Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Ruby

Specialty Definition: Ruby

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Specialty Definition: Pokémon Ruby

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Pokémon Ruby is the sister to Pokémon Sapphire. They are the third group of Pokémon handheld games to be released in the US. They were both released in the spring of 2003 for the Game Boy Advance. This series of games took place in another part of the Pokémon world called Hoenn. New things about Pokémon Ruby/Sapphire include:

1. The player may choose their character's gender in this group(Just like in Pokémon Crystal).
2. Pokéblocks, made by cooperation between either NPCs or linked friends, raise certain stats for the
3. Contests, which judge Pokémon based on the Cool, Tough, Cute, Smart and Beauty stats of a Pokémon and the moves it uses for its appeal.
4. The removal of over a hundred old Pokémon from the wild and the addition of an entirely new series of Pokémon.
5. Instead of Team Rocket, Team Aqua(in Sapphire) and Magma(in Ruby) are your main foes.

   Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pok�mon Ruby."

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Ruby

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

When used by itself, the term ruby can have several different meanings in the English language.

Uses of this term include:

• Ruby characters
• Ruby (gemstone)
• Ruby programming language

See also: Jack Ruby

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby."

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Ruby (gemstone)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A Ruby is a red variety of the gemstone corundum, the color caused mainly by chromium. Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia and Australia. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in Montana and South Carolina; rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones can be manufactured. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same geological formations and are mistaken for the more valuable gem.

Ruby crystal before faceting,
length 0.8 inches (2 cm).
Larger version

Rubies have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, and are only surpassed by diamonds for hardness. Other varieties of corundum are called sapphires.

Ruby gemstones are valued according to several characteristics including size, colour, clarity and cut. All natural rubies have imperfections in them. On the other hand, artificial rubies may have no imperfections. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is--unless there are no imperfections (i.e. a "perfect" ruby)--then it is suspected of being artificially made and is therefore no longer a priceless gem. Most manufactured rubies have dopants added to them so that they can be identified as artificial.

"Ruby" lasers operate with a corundum lasing medium. Rubies are the birthstone for people born in the month of July.

See also: List of minerals

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby (gemstone)."

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Ruby characters

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ruby characters, also called ruby, rubi or furigana, are sometimes used in the typography of ideographic languages, especially Japanese and Chinese. They are small characters placed above or to the side of an ideogram (kanji in the case of Japanese) that the reader may not recognize, providing its phonetic equivalent. Ruby annotations are used frequently in instructional books and books for children. Japanese ruby characters are also known as furigana outside of publishing circles. Chinese ruby characters are also known as Zhuyin symbols.

Sample use of ruby characters: (Note: not all web browsers can display ruby; font size was increased to show details)

Tokyo (東とう 京きょう, 東tō 京kyō) ruby in hiragana and romaji respectively.

Beijing (北ㄅㄟˇ 京ㄐㄧㄥ, 北bei3 京jing1) ruby in bopomofo and pinyin respectively.

Ruby vs. rubi

When writing in Japanese or Chinese, pronunciation hints can be written on top of or alongside (when written vertically) of Chinese characters whose pronunciation is in question. These annotations are called furigana in Japanese and Zhuyin in Chinese. They are not restricted to printed material, but are used in handwriting as well. This may be done for many reasons:

• because the character is a rare one, and the pronunciation is unknown to many
• because the character has more than one pronunciation, and the context is insufficient to determine which to use
• because the intended readers of the text are children (or non-native speakers) who are not expected to know the pronunciation
• because a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word is used, and a character is given to show the meaning, but in all other respects the pronunciation has nothing to do with the character itself; generally used with spoken dialogue (this possibly applies only to Japanese)

"Ruby" was originally the name of a British 5.5 pt font. Because of its size, it was originally used for the annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, this word lost its meaning "name of font" and became "typeset furigana". When it was translated back into English, the word was rendered by some as "rubi", which is the standard romanization for the Japanese ルビ However, the spelling "ruby" has become more common since being adopted as a W3C standard.

In Japanese and Chinese, Ruby retains its connotation of referring to typeset, as opposed to handwritten, annotations. As English has no native word for such annotations, this connotation is lost in English.

External links

• XHTML Ruby Annotation

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby characters."

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Ruby programming language

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ruby is a purely object-oriented programming language originally developed for scripting. It combines syntax inspired by Ada and Perl with Smalltalk-like object oriented features, and also shares some features with Python, Lisp and CLU.

Ruby currently has only one implementation, the Ruby interpreter, although efforts are underway to implement a Ruby front end (called "Cardinal") for the Parrot virtual machine.

Ruby has many useful features. Ruby also supports Operator overloading and Exception handling. Currently, Ruby lacks Unicode support. Ruby has Iterators (which resemble those in CLU and Sather). Ruby supports Closuress (also found in Smalltalk and many functional programming languages). Ruby has native, syntactic support for Perl-like regular expressions at the language level (not merely in libraries, as in Python or many other languages). Ruby supports automatic garbage collection and Dynamic library loading/linking (depending on the architecture) on Microsoft Windows. Ruby has been ported to many platforms, including Unix, Microsoft Windows, DOS, Mac OS X, OS/2, Amiga, and many more.

Ruby is purely object-oriented: every bit of data is an object, including types that are designated "primitive" in impure languages. Every function is a method. This is similar to Smalltalk but unlike Java and Python. Every named value (variable name) in a Ruby program designates a reference to an object, not the object itself. Ruby supports Inheritances with dynamic dispatch, Mixins, and Singleton methods. Ruby does not support multiple inheritance, but classes can import modules. Although Ruby can have procedural syntax, everything in Ruby is an object, in the sense of Smalltalk, not Perl or Python.

The language was created by Yukihiro Matsumoto (a.k.a. "Matz") on February 24, 1993. The current stable version is 1.8.0. Note that the name is not an acronym--it is actually a pun on Perl. According to the author, he designed Ruby to follow the principle of least surprise (POLS), meaning that the language should be free from the traps and inconsistencies that plague other languages.

From the Ruby FAQ: If you like Perl, you will like Ruby and be right at home with its syntax. If you like Smalltalk, you will like Ruby and be right at home with its semantics. If you like Python, you may or may not be put off by the huge difference in design philosophy between Python and Ruby/Perl.

Ruby is distributed under the Free and open source licences GPL or Artistic License, just like Perl.

Examples

Here are some examples of Ruby code:

>> -199.abs   # The number -199 is an object; the method abs is called.
=> 199

>> "Ruby is cool".length  # length is  a method of String objects
=> 13

>> "Rick".index("c")    
=> 2

>> "John".swapcase
=> "jOHN"

>> #Arrays
?> [11, 5, 7, 2, 13, 3].sort
=> [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]

>> [11, 5, 7, 2, 13, 3].sort.reverse
=> [13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2]

 # Execute the following block of code 10 times
 10.times {
     # Replace ' ' with ', ' and store in  string1
     string1 = "Hello world".gsub(" ", ",")

     # append "!" to variable 'string1'
     string1 += "!"

     # print variable 'string1', followed by a newline
     puts string1
 }

More Ruby code is available in the form of sample algorithm implementations in the articles:

• Binary search
• Exponentiating by squaring
• Linear search

External links

• Ruby home page
• Ruby FAQ
• Ruby Garden
• Cardinal (Ruby front end for Parrot)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby programming language."

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Ruby, Alaska

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ruby is a city located in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 188.

Geography

Ruby is located at 64°44'14" North, 155°29'16" West (64.737306, -155.487693)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.6 km² (7.6 mi²). 19.6 km² (7.6 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census² of 2000, there are 188 people, 68 households, and 42 families residing in the city. The population density is 9.6/km² (24.9/mi²). There are 107 housing units at an average density of 5.5/km² (14.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 13.83% White, 0.00% Black or African American, 82.98% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 3.19% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 68 households out of which 44.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% are married couples living together, 16.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% are non-families. 32.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.76 and the average family size is 3.55. In the city the population is spread out with 37.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 111.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 108.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $24,375, and the median income for a family is $26,667. Males have a median income of $21,250 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city is $9,544. 32.3% of the population and 23.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 45.3% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby, Alaska."

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Ruby, South Carolina

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ruby is a town located in Chesterfield County, South Carolina. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 348.

Geography

Ruby is located at 34°44'44" North, 80°10'33" West (34.745626, -80.175903)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 8.1 km² (3.1 mi²). 8.1 km² (3.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.64% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 348 people, 157 households, and 108 families residing in the town. The population density is 43.2/km² (112.0/mi²). There are 182 housing units at an average density of 22.6/km² (58.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 85.06% White, 13.79% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.57% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 157 households out of which 26.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% are non-families. 28.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.22 and the average family size is 2.70. In the town the population is spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the town is $35,313, and the median income for a family is $43,636. Males have a median income of $23,750 versus $16,932 for females. The per capita income for the town is $16,441. 8.7% of the population and 3.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 7.6% are under the age of 18 and 14.6% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby, South Carolina."

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Ruby, Wisconsin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ruby is a town located in Chippewa County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 446.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 138.8 km² (53.6 mi²). 138.5 km² (53.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.22% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 446 people, 152 households, and 120 families residing in the town. The population density is 3.2/km² (8.3/mi²). There are 197 housing units at an average density of 1.4/km² (3.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 99.55% White, 0.00% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.22% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 152 households out of which 38.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.8% are married couples living together, 5.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% are non-families. 16.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.93 and the average family size is 3.25. In the town the population is spread out with 33.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 113.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $30,208, and the median income for a family is $33,125. Males have a median income of $27,750 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the town is $12,587. 16.9% of the population and 12.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.8% are under the age of 18 and 11.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ruby, Wisconsin."

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Synonyms within Context: Ruby

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Modern Usage: Ruby

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Commercial Usage: Ruby

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Image Slideshow: Ruby

Photos: Ruby More pictures...

Illustrations: Ruby More pictures...

Computer Images: Ruby More pictures...

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Photo Album: Ruby

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Rafting on the Colorado River in Ruby Canyon. Credit: Unknown.		Ruby Wilderness Study Area. Credit: Merv Coleman.
	Ruby Boyer Miller house, Wenham, Mass. South elevation. Credit: Library of Congress.		Film still from The Jackie Robinson Story showing (from left to right) Richard Lane (as Clay Hopper), Ruby Dee (as Rachel Robinson), Jackie Robinson (as himself), and Billy Wayne (as Clyde Sukeforth) arm-in-arm. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Composite photograph consisting of three photographs of Jack Ruby with dogs, seated with men at table and with young dancer, and one photograph of four Western Union telegrams congratulating Ruby for shooting Oswald. Credit: Library of Congress.		Folly Island, S.C. (vicinity of Charleston). Beached remains of the British-built blockade runner Ruby, run aground after passing the Federal squadron, June 10-11, 1863. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Ruby. Credit: Library of Congress.		Ruby Castles, Canon of the Grand, Utah. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Street in Ruby. Credit: Library of Congress.		Mrs. Ruby Boyer Miller, residence at 50 Provencal Pl., Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. Hall console. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Ruby
 

"Cross at my neck" by Nara Vieira Da Silva Commentary: "Ruby cross."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Ruby

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Usage Frequency: Ruby

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Ruby

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Derived & Related Names: Ruby

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Usage in Company Names: Ruby

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Ruby

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Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.