Missouri;
• Lac Saint-Louis in Quebec, Canada;
• Saint Louis Island, Senegal
• the loa in Vodun more commonly known as Dan Petro.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint Louis."

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Saint Louis, Missouri

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, with the Gateway Arch

Saint Louis is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri, with a total, bi-state (several Missouri and Illinois counties) population of 2,603,607 (eighteenth largest metropolitan area in the U.S) as of 2000. The independent city of Saint Louis, a separate entity from Saint Louis County, contributes 348,189 people; its population has been declining since the 1950s as people continue to move to the multiplicity of suburbs in Saint Louis County (1,016,315), Saint Charles County (283,883), Franklin County (93,807) and Jefferson County (198,099) in Missouri, and Madison (258,941), Saint Clair (256,082), and Monroe (27,619) counties in Illinois.

Nicknames: the Gateway City and Mound City

History

(Inserting dates and more information in this section would be especially helpful.)

Pierre Laclede and his stepson, Auguste Chouteau, founded Saint Louis as a trading post in 1763 (the city proper was established on February 15, 1764). After the French and Indian War, Saint Louis was controlled by Spain, but Saint Louis, along with the rest of the Louisiana Territory, was returned to France during the Napoleonic Wars. The city was acquired from France by the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Saint Louis later became the starting point for western explorers (such as the Lewis and Clark expedition), trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred), and settlers moving west.

In St. Louis, Missouri, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail the principles of radio communication. The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were incorporated into radio systems before the development of the vacuum tube.

Geography

The city of Saint Louis itself extends along the western banks of the Mississippi River just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Near its southern frontier is the River Des Peres; the River Des Peres is now used as a storm drainage channel and is usually reduced to mere puddles, which gives rise to the local name, the River De Pew. Near the central, western boundary shared with Saint Louis County is the famous Forest Park, home of the 1904 World's fair, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 or, as it is commonly known, the Saint Louis World's Fair, and the 1904 Olympic Games, the first Olympic Games held in North America. At the time, Saint Louis was the fourth most populous city in the United States.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 171.3 km² (66.2 mi²). 160.4 km² (61.9 mi²) of it is land and 11.0 km² (4.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.39% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 348,189 people, 147,076 households, and 76,920 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,171.1/km² (5,622.9/mi²). There are 176,354 housing units at an average density of 1,099.7/km² (2,847.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 43.85% White, 51.20% African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.98% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. 2.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Historically, North Saint Louis City has been primarily African American while South Saint Louis City has been primarily White. This has changed in recent years as large portions of North Saint Louis City have been depopulated, with the African American residents moving either south or out of the city entirely to the surrounding counties.

There are 147,076 households, out of which 25.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.2% are married couples living together, 21.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.7% are non-families. 40.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 3.19.

In the city the population is spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $27,156, and the median income for a family is $32,585. Males have a median income of $30,106 versus $24,987 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,108. 24.6% of the population and 20.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 36.4% are under the age of 18 and 17.4% are 65 or older.

Economy

Saint Louis, despite its size, was until recently a major center for corporate headquarters. The city is well known as being the center of operations for Anheuser-Busch Breweries, as well as Monsanto, formerly a chemical company and now a leader in genetically modified crops. Saint Louis is also home to a Boeing plant (formerly McDonnell-Douglas), where many of the United States' -- and its allies' -- military aircraft are built, railway car plants and two DaimlerChrysler plants, where minivans and pickup trucks are built. This facility is where all the precision JDAM missiles which achieved notoriety in the recent Iraq war are manufactured.

Major Attractions

• Forest Park, located on the western edge of the central corridor of the City of Saint Louis, offers many of Saint Louis's most popular attractions: the Saint Louis Zoological Park (free admission); the MUNY Opera, an open-air, Broadway-style theater; the Saint Louis Science Center and Observatory, with its architecturally distinctive McDonnell Planetarium; the Saint Louis Art Museum (free admission); the Missouri History Museum; and, of course, plenty of lakes and scenic, open areas. Forest Park is in the process of completing a multimillion dollar renovation in time for the centennial of the Saint Louis World's Fair.
• The MUNY Theater, in Forest Park, is the largest outdoor theater in the United States, and contains a free admission section.
• The Missouri Botanical Gardens, also known as Shaw's Gardens, is one of the world's leading botanical research centers. It possesses a beautiful collection of flowery plants, shrubs, and trees: It includes the Japanese Garden, which features a lake filled with koi and lovely gravel designs; the woodsy English Garden; the Chinese Garden; the Home Gardening Center; a rose garden; the climate-controlled dome Climatron; and other scenic gardens.
• The Arch, officially named the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, is located near the riverfront in downtown Saint Louis. It was designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen. The Arch is the centerpiece of a national park that also includes the nearby Old Courthouse, where the famous Dred Scott case was tried.
• Cahokia Mounds, located near Collinsville, Illinois, are the ruins of a city of the ancient Mississippian aboriginal culture. (Similar mounds within the city, utilized as construction fill in the 1800s, gave the city its nickname of Mound city.)
• The Saint Louis Cardinals are one of the teams of baseball's National League. They play at Busch Stadium.
• The Saint Louis Blues are the local NHL hockey team; they play at the Savvis Center, formerly the Kiel Center.
• The Saint Louis Rams are an NFL team best known for bringing Saint Louis its only Super Bowl victory, in 1999. They play at the Edward Jones Dome (formerly the Trans World Dome, after Trans World Airlines, which merged with American Airlines).
• St. Charles, seat of St. Charles County and first capital of the state of Missouri, is the location from which the Lewis and Clark Expedition began. It also has a downtown historic district with many small craft shops.
• Six Flags - Saint Louis is the local amusement park and can be found in Eureka, Missouri -- in the far west of Saint Louis County.
• The Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Louis or the New Cathedral is a large Roman Catholic cathedral designed in the Byzantine and Romanesque styles. On the inside, it is decorated with lovely mosaics, which were, at one point, the largest set of mosaics in the world.
• Basilica of Saint Louis, King of France (Old Cathedral) (1834), which is the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River.
• The Fox Theater holds many performances during the year.
• The Hill is a historically Italian neighborhood where many of the area's best Italian restaurants can be found. The Hill was the home of Yogi Berra and many other noted baseball players.
• The Delmar Loop, located in University City just west of the Saint Louis city line, is a popular entertainment, cultural and restaurant district.
• Laclede's Landing, located directly north of Downtown and by the Mississippi River, is popular for its restaurants and clubs.
• The Bowling Hall of Fame is located by Busch Stadium in downtown Saint Louis.
• The Eugene Field House, located in downtown Saint Louis, is a museum dedicated to the distinguished children's author.
• The Butterfly House is located in western Saint Louis County.
• The City Museum offers a variety of fun exhibits. It serves as a meeting point for St. Louis' young arts scene.
• The Museum of Transportation is located in Kirkwood, a suburb in southwestern Saint Louis County.
• The Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra plays at Powell Symphony Hall. Leonard Slatkin is one of the former conductors.

Saint Louis also possesses several extant examples of 18th and 19th century architecture, such as the Soulard Market district (1779-1842), the Chatillon-de Menil House (1848), the Bellefontaine Cemetery (1850), and the Robert G. Campbell House (1852), the Old Courthouse (1845-62), and the original Anheuser-Busch Brewery (1860).

Colleges and Universities

Saint Louis is the home of many important universities:

• Saint Louis University (SLU), the oldest university west of the Mississippi River.
• Washington University in St. Louis [1]
• Webster University
• the University of Missouri at Saint Louis (UMSL)
• and others.

Medicine

Because of its colleges, hospitals, and companies like Monsanto (and Solutia, the former chemical division of Monsanto that has recently been spun off into a separate firm, with significant operations across the river in East St. Louis), Saint Louis is respected as a center of medicine and biotechnology.

Journalism

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the only major local newspaper in the Saint Louis area. It was founded by Joseph Pulitzer in the 1800s. Pulitzer Publishing also owns the Suburban Journals, a collection of local newspapers. An alternative weekly called the St. Louis Riverfront Times exists, but its coverage is more social events and entertainment than news. A few neighborhood and suburban journals cover local news.

Transportation

By far, most Saint Louisans' main method of transportation is the automobile. Use of the automobile is supported by the existence of many limited-access interstate highways (I-70, I-55, I-44, I-64, I-270, I-255, I-170, etc.) and many other roads. Also, located as an enclave in northern Saint Louis County, near the Missouri River, is the Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport, which is administered by the city of Saint Louis. Mass transit is provided in two forms, both of which are controlled by one agency: the city bus system and Metrolink, a light-rail train system that mainly connects the airport to downtown and, recently, parts of the Metro East (the Saint Louis region in Illinois). Metrolink is currently being expanded to Clayton, the county seat for Saint Louis County, and to south Saint Louis County. Passenger train service is also available through a "temporary" (since 1980) train station set up near downtown by Amtrak; smaller, yet permanent, train stations exist in the suburb of Kirkwood and nearby Alton, Illinois.

Social Issues

Saint Louis is, for the most part, a segregated city. African-American Saint Louisans tend to live in the poorest, most crime-ridden areas whereas most white Saint Louisans have moved into the better-off suburbs. In an attempt to counter this problem, Saint Louis has implemented a school desegregation program: some inner city African-American students are bused into Saint Louis County schools; and, in exchange, some County students are bussed into City magnet schools.

The whole Saint Louis area has been trying to fix its pollution problem. In Missouri, the state has required gasoline stations in the Saint Louis area to serve a special, reformulated gasoline; furthermore, the state has implemented an automobile pollution test which all cars (with some exceptions) owned by residents of Saint Louis and the counties of Saint Louis, Saint Charles, Jefferson, and Franklin must pass every other year.

See also: East St. Louis, Illinois

External Links

• Saint Louis City Government
• Saint Louis County Government

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint Louis, Missouri."

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Photo Album: Saint Louis

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	USS Saint Louis (CL-49) and HMNZS Leander firing during the action. This is probably the battle's initial engagement, in which the Japanese light cruiser Jintsu was sunk by gunfire and torpedo hits and Leander was damaged by a Japanese torpedo. Credit: NAVY.		Bow of USS Saint Louis (CL-49), showing torpedo damage received during the Battle of Kolombangara. Photographed while the ship was under repair at Tulagi on 20 July 1943. USS Vestal (AR-4) is alongside. Credit: NAVY.
	Ships of Task Force 18 in Tulagi Harbor, Solomon Islands, shortly before departing hurriedly to avoid the large-scale Japanese air attack that marked the beginning of the "I" Operation, 7 April 1943. Photographed from USS Fletcher (DD-445). USS Aaron Ward (DD-483) is partially visible at left. She was fatally damaged in this air attack and sank near Tulagi during salvage attempts. Light cruiser in center is USS Honolulu (CL-48). USS Saint Louis (CL-49) is behind her, to the right, with a Fletcher class destroyer beyond. Credit: NAVY.		Watercolor by Gunner William H. Myers, of USS Cyane, showing the Squadron's ships sailing in line abreast, 1842-43. Ships are (from left to right): USS United States, USS Cyane, USS Saint Louis, USS Yorktown and USS Shark. Credit: NAVY.
	Poster featuring the historic U.S. Navy ships (clockwise from upper left): Bon Homme Richard, Constitution, Oregon and Hartford, with USS Michigan (BB-27) in center, plus information on pay and other benefits. Published on behalf of the Naval Recruiting Station, Saint Louis, Missouri. A faint stamp near the view of Oregon states: "After July 1, 1908, pay herein mentioned will be increased 10%". Credit: NAVY.		The St. Louis Post Dispatch building, Saint Louis, Mo. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Dr. Louis S. D'Agrosa, half-length portrait, facing left, seated at microscope in laboratory at Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Mo. Credit: Library of Congress.		Switch engine, Saint Louis, Missouri. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Magazines at newsstand, Saint Louis, Missouri. Credit: Library of Congress.		Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Johnston, residence at 16 Portland Pl., Saint Louis, Missouri. Cross hall. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.