Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Rome

Definition: Rome

Rome

Noun

1. Capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

2. The leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

"Rome" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "strength", "power".

Date "Rome" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Rome

DomainDefinition

Computing

ROME An experimental object-oriented language. ["The Point of View Notion for Multiple Inheritance", B. Carre et al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(10):312-321 (OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct 1990)]. (1994-11-30). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.

Bible

Rome the most celebrated city in the world at the time of Christ. It is said to have been founded B.C. 753. When the New Testament was written, Rome was enriched and adorned with the spoils of the world, and contained a population estimated at 1,200,000, of which the half were slaves, and including representatives of nearly every nation then known. It was distinguished for its wealth and luxury and profligacy. The empire of which it was the capital had then reached its greatest prosperity. On the day of Pentecost there were in Jerusalem "strangers from Rome," who doubtless carried with them back to Rome tidings of that great day, and were instrumental in founding the church there. Paul was brought to this city a prisoner, where he remained for two years (Acts 28:30, 31) "in his own hired house." While here, Paul wrote his epistles to the Philippians, to the Ephesians, to the Colossians, to Philemon, and probably also to the Hebrews. He had during these years for companions Luke and Aristarchus (Acts 27:2), Timothy (Phil. 1:1; Col. 1:1), Tychicus (Eph. 6: 21), Epaphroditus (Phil. 4:18), and John Mark (Col. 4:10). (See PAUL.) Beneath this city are extensive galleries, called "catacombs," which were used from about the time of the apostles (one of the inscriptions found in them bears the date A.D. 71) for some three hundred years as places of refuge in the time of persecution, and also of worship and burial. About four thousand inscriptions have been found in the catacombs. These give an interesting insight into the history of the church at Rome down to the time of Constantine. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary.

Geography

Capital of Italy. Source: European Union. (references)

Literature

Rome Virgil says of Romulus, "Mavortia condet moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet" (AEneid, i. 276). The words of the Sibyl, quoted by Servius, are Romulus is a diminutive or word of endearment for Romus.
The etymology of Rome from Roma (mother of Romulus and Remus), or from Romulus, the legendary founder of the city, or from ruma (a dug), in allusion to the fable of a wolf suckling the outcast children, is not tenable. Niebuhr derives it from the Greek word rhoma (strength), a suggestion confirmed by its other name Valentia, from valens (strong). Michelet prefers Rumo, the ancient name of the river Tiber.
Rome Founders of Rome. (1) Romulus, the legendary founder, B.C. 752; (2) Camillus was termed the Second Romulus, for saving Rome from the Gauls, B.C. 365; (3) Caius Marius was called the Third Romulus, for saving Rome from the Teutones and Cimbri, B.C. 101.
From Rome to May. A bantering expression, equivalent to the following:- "From April to the foot of Westminster Bridge;" "Inter pascha Rennesque feror" (Reinardus, ii. 690); "Inter Cluniacum et Sancti festa Johannis obit" (Reinardus, iv. 972); "Celasest passé entre Maubeuge et la Pentecóte."
'Tis ill sitting at Rome and striving with the Pope. Never tread on a man's corns. "Never wear a brown hat in Friesland" (q.v.).
"Mr. Harrison the steward, and Gudyell the butler, are no very fond o'us, and it's ill sitting at Rome and striving with the pope, sae I thought it best to flit before ill came."- Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap. viii.
Oh, that all Rome had but one head, that I might strike it off at a blow! Caligula, the Roman emperor, is said to have uttered this amiable sentiment.
When you go to Rome, do as Rome does- i.e. conform to the manners and customs of those amongst whom you live, and don't wear a brown hat in Friesland. St. Monica and her son St. Augustine, said to St. Ambrose: At Rome they fast on Saturday, but not so at Milan; which practice ought to be observed? To which St. Ambrose replied, "When I am at Milan, I do as they do at Milan; but when I go to Rome, I do as Rome does." (Epistle xxxvi.) Compare 2 Kings v. 18, 19. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Specialty Definition: Ancient Rome

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is an tentative list of topics regarding Ancient Rome

History - Ancient history - Ancient Rome

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ancient Rome."

Top     


Catholicism

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Catholicism, from the Greek katholikos (καθολικος), meaning "general" or "universal", is a religious name applied to two strands of Christianity. In its general sense it is used by mainstream Christians who believe that they can claim to be part of the Apostolic Succession, in other words that they can claim a direct continuing link back to the early church of the Apostles.

In its narrower sense, it is used to refer to the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church, the largest of the Christian denominations, or group of denominations, whose distinguishing characteristic is their acceptance of the authority of, and communion with, the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, and who accept his authority on matters of faith and morals, and his assertion of "full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church." [1] This denomination is often referred to as the Roman Catholic Church. Most people, both in and outside the Church, simply use the "Catholic Church" to refer to the Roman Catholic Church, even though there are other "Catholic" churches.

Meaning of "Catholicism"

The Creeds & Catholicism

The word Catholic appears in the main Christian creeds (prayer-like definitions of belief), notably the Apostles' Creed or the Nicene Creed. Christians of most denominations, including most Protestants, affirm their faith in "one holy catholic and apostolic Church." This belief refers to their belief in the ultimate unity of all churches under one God and one Saviour. However in this context the word Catholic is used by such believers in a definitionary sense (i.e. universal), not as the name of a religious body. In this usage it is usually written with a lower-case c, while upper-case C refers to the sense discussed in this article.

Catholicism

The majority of Christian faiths do not describe themselves as "Catholic". In Western Christianity the principal faiths who regard themselves as "Catholic", beside the Roman Catholic Church, are the Old Catholic Church, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, and some elements of Anglicanism ("High Church Anglicans" or "Anglo-Catholics"). These groups hold beliefs and practice religious rituals similar to Roman Catholicism, but differ substantially from Roman Catholicism on the issue of the Bishop of Rome's status, power and influence.

The several churches of Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy consider themselves to be the catholic church, in the general, universal sense of the word. The Orthodox churches generally see the Latin "Catholics" as being heretical schismatics who left the "true catholic and apostolic church" (See, Great Schism). The patriarchs of Eastern Orthodoxy are autocephalous bishops, which roughly means that each of them is independent of the direct oversight of another bishop; or, put another way, these Christians are not in communion with the Pope and do not recognise his claim to be the head of the universal Church as an earthly institution. There are also Eastern Rite Catholics whose liturgy is similar to that of the Orthodox, and also allow married men to be ordained as priests, but who recognize the Roman Pope as the head of their church.

Some groups call themselves Catholic but are questionably so: for instance the Liberal Catholic Church, which originated as a breakaway group from the Old Catholic Church, but incorporated so much theosophy that it had little doctrinally in common with Catholicism anymore.

Roman Catholicism

The main and largest Catholic denomination is the "Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church", more commonly known as the "Roman Catholic Church". It is so named because its adherents are all in communion with the Pope and Bishop of Rome, and most parishes follow the Roman or Latin Rite in worship, although there are other rites.

In casual usage, when people speak of "Catholics" or "Catholicism," they usually but not always mean Roman Catholicism.

Anglo-Catholicism

The Anglican Communion, though one church, is in practice divided into two wings, "High Church Anglicans" also called the Anglo-Catholics and "Low Church Anglicans" also known as the Evangelical wing. Though all elements within the Anglican Communion recite the same creeds, Low Church Anglicans treat the word Catholic in the creed as a mere older word for universal, High Church Anglicans treat it as a name of Christ's church to which they, the Roman Catholic Church and others in the Apostolic Succession all belong.

Anglo-Catholicism holds beliefs and practice religious rituals similar to Roman Catholicism. The similar elements include a belief in seven sacraments, Transubstantiation as opposed to Consubstantiation, devotion to the Virgin Mary and saints, the description of their ordained clergy as "priests" - addressed as "Father" - the wearing of vestments in church liturgy, sometimes even the description of their Eucharistic celebrations as Mass. Their main source of difference with Roman Catholicism on the issue of the Bishop of Rome's status, power and influence. The development of the Anglo-Catholic wing of Anglicanism occurred largely in the nineteenth century and is strongly associated with the Oxford Movement. Two of its leading lights, John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning, both ordained Anglican clergymen, ended up joining the Roman Catholic Church, becoming cardinalss.

Though Catholicism as a term is generally taken to mean Roman Catholic, many Anglo-Catholics use the term to refer to them also, as part of the general (and not just Roman) Catholic Church. Indeed some Anglican churches, for example, St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, the "National Cathedral" of the Anglican Church of Ireland, refers to itself as part of the "Catholic Communion" and as a "Catholic Church" in notices in and around it.

History and Influence

The early Christian church became organized under five patriarchs, the bishops of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Rome. The Bishop of Rome was recognized by the Patriarchs as "the first among equals," though his status and influence increased when Rome was the capital of the empire, with doctrinal or procedural disputes often referred to Rome for an opinion. But when the capital moved to Constantinople, his influence dwindled. While Rome claimed an authority descending from St. Peter (who died in Rome and was regarded as the first pope1) and St. Paul, Constantinople had become the residence of the Emperor and the Senate. A series of complex difficulties (the fact that the bishop of Rome did not accept the emperor's claim of supremacy in ecclesiastical matters, doctrinal disputes, disputed Councils, and the evolution of the separate rites) led to the split in 1054 which divided the Church into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East (Greece, Russia and much of the Slavic lands, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, etc.); this is called the Great Schism. (Conversely, most Eastern Orthodox believe the split arose because the other patriarchs failed to recognize the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome in ecclesiastical matters, particularly regarding the addition of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed.)

The next major split of the Catholic Church occurred in the 16th century with the Protestant Reformation, during which many of the Protestant (protesting) denominations were formed.

Structure and Practice of the Roman Catholic Church

Organization by Office

Structurally Roman Catholicism is one of the world's most centralised religious faiths. Its head, the Pope, a quasi-absolute monarch, rules for life from Vatican City, an independent state in the centre of Rome known also in international diplomacy as the Holy See. He is selected by an elite group of Princes of the Church called Cardinals. The Pope alone selects and appoints all clergymen in the Church above the rank of priest. All members of the hierarchy are answerable to the Pope and to his papal court, called the Curia. Popes exercise what is called Papal Infallibility, that is the right to define definitive statements of Roman Catholic teaching on matters of faith and morals. In reality, since its declaration in the First Vatican Council in 1870, papal infallibility has only definitively been used once, by Pope Pius XII in the 1950s.

The Pope's authority comes from the belief that he is the lineal successor of St. Peter, and as such the Vicar of Christ on earth. The church has a hierarchical structure of offices or titles, in descending order:

There are also several more minor offices: Lector, Acolytes (since the Second Vatican Council, the office of Sub-deacon no longer exists). Religious orders have their own hierarchy and titles. These offices taken together constitute the clergy, and in the Western rite can only normally be occupied by unmarried men. However, in the Eastern rite married men are admitted as diocesan priests, but not as bishops or monastic priests; and on rare occasions married priests converting from other Christian groups have been permitted to be ordained in the Western rite. In the Western rite, married men may be ordained as permanent deacons but they may not remarry if their spouse dies or if the marriage is annulled. 
The Pope is elected by the College of Cardinals from their ranks (the process of election, held in Sistine Chapel, is called a Conclave).  Each Pope continues in office until death or until he resigns (which has happened only twice, and never since the Middle Ages).

Sacraments

The practice of the Catholic Church consists of seven sacraments
(see also Catholic sacraments): 

Within the Catholic faith, sacraments are gestures and words of Christ that impart sanctifying grace on the receiver. Baptism is given to infants and to adult converts who have not previously been validly baptised (the baptism of most Christian denominations is accepted as valid by the Catholic Church since the effect is thought to come straight from God regardless of the personal faith, but not intention, of the minister). Confession or reconciliation involves admitting sins to a priest and receiving penance (a task to complete in order to achieve absolution or forgiveness from God). The Eucharist (Communion), is the sacrifice of Christ, marked by partaking in the Body of Christ and the Blood of Christ which are believed to replace in everything but appearance the bread and wine used in the ceremony. The Roman Catholic belief that bread and wine are turned into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ is called transubstantiation. In the sacrament of Confirmation, the gift of the Holy Spirit conferred in baptism is "strengthened and deepened" (see Catechism of the Catholic Church para. 1303) by the laying on of hands and anointing with oil.  In the majority Latin Rite church, this sacrament is presided over by a bishop, and takes place in early adulthood.  In the Eastern Catholic Churches (see below) the sacrament is called chrismation, and is ordinarily performed immediately after baptism by a priest. Holy Orders is the entering into the priesthood and involves a vow of chastity; the sacrament of Holy Orders is given in three degrees: that of the deacon (since Vatican II a permanent deacon may be married before becoming a deacon), that of the priest, and that of the bishop. Anointing of the Sick used to be known as "extreme unction" or the "last rites"; it involves the anointing of a sick person with a holy oil blessed specifically for that purpose and is no longer limited to the seriously ill or dying.


Rites

The Catholic Church is actually a federation of 24 self-governing (sui juris) Churches in communion with each other under the leadership of the Pope. By far the largest Church is the Latin Church, popularly called the Roman Catholic Church.  The other 23 Churches are in the collective called Eastern Catholic Churches.  Each Eastern Catholic Church is led by a Patriarch, Major Archbishop, or Metropolitan (a chief Archbishop who does not hold the rank of Major Archbishop or Patriarch).  The 24 Catholic Churches use among them six rites.  The Roman rite is used only by the Latin (Roman Catholic) Church, and is used by the vast majority of Catholics (98%). There are also several Eastern Rites, which are used in parts of the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and by Catholic communities in other parts of the world that originate from there. There are also two other small Western rites, other than the Latin rite, the Ambrosian rite and the Mozarabic rite, which are used in a few places in Europe. In the Middle Ages there were many other Western rites, but almost all of them were replaced by the Latin rite by the Council of Trent. The Eastern rites originated with groups that left Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches to join the Roman Catholic church, but retained their own rites and traditions.

A listing of rites, with the Churches that use it, follows:

Roman

Byzantine
Antiochene
Chaldean
Armenian
Alexandrian
Historically, the church service in the Latin rite was conducted entirely in Latin, but local languages came into use with the Second Vatican Council (also called Vatican II), which occurred in 1962-5. Eastern rite Catholicism uses various languages, depending on the particular rite involved: Greek, Slavonic, Arabic, Romanian or Georgian in the Byzantine rite; Syriac in the Antiochene and Chaldean rites; Armenian in the Armenian rite; and Coptic or Ge'ez in the Alexandrian rite.


Organization by Region

The fundamental geographical and organizational unit of the Catholic Church is the diocese (in the Eastern Catholic Churches, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy).  This is generally a defined geographical area, centered on a principal city, headed by a bishop.  The primary church of a diocese is known as a cathedral from the cathedra or chair of the bishop that is one of the main symbols of his office.  Within a diocese, a bishop exercises what is known as ordinary, or primary administrative authority.  (Houses of some religious orders are semi-independent of the dioceses they are in; the religious superior of that order exercises ordinary jurisdiction over them.)  While the Pope appoints bishops and reviews their performance, and a variety of other institutions govern or supervise certain activities, a bishop has a great deal of independence in administering a diocese.  Certain dioceses, generally centered around large and important cities, are called archdioceses and are headed by an archbishop. In large dioceses and archdioceses, the bishop is often assisted by auxiliary bishops, full bishops and members of the College of Bishops who do not head a diocese of their own. Archbishops, suffragan bishops (usually shortened to just "bishops"), and auxiliary bishops are equally bishops; the different titles indicate what type (if any) of ecclesiastical unit they head.  Many countries have vicariates that support their militaries (see military ordinariate).

Almost all dioceses were organized into groups known as provinces, each of which is headed by an archbishop.  While provinces still exist, their role has largely been replaced by conferences of bishops, generally made up of all the dioceses of a particular country or countries.  These groups handle a wide array of common functions, including supervision of liturgical texts and practices for the specific cultural and linguistic groups and relations with the governments in their area.  The authority of these conferences to bind the actions of individual bishops is limited (traditional theologians consider this authority ultimately non-binding), however.  Bishop's conferences started to appear early in the 20th century, and were officially recognized in the Second Vatican Council document Christus Dominus.

The College of Cardinals is the collection of Roman Catholic bishops who are special advisors to the Pope.  Any priest can be appointed Cardinal, provided he "excelled in believe, moral and piety". If a cardinal is elected Pope who has not yet been ordained bishop he subsequently has to receive episcopal ordination. (C.f. Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis[1])  All cardinals under the age of 80 have the right to elect a new pope upon the a pope's death; the cardinals who may elect are almost always members of the clergy; however, the Pope has sometimes in the past awarded outstanding members of the Catholic laity (e.g., theologians) with membership in the College after they have passed electing age. Each cardinal is given some church or chapel (thus, cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon) in Rome to make him a member of the clergy of Rome.  Many cardinals serve in the curia, which assists the Pope in Church administration.  All cardinals who are not resident in Rome are diocesan bishops.

Dioceses are divided into local districts called parishes. All Catholics are expected to attend and support their local parish church.  While the Catholic Church has developed an elaborate system of global governance, day to day Catholicism is lived in the local community, tied together in worship in the local parish.  Local parishes are largely self supporting; a church, often in a growing or poor community, that is being supported by a diocese is known as a mission.

The Roman Catholic Church supports many orders (groups) of monks and nuns who are mainly non-priests living lives specially devoted to serving God. These are people who have grouped together under a certain system for the purpose of the perfection of virtue. This sometimes involves separation from the world for meditation and sometimes exceptional participation in the world, often in medical or educational work. Almost universally the Monks and Nuns take vows of poverty (no or limited personal ownership of property and money), chastity (no use of the sexual mechanisms), and obedience (to the superiors).


Distinctive doctrines

Catholics believe in the Trinity of God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the divinity of Jesus, and the salvation through faith in Jesus Christ and through loving God above all things. Catholic views differ from Orthodox on several points, including the nature of the Petrine Ministry (the papacy), the nature of the Trinity and how that should be expressed in the Nicene Creed, and a juridical versus relational understanding of salvation and repentance. Catholics differ from Protestants in several points, including the necessity of penance, the meaning of communion, the composition of the canon of scripture, purgatory, and the means of salvation: Protestants believe that salvation is by faith alone (sola fide), while Catholics believe that faith is exhibited in good works. Stereotypically, this has led to a conflict over the doctrine of justification (the Reformation taught that "we are justified by faith alone"). Modern ecumenical dialogue has led to a number of consensus statements on the doctrine of justification between Roman Catholics and Lutherans, Anglicans, and others.


Liturgy and worship

The most important act of worship in the Roman Catholic Church is the Eucharistic liturgy, usually called the Mass.  Mass is celebrated every Sunday morning in most Roman Catholic parishes; Catholics can however fulfill their Sunday devotion by attending a Mass on Saturday night. Catholics must also attend Mass on ten additional days every year, known as the Holy Day of Obligation. Additional Masses can be celebrated on any day of the liturgical year except for Good Friday.  Most churches have daily Mass. The contemporary Mass is composed of two major parts: the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. In the Liturgy of the Word, readings from the Bible are done; and a homily (like the Protestant sermon) is spoken. At Masses on Sundays and feast days, the Nicene Creed, which states the orthodox beliefs of Catholicism, is professed by all Catholics present. The Liturgy of the Eucharist includes the presentation of the gifts of bread and wine, the Eucharistic Prayer, during which the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ, and the communion procession. 

The liturgical reform movement has been responsible over the past forty years for a significant convergence of Latin Rite worship practices with that of Protestant churches. One feature of the new liturgical views has been a "return to the sources" (ressourcement), claimed as resulting from the rediscovery of ancient liturgical texts and practices, along with many new practices. The post-conciliar (post-Vatican II) reforms of the liturgy included the use of the  vernacular (local) language, a greater emphasis on the Liturgy of the Word, and the clarification of symbolism. The most visible feature of the reforms is the posture of the priest. In the past, the priest faced the altar, with his back to the congregation. The reforms have turned the priest to face the people, with the altar between. This symbolises the desire for the Mass to become more people centered. Critics however have complained about the nature of the post-Vatican II Mass (known sometimes as the Novus Ordo Missae). In 2003, it was revealed that the pre-Vatican II Tridentine Mass was again being celebrated in St. Peter's Basilica (though not on the main altar) and that Pope John Paul II had begun celebrating Tridentine Masses in his private chapel in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. 


Contemporary Catholicism

The Catholic Church, like most Christian faiths, has experienced a steep decline in its worldwide influence in western society in the late 20th century; its exclusively male leadership structure and rigid doctrinal beliefs on matters to do with human sexuality have less appeal to a more secular western world where diversity in sexual practices and gender equality are the norm. In places where it once played a primary role, such as Quebec, Ireland, and Spain, it holds only a fraction of its former influence.  At the same time, however, Roman Catholicism is experiencing a dramatic rise in membership in Africa and parts of Asia. While western missionaries once served as priests in African churches, by the late 20th century a growing number of western nations began to recruit African priests to balance their dwindling numbers of local clergy. 


Pressure on traditional mores and practices


Ordination of women

As a result of feminism and other social and political movements that have removed barriers to the entry of women into professions that were traditionally male strongholds, in latter quarter of the twentieth century many women sought ordination into the Roman Catholic priesthood.  

The traditionalist Roman Catholic position is that women cannot be priests or bishops, on account of the doctrine of apostolic succession.  Priests and bishops are successors to the Apostles, and because Jesus Christ chose only men to be the twelve apostles, only men can become priests and bishops.  On May 22, 1994, Pope John Paul II issued an apostolic letter, Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (Priestly Ordination) which reaffirmed the traditionalist position, and concluded:


Although the teaching that priestly ordination is to be reserved to men alone has been preserved by the constant and universal Tradition of the Church and firmly taught by the Magisterium in its more recent documents, at the present time in some places it is nonetheless considered still open to debate, or the Church's judgment that women are not to be admitted to ordination is considered to have a merely disciplinary force.


Wherefore, in order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church's divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Luke 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful.


Within Roman Catholicism itself, debate on the subject now focuses on whether this statement is meant to invoke papal infallibility and raise the rule that women cannot be Roman Catholic priests to the level of an irreformable dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. That disagreement as to the status reached to the heart of the Church. While some elements around Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger implied strongly that the statement had invoked infallibility, many other elements, notably the Vatican's own press office, explicitly stated it was not, and should not be seen as, an infallible statement. (Disagreements between Ratzinger and official Vatican policy are a regular occurance. His Dominus Iesus statement, for example, disagreed in tone and content with Pope John Paul II's own encyclical on ecumanism. While it was stated that the Pope agreed with and approved Ratzinger's document, a dissenting senior Vatican official discovered on meeting the Pope that John Paul II had not fully read Ratzinger's document.)2 

Critics accused some of those attached to Ratzinger's Congregation of trying to make the document sound infallible to try to kill off the debate, in effect spinning a fallible document as infallible. Such an accusation has been made in the pact, notably Pope Paul's encyclical, Humanæ Vitæ about which one conservative curial cardinal stated "the Holy Father has spoken. The issue is forever closed." However the refusal of Pope John Paul's own press spokesman, himself a conservative, to describe the statement as "infallible" has led to a general though not universal presumption that the document is not so. In addition, the Vatican itself formally states that since 1870, only one infallible teaching has been issued by a pope, namely Pope Pius XII's 1950 statement about the bodily assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into heaven. By implication, neither Humanæ Vitæ nor Ordinatio Sacerdotalis are infallible. 

What is missed in the debate is that "what has always been taught" is as infallible as a solemn definition that springs from the Pope's Infallible Magisterium. That which has always been taught by the Church is a part of its Universal Magisterium, which is as infallible as such solemn definitions as that used to define the Assumption of Mary.



Sexual abuse of children

Particular damage has been done to the institution and to its members' trust in it by acts of child sexual abuse by a small but persistent group of clergy. Allegations of abuse have been made against clergy in many parts of the world, with notorious cases hitting the headlines in Spain, Ireland, Canada and the United States. For the Church, the crisis has been two-fold. First, many Roman Catholics had an almost automatic sense of trust in the clergy. The revelation that this trust had been violated repeatedly fundamentally reshaped public attitudes towards the clergy. But secondly, the institution was damaged by the revelation that the Church's leadership seriously mishandled cases of abusers, using Canon Law and diocesan boundaries3 to help clergy avoid popular anger and even criminal sanction. For a full discussion, see Roman Catholic Church sex abuse allegations. 




References


Notes

1 Early lists of popes stated that the first pope was St. Linus. Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes (Yale Nota Bene, 2002) Appendix A.

2 ibid. 

3 Technically each diocese operates separately of its neighbours, while religious orders in each diocese are not answerable to or under the control of the local bishop. As a result suspicions about the behaviour of secular priests (priests belonging to the diocese) were not always reported to other dioceses or to religious order-run schools or hospitals, while abuse by religious priests (priests belonging to a religious order) was not always relayed by his order to the diocese and its schools. The most notorious example involved Fr. Brendan Smyth, a Norbertine Order priest in Ireland, whose activities (known about since 1945) were not reported to diocesian clergy let alone the police. In 1994, Brendan Smyth pleaded guilty to a sample set of 17 charges of sexual abuse of children in Belfast from a far longer list. A number of dioceses, the Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh and Smyth's own order publicly blamed each other and accepted no responsibility themselves for the failure to stop Smyth over 47 years.


See also


Additional Reading


External links


Top     

Pope
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Pope (Bishop of Rome or Vicar of Jesus Christ) is the bishop and patriarch of Rome, the supreme spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Rite Catholic churches, which collectively comprise the Catholic -- that is, Universal -- Church.  In addition to his spiritual role, the Pope is also sovereign of the independent state of Vatican City, entirely surrounded by Rome. Prior to 1870, the Pope as a secular leader ruled over a large section of the centre of Italy known as the Papal States. His office and jurisdiction is known as the Papacy or Holy See.

Among the honours belonging to the Pope are the style "Your Holiness" and "the Holy Father", and the titles "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the State of the Vatican City". 

The Pope resides in the Palace of the Vatican, within Vatican City, and according to tradition the Pope has resided in Rome since the first century AD. Still, according to the Latin formula ubi Papa, ubi Curia, the Pope's seat of power is by default the place of government of the Church. As such, between 1309 to 1378 the seat of the Pope was not in Rome but in Avignon, a period often called the Babylonian Captivity, as an allusion to the Biblical exile of Israel. (see Avignon Papacy)

It is the orthodox belief of the Catholic Church that Jesus founded the Church (a word which means the community of disciples) on St. Peter when he said, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona!  For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven.  And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." (Matthew 16:18). This passage is significant because in the original Greek text, and the Aramaic in which Jesus would have said it, the words for Peter and rock would be identical, and the literal translation would be "You are a rock and on this rock..."

Further, it is Catholic doctrine that Jesus gave Peter the "keys of the Kingdom of Heaven" (Matthew 16:19: "And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." See also Luke 22:31: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded permission to sift you like wheat; but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail; and you, when once you have turned again, strengthen your brothers"). 

Peter is considered by Catholics to be the first visible head of the Christian church and the first pope. His authority, and by extension that of his lawful successors, is universal and immediate, with power to "bind and loose", and to govern the Universal Church (the community of all believers). He is the leader of the College of Bishops, and is responsible for guiding them just as they are responsible for guiding their own flocks.

The First Vatican Council (1869-1870) defined the dogma of papal infallibility whereby the pope, when he speaks ex cathedra, does not have the possibility of error on any matter of faith or morals. There are rigourous requirements for such a statement, and there are only a very few. Ordinarily, the Pope exercises infallibility through the College of Bishops and in union with Ecumenical Councils of the Universal Church.

The term antipope refers to individuals whom some have claimed to be popes, but who were not canonically or lawfully elected.  Their stories often reflect tumultuous periods in church history; only one antipope has been canonised, or declared a saint.


Death and Election

Currently when the pope dies the rule of the papacy passes to the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, a cardinal appointed by the Pope. The Camerlengo removes the Ring of the Fisherman from the pope's right hand; it is later broken at the meeting to decide the new pope. The body rests in state for a number of days before being placed in a special coffin and interred in the crypt in some leading church or cathedral. All twentieth century popes have been buried in St. Peter's Basilica. It is expected however that when the current pope, John Paul II dies, he will be buried in his native Poland. There follows a nine day period of mourning, novemdialis.

Currently the pope is elected for life by a vote of those cardinals who are under the age of 80. Initially the pope was chosen by those senior clergy residing near Rome. In 1059 the election was restricted to cardinals and in 1179 the individual votes of all electors were equalised. However the potential choice is considerable, almost anyone —even lay persons— can be elected, although Urban VI was the last non-Cardinal elected.  If a lay person or other non-bishop is elected, then the Dean of the College of Cardinals ordains him a bishop before he assumes office.

In France the Second Council of Lyons opened on May 7, 1274 to regulate the election of the pope. Two additional conditions were introduced; the cardinals had to meet within ten days of the pope's death, and they had to remain in seclusion until a new pope was chosen. This was prompted by the three year wait to replace Clement IV who died in 1268. By the mid 1500s the electoral process was roughly equivalent to the current one. The time between the death and the election has been changed; it must occur within twenty days, but must begin not less than fifteen days after the death.

The actual vote used to take place by one of three methods: acclamation, committee or plenary vote. The simplest was a unanimous voice vote called acclamation (last occurred in 1621). There was also an option of the selection of a smaller committee to make a decision. The third-most common is by a plenary vote of all cardinals entitled to vote, by means of a ballot.  However in a major revision of the code of procedure, Pope John II abolished the option of selection by committee or by acclamation. Thus all subsequent popes can only be elected by full vote of the College of Cardinals. 

The meeting of cardinals, the conclave, is called by the Sacred College of Cardinals and almost always takes place in the Vatican, in the Sistine Chapel. The conclave is so named because once the twenty-day limit is reached all the present eligible electors are theoretically locked away from the rest of the world (cum clavi). By lot three cardinals are assigned to collect the votes of non-attendees (through illness), three more are assigned to count the votes and a further three to review the count. The ballot papers (usually marked "Eligo in summum Pontificem Rev.mum D. Meum D. Card...") are distributed; each cardinal writes his choice upon the paper, pledges aloud he is electing "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" and deposits his ballot into a container. If there is no overall winner the cardinals vote again immediately, and then possibly again and again until there is a clear choice. Until 1996 the required majority was two-thirds; now if the meeting is still deadlocked after twelve days a simple majority rule can be invoked. To communicate some of the process to the waiting world the ballots, once counted, are burned: black smoke (sfumata, created using straw) indicates the vote was not decisive, and white smoke indicates a new pope has been chosen.

When the pope has been chosen he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals to confirm his acceptance, and then the name he chooses is announced. Since 535, up to and including Pope John Paul II, the pope has had the opportunity to be called by a name other than that given at birth and the practice has become standard. The selection is then announced from a balcony over St. Peter's Square, initially with the words "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. Habemus Papam."

The election process was last altered in 1996 by John Paul II in Universi Dominici Gregis.

The Latin term sede vacante (empty seat) is normally applied to the period between the death of one pope and the election of his successor.  This term has been adapted to identify a group of modern schismatics. See sedevacantism.

The Title

The word  pope (post-classical Latin papa, father), is an ecclesiastical title now used to designate the head of the Roman Catholic Church and several Patriarchs of eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church.   In the 4th and 5th centuries it was frequently used in the west of any bishop, but in the Catholic church it gradually came to be reserved to the bishop of Rome, becoming his official title.  In the East, on the other hand, the Patriarch of Alexandria uses it as as his historical title.  

As a popular term it was applied to priests, and at the present day, in the Greek Church and in Russia all the priests are called pappas, which is also translated "pope". Even in the case of the sovereign pontiff the word pope is officially only used as a less solemn style: though the ordinary signature and heading of briefs is, e.g. "Pius PP. X", the signature of bulls is Pius episcopus ecclesiae catholicae (Bishop of the Catholic Church), and the heading, Pius episcopus, servus servorum Dei (Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God), this latter formula going back to the time of Saint Gregory the Great. Other styles met with in official documents are Pontifex Maximus (Greatest Pontiff), Summus pontifex (Highest Pontiff), Romanus pontifex (Roman Pontiff), Sanctissimus (Most Holy), Sanctissimus pater (Most Holy Father), Sanctissimus dominus noster (Our Most Holy lord), Sanctitas sua (His Holiness), Beatissimus pater (Most Blessed Father), Beatitude sue (His Beatitude); while the pope is addressed in speaking as Sanctitas vestra (Your Holiness), or Beatissime pater (Most Blessed Father). In the middle ages is also found Dominus apostolicus (Apostolic Lord) (cf. still, in the litanies of the saints), or simply Apostolicus (The Apostolic).



See also:

External link


Top     

Roman
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:Roman
The noun Roman means a citizen of Rome.
The adjective Roman means pertaining or related to Rome.




See Rome, Latin language, and

Roman is a family of typographic fonts, the most famous and common of which is Times New Roman.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Roman."
Top     

Roman Empire
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Roman Empire, successor of the Roman Republic, controlled the Mediterranean world and much of Northern Europe after 31 B.C  The last Roman emperor in the western half of the empire was deposed in 476.  The eastern part of the empire continued without interruption, but with gradually shrinking territory, until 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks (See Byzantine Empire).  Successor states in the west (the Frankish kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire) and the east (the Russian czars) used titles adopted from Roman practices well into the modern period.

The Roman Empire's influence on government, law, architecture, and many other aspects of life remains inescapable. See also: Roman culture


The rise of Augustus

As the Roman Republic (509 B.C - 31 B.C) came to an end, Gaius Octavius, great-nephew of Julius Caesar, solidified his position by his defeat of his only rival for power, Mark Antony, in the battle of Actium the following year. He had his work cut out for him; years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near-lawlessness.  Moreover, Rome was not prepared to accept the control of a despot.

Octavius (or Octavian) was clever. First, he disbanded his armies, and held elections.  Octavian was chosen for the powerful position of Consul. In 27 B.C, he officially returned power to the Senate of Rome, and offered to relinquish his own military supremacy and hegemony over Egypt. Not only did the senate turn him down, he was also given control of Spain, Gaul and Syria. Shortly thereafter, the Senate gave him the name Augustus.

Augustus knew that the power he needed to rule absolutely could not be derived from his Consulship, however.  In 23 B.C, he renounced this office in favor of two other powers.  First, he was granted the office of a tribune, which allowed him to convene the senate at will and lay business before it.  Since the tribuneship was an office traditionally associated with the people, this consolidated his power further.  Second, he received new authority in the form of an "Imperial" power, which gave him supreme authority in all matters pertaining to territorial governance.  23 B.C. is the date on which Augustus is usually said to have assumed the mantle of Emperor of Rome.  He more typically used a civilian title, however, Princeps, or "First Citizen."

As Emperor, Augustus organized the affairs of his empire with aplomb; it is largely due to his genius that the Roman Empire lasted for as long as it did.  He established standardized minting and taxation; he created a civil service structure consisting of knights and freedmen (former slaves).  He also provided retirement benefits for soldiers.

He was a master propagandist, and his patronage of the Roman writers Horace, Livy and (especially) Virgil allowed him to cement his position through use of poetry and prose.  His use of games and special events to celebrate himself and his family cemented his popularity.

Augustus also founded the world's first fire brigade, and created a regular police force for Rome.

In fact, Augustus's control of power throughout the Empire was so absolute that it allowed him to name his successor, a custom which had been abandoned and derided in Rome since the foundation of the Republic.  At first, indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been married to Augustus's daughter Julia.  However, he died of food poisoning in 23 B.C.  Reports of later historians that this poisoning, and other later deaths, were caused by Augustus's wife Livia Drusilla are inconclusive at best.

After the death of Marcellus, Augustus married his daughter to his right hand man, Marcus Agrippa. This union produced three children, Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, and Postumus Agrippa (so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died). Augustus's intent to make the first two children his heirs was apparent when he adopted them as his own children. Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons (Livia's children from her first marriage) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus and Tiberius Claudius, after they had conquered a large portion of Central Europe.

After Agrippa died in 12 B.C, Livia's son Tiberius divorced his own wife and married Agrippa's widow. Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribunical powers, but shortly thereafter went into retirement. After the early deaths of both Gaius and Lucius in AD 4 and AD 2. respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome, where he was adopted by Augustus.

On AD August 19, 14, Augustus died.  Shortly thereafter, the senate voted him into the pantheon of Roman gods (or deified him).  Postumus Agrippa and Tiberius had been named co-heirs. However, Postumus had been banished, and was put to death around the same time. Who ordered his death is unknown, but the way was clear for Tiberius to assume the same powers that his stepfather had.  


The heirs of Augustus: the Julio-Claudian Line


Tiberius

The early years of Tiberius's reign were peaceful and relatively benign.  Tiberius secured the power of Rome and enriched the treasury.  However, Tiberius's reign soon became characterized by paranoia and slander.  In 19, he was blamed for the death of his nephew, the popular Germanicus.  In 23, his own son Drusus died.  More and more, Tiberius retreated into himself.  He began a series of treason trials and executions.  He left power in the hands of the commander of the guard, Aelius Sejanus.  Tiberius himself retired to live at his villa on the island of Capri in 26, leaving Sejanus in charge.  Sejanus carried on the persecutions with relish.  He also began to consolidate his own power; in 31, he was named co-consul with Tiberius and married Livilla, the emperor's niece.  At this point, he was hoist by his own petard; the Emperor's paranoia, which he had so ably exploited for his own gain, was turned against him.  Sejanus was put to death, along with many of his cronies, the same year.  The persecutions continued apace until Tiberius's death in 37.


Caligula

At the time of Tiberius's death, most of the people who might have succeeded him had been brutally murdered.  The logical successor (and Tiberius's own choice) was his grandnephew, Germanicus's son Gaius (better known as Caligula).  Caligula started out well, by putting an end to the persecutions and burning his uncle's records.  Unfortunately, he quickly lapsed into illness.  The Caligula that emerged in late 37 may have suffered from epilepsy, and was more probably insane.  He ordered his soldiers to invade Britain, but changed his mind at the last minute and had them pick sea shells on the northern end of France instead.  It is believed he carried on incestuous relations with his sisters.  He had ordered a statue of himself to be erected in the Temple at Jerusalem, which would have undoubtedly led to revolt had he not been dissuaded.  In 41, Caligula was assassinated by the commander of the guard Cassius Chaerea.  The only member left of the imperial family to take charge was another nephew of Tiberius's, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, better known as the emperor Claudius.


Claudius

Claudius had long been considered a weakling and a fool by the rest of his family. He was, however, neither paranoid like his uncle Tiberius, nor insane like his nephew Caligula, and was therefore able to administrate with reasonable ability. He improved the bureaucracy and streamlined the citizenship and senatorial rolls. He also proceeded with the conquest  and colonization of Britain (in 43), and incorporated more Eastern provinces into the empire.  In Italy, he constructed a winter port at Ostia, thereby providing a place for grain from other parts of the Empire to be brought in inclement weather.

On the home front, Claudius was less successful. His wife Messalina cuckolded him; when he found out, he had her executed and married his niece, Agrippina the younger. She, along with several of his freedmen, held an inordinate amount of power over him, and very probably killed him in 54.  Claudius was deified later that year. The death of Claudius paved the way for Agrippina's own son, the 16-year-old Lucius Domitus, or, as he was known by this time, Nero.


Nero

Initially, Nero left the rule of Rome to his mother and his tutors, particularly Lucius Annaeus Seneca. However, as he grew older, his desire for power increased; he had his mother and tutors executed. During Nero's reign, there were a series of riots and rebellions throughout the Empire: in Britain, Armenia, Parthia and Judaea. Nero's inability to manage the rebellions and his basic incompetence became evident quickly and in 68, even the Imperial guard renounced him. Nero committed suicide, and the year 69 (known as the Year of the Four Emperors) was a year of civil war, with the emperors Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian ruling in quick succession.  By the end of the year, Vespasian was able to solidify his power as emperor of Rome.


The Flavian Emperors


Vespasian

Vespasian was a remarkably successful Roman general who had been given rule over much of the eastern part of the Roman Empire.  He had supported the imperial claims of Galba; however, on his death, Vespasian became a major contender for the throne.  After the suicide of Otho, Vespasian was able to hijack Rome's winter grain supply, placing him in a good position to defeat his remaining rival, Vitellius.  On December 20, 69, some of Vespasian's partisans were able to occupy Rome. Vitellius was murdered by his own troops, and the next day, Vespasian was confirmed as Emperor by the Senate.

Vespasian was quite the autocrat, and gave much less credence to the Senate than his Julio-Claudian predecessors.  This was typified by his dating his accession to power from July 1, when his troops proclaimed him emperor, instead of December 21, when the Senate confirmed his appointment.  He would, in later years, expel dissident senators.

Vespasian was able to liberate Rome from the financial burdens placed upon it by Nero's excesses and the civil wars.  By increasing tax rates dramatically (sometimes as much as doubling them) he was able to build up a surplus in the treasury and embark on public works projects.  It was he who first commissioned the Roman Colosseum; he also built a forum whose centerpiece was a temple to Peace.  

Vespasian was also an effective emperor for the provinces. His generals quelled rebellions in Syria and Germany. In fact, in Germany he was able to expand the frontiers of the empire, and a great deal more of Britain was brought under Roman rule. He also extended Roman citizenship to the inhabitants of Spain.

Another example of his monarchical tendencies was his insistence that his sons Titus Flavius and Domitian would succeed him; the imperial power was not seen as hereditary at this point. Titus, who had some military successes early in Vespasian's reign, was seen as the heir presumptive to the throne; Domitian was seen as somewhat less disciplined and responsible. Titus joined his father in the offices of censor and consul and helped him reorganize the senatorial rolls.  Upon Vespasian's death in 79, Titus was immediately confirmed as Emperor.


Titus

Titus's short reign was marked by disaster: in 79, Vesuvius erupted in Pompeii, and in 80, a fire decimated much of Rome. His generosity in rebuilding after these tragedies made him very popular. Titus was very proud of his work on the vast amphitheater begun by his father. He held the opening ceremonies in the still unfinished edifice during the year 80, celebrating with a lavish show that featured 100 gladiators and lasted 100 days. However, it was during Domitian's reign that the Colosseum was completed. Titus died in 81, at the age of 41; it was rumored that his brother Domitian murdered him in order to become his successor.


Domitian

Domitian did not live up to the good name left for the family by his father and elder brother.  While his offenses may have been exaggerated by hostile later generations, it is clear that he did not like to share power.  It had become accepted by Domitian's time that the emperor would simultaneously hold many of the magistracies established during Republican times (for instance the censorship and the tribunate), but it was still customary for other politicians to have those powers as well.  Domitian wanted to claim authority for himself alone, causing him to alienate the Senate as well as the people.

See also: Roman Emperors, Five good emperors, Pax romana, Byzantine Empire, Roman currency, Roman place names and Byzantine Emperors.


Ancient Historians of the Empire


Writing in Latin


Livy - his history is of the Roman Republic, but he wrote during the reign of Augustus

Suetonius

Tacitus

Ammianus Marcellinus


Writing in Greek


Eusebius of Caesarea

Sozomen


Latin Literature of the Empire


Apuleius

Augustine of Hippo

Horace

Virgil


18th and 19th century histories


The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon (1776 - 1788)


Modern histories of the Roman Empire

         nds:Römsche Riek  simple:Roman Empire
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Roman Empire."
Top     

Roman Republic
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
See also Roman Republic (19th century).



The Roman Republic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.

The city of Rome stands on the Tiber River very near the west coast of Italy.  It marked the northernmost border of the territory in which the Latin language was spoken and the southern edge of Etruria, the territory in which the Etruscan language was spoken.


Government Institutions

The Romans observed two principles for their officials:  annuality or the observation of a one-year term and collegiality or the holding of the same office by at least two men at the same time.  The supreme office of consul, for instance, was always held by two men together, each of whom exercised a power of mutual veto over any actions by the other consul.  If the Roman army took the field under the command of the two consuls they alternated days of command.  Most other offices were held by more than two men - in the late Republic there were 8 praetors a year and 20 quaestors.  

The dictators were an exception to annuality and collegiality, and the censors to annuality.  In times of emergency (always military) a single dictator was elected for a term of 6 months to have sole command of the state.  On a regular but not annual basis two censors were elected: every five years for a term of 18 months.

The legion formed the backbone of Roman military power.


History of the Republic


The Legendary Founding of Rome - 753 BC

The Romans were very much convinced that their city was founded in the year 753 BC. Rome has often been said to have been started by Romulus and Remus.  It was then, tradition had it, ruled by kings for several centuries.


The Foundation of the Republic - 509 BC

Livy's version of the establishment of the Republic states that the last of the Kings of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (superbus, "the proud") had a thoroughly unpleasant son, Sextus Tarquinius, who raped a Roman noblewoman named Lucretia.  Lucretia compelled her family to take action by gathering the men, telling them what happened, and killing herself.  They then were compelled to avenge her, and led an uprising that drove the royal house, the Tarquins, out of Rome to take refuge in Etruria.

Lucretia's husband Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus and Lucius Junius Brutus gained election as the first two consuls, the chief officers of the new Republic.  (The Marcus Junius Brutus who assassinated Julius Caesar claimed descent from this first Brutus).

The early consuls took over the roles of the king with the exception of his high priesthood in the worship of Jupiter Optimus Maximus at the huge temple on the Capitoline Hill.  For that duty the Romans elected a Rex sacrorum or "king of holy things."  Until the end of the Republic the accusation that a powerful man wanted to make himself king remained a career-shaking charge.  (Julius Caesar's assassins claimed after they acted that they were preserving Rome from the re-establishment of an explicit monarchy.)


Patrician and Plebeian

The people of Rome were divided into patricians and plebeians.  These words have taken on such different connotations of wealth and ordinariness in modern English that they must be examined in their Roman context.  The two classes were ancestral and inherited.  One's class was fixed by birth rather than by wealth, and though patricians had in the early Republic monopolized all political offices and probably most of the wealth, there are always signs of wealthy plebeians in the historical record, and many patrician families had lost both wealth and any political influence by the later Republic.  One could move from one class to the other by adoption, as did the political operator Clodius, who managed to have himself adopted into a plebeian branch of his own family for political purposes in the late Republic, but this rarely occurred.  By the 2nd century BC the classifications had meaning predominantly in religious functions - many priesthoods remained restricted to patricians.

The relationship between the plebeians and the patricians sometimes came under such a strain that the plebeians would secede from the city - they literally left the city, took their families and movable possessions, and set up camp on a hill outside the walls.  These secessions happened in 494, 450, and around 287 BC. Their refusal to co-operate any longer with the patricians led to social changes on each occasion.  In 494 BC, only about 15 years after the establishment of the Republic, the plebeians for the first time elected two leaders, to whom they gave the title Tribunes.  The "plebs" took an oath that they would hold their leaders 'sacrosanct' or inviolate during their terms of office, and that the united plebs would kill anyone who harmed a tribune.  The second secession led to further legal definition of their rights and duties and increased the number of tribunes to 10.  The final secession gave the vote of the Concilium Plebis or "Council of the Plebeians" the force of law - we call this a "plebiscite".  


The end of the Republic - 133-31 BC

Rome's military and diplomatic successes around the Mediterranean resulted in new and unaccustomed pressures on the structures of the old city-state.  While factional strife had become a traditional part of Roman life, the stakes were now far higher; a corrupt provincial governor could enrich himself far beyond anything his ancestors imagined possible, and a successful military commander needed only the support of his legions in order to rule vast territories.  In addition, small landowners were displaced in favor of large slave-run estates, resulting in large numbers of unemployed urbanites.

Beginning with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in 133, the political convulsions became more and more severe, resulting in a series of dictatorships, civil wars, and temporary armed truces during the next century.  Much of the political record of this period has survived, and we are able to understand it in some depth.

Gracchus' reform was simply to put more land in the hands of veterans, but ominously, his Senatorial opponents responded to his political machinations by killing him in the street.  His younger brother Gaius Gracchus continued the  reform efforts, promoted the extension of the franchise to all the cities of Italy, and established the equites as a new force in Roman politics.

A conservative reaction brought power back to the Senate, but they prosecuted the Jugurthine War of 112-105 so poorly, on top of a Slave War in Sicily, and losses at the hands of Germanic tribes, of whom the Cimbri destroyed consular armies at Arausio in 105.  Rome was saved by Marius, who held multiple consulships 103-101 while defeating the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102) and the Cimbri near Vercellae in the following year.  But Marius' military reforms had resulted in an army of proletarian volunteers with no special love for the Senate, and Marius' political allies used the army to threaten the Senate into passing laws reducing the Senate's power.  Marius curbed his own allies, and took himself into lesser positions.

Again the Senate proved itself unequal to its role, and failed to deal with the growing discontent of the allies in Italy.  After the reformer Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91, almost all of the Italian allies of Rome rebelled in what the Romans called the Social War (allies = Socii, related to the English "associates").  The Romans were only able to end the war in 88 by granting citizenship to all Italians living south of the Po River.

At the same time, Mithridates VI of Pontus overran Bithynia, the latest of several provocations which, this time, forced Rome to act.  But Marius and Sulla contended over the command of the army, ending with Sulla marching on Rome with several legions, outlawing his opponents and passing laws favoring the Senate.  Sulla then went to Greece, defeated Mithridates at Chaeronea in 86, then returned in 83 to overthrow Marius' ally Cinna.  In the following year, Sulla secured appointment as dictator and used the post to reduce the power of the tribunes and the army, although the changes did not long survive his voluntary retirement in 79.


The Spartacist Rebellion - 73 - 71 BC

Large-scale agriculture in the Italian peninsula came to depend on slavery in the latifundia system, and was rocked by a severe slave revolt led by Spartacus that lasted from 73 BC to 71 BC

Spartacus was a Thracian slave, and was trained as a gladiator. In 73 BC he and some of his comrades rebelled at Capua and fled towards mount Vesuvius. The rebel numbers quickly grew to about 70000, comprising mainly Thracian, Gaul and German slaves.

Initially, Spartacus and his second in command Crixus succeeded in defeating several legions sent against them piecemeal. Once a unified command was established under Licinius Crassus who had six legions, the rebellion was crushed in 71 BC. About 10000 slaves fled the battlefield.

The fleeing slaves were intercepted by Pompey who was returning from Spain, and 6000 were crucified along Via Apia from Capua to Rome. Although Crassus did most of the fighting against the rebels, Pompey claimed the victory. This was a source of tension between the two men.

In the final analysis, once the Romans found the right leadership the rebels were quickly defeated. This does not subtract from the achievement Spartacus, who was able to unite a band of slaves into a fighting force capable of defeating several legions.

The whole incident showed the weakness of the Senate and the regime of the late Roman Republic.



The end of the Republic

In the end, the Roman world became too large and complicated for the structures of the republic to cope, and after a period of civil war ended by the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire.


Roman Senate

various other Roman assemblies


Dictator

Consul

Praetor

Aedile

Quaestor

Tribune

Censor

Pontifex Maximus

Princeps Senatus

Lictor

Cursus honorum


Early Republic

Lucretia

Lucius Junius Brutus

Cincinnatus

Appius Claudius the Censor


Samnite wars 327 - 290 BC


Punic wars

Hannibal - see Carthage

Scipio Africanus Major

Scipio Aemilianus

Cato the Censor


Late Republic

Ahenobarbus family

Julius Caesar

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus

Gaius Sempronius Gracchus

C. Marius

L. Cornelius Sulla

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Spartacus


Latin Literature of the Republic

Catullus

Cicero

Plautus

Terence

Ennius

Fabius Pictor

Naevius


References

William G. Sinnigen & Arthur E. R. Boak, A History of Rome to 565 A.D. (Macmillan)


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Roman Republic."
Top     

Rome
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Alternate meanings: See Rome (disambiguation)


Rome (Roma) is the capital city of Italy.  It is located on the Tiber river, in the central part of the country near the Tyrrhenian Sea, at 41°50'N, 12°15'E. The Vatican City, located in an enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (see also under Roman Catholicism).

Rome was the seat of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. 




Photograph of the Roman Colosseum in Rome, Italy

By tradition, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC, by Romulus, who killed in the process his twin brother named Remus. This date was the basis for the Roman calendar and the Julian calendar (Ab urbe condita). Romulus and Remus were allegedly sons of the god Mars and the priestess Rea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, king of Albalonga. The boys were abandoned to save them from the hate of Amulius, a pretender to Albalonga's throne, and taken care of by a she-wolf, even today one of the symbols of Rome.  Romulus later killed Remus and became the first ruler of Rome. See also founding of Rome

Rome was built on the Sun hill, which was later named Palatine, and extended to include the seven hills:

after the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (see also Roman mythology).

There is a mnemonic device used to recall the names of the seven hills: Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie? 

The Roman civilisation developed the Latin language, its official language and one of the fundamental elements in linguistics, and the source of the Romance languages. It is to this day the official language of the Catholic Church and the Vatican.





''This is a simulated-color image of Rome
that was taken by NASA satellite Landsat 7
(Larger version)


Rome timeline


History

Rome was the seat of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. 




A picture of the Roman Colosseum

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Rome soon became the capital city of the Papal States, the territorial entity ruled by the Papacy that would last until 1870, when Italy was unified by the former king of Sardinia. During this long period Rome became the worldwide centre of Christianity and increasingly developed a relevant political role that made it one of the most important towns of the Old Continent.
In art, although Florence became the center of humanism and the Rinascimento (Renaissance), Rome was the center of baroque, and architecture deeply affected its central areas.

In the 16th century a central area was delimited around Portico d'Ottavia, for the creation of the famous Roman Ghetto, an area which the Jews were forced to live in.

Some of the most famous views of Rome in the 18th century were etched by Giovanni Battista Piranesi. His grand vision of classic Rome inspired many to visit the city and examine the ruins themselves.



Map of downtown Rome during the time of the Roman Empire
(larger image)

The Roman urban form reflects the stratification of the succeeding epochs, with a wide historical center; this today contains many areas from Ancient Rome, very few areas from Quattrocento (mainly around piazza Farnese), and lots of churches and palaces from baroque times. The historical centre is identified as within the limits of ancient imperial walls. Some central areas were reorganised after the unification (1880-1910 - Roma Umbertina), and some important additions and adaptations made during the fascism, with the discussed creation of Fori Imperiali and the founding of new quartieri (among which Eur, San Basilio, Garbatella, Cinecittà and, on the coast, the restructuring of Ostia) and the inclusion of bordering villages (Labaro, Osteria del Curato, Quarto Miglio, Capannelle, Pisana, Torrevecchia, Ottavia, Casalotti). These expansions were needed to face the huge increase of population due to the centralisation of the Italian state.

During WWII Rome suffered some heavy bombings (notably at San Lorenzo) and battles (Porta San Paolo, La Storta) and was considered an "open town" (as in the film by Roberto Rossellini).

After the war Rome continued to expand, mainly for a similar reason of increased number of inhabitants (this time due to the development of the state administrations and the progressive turning of general national economy from mainly agricultural to modern industrial schemes), with the creation of new quartieri and suburbs; the current estimated number of inhabitants is appr. 3,5 millions, but it has been estimated that in working time more than 5 million people are in the town. They were 138,000 in 1825, 244,000 in 1871, 692,000 in 1921, 1,600,000 in 1961.

Rome organised the 1960 Summer Olympics, using many ancient sites, such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues or surroundings.

Many of the monuments of Rome were restored by the Italian state and by the Vatican for the 2000 Jubilee.

The Grande Raccordo Anulare, the round motorway that surrounds most part of it, is more than 80 km long.

Being the capital city of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, like the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously, Rome also hosts, in the Italian part of its territory, the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City, a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are based in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, or humanitarian like the FAO.

See Also: Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire


Modern Rome

Rome is today one of the most important touristic destinations of the world, due to its immense heritage of archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for its unique traditions and the beauty of its views and its "villas" (parks). Among the most interesting resources, plenty of museums (i.e., Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums, Galleria Borghese, and a great many others), churches, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins such as the Roman Forum or the Catacombs.



Senatus Populusque Romanus

It is commonly identified by several proper symbols, including the Colosseum, the she-wolf (Lupa), the imperial eagle, and the symbols of Christianity. The famous acronym S.P.Q.R recalls the ancient age and the unity between Roman Senate and population.

It is called "The Urbs", "caput mundi" (head of the world), "Città Eterna" (eternal city), and "Limen Apostolorum" (the threshold of the apostles).

The town's colors are yellow and red (garnet).

Rome has two own holidays, on April 21 (the founding of Rome), and on June 29 (the patron Saints, Peter and Paul). Other dates too are locally important, like December 8 (the Immaculate Conception) and January 6 (Epiphany).




Among the hundreds of churches, Rome contains the five Major Basilicas of the Catholic church: San Pietro in Vaticano (St. Peter's Basilica), San Paolo fuori le Mura (St. Paul outside the Walls), Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary Major), San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (St. Lawrence outside the Walls), and San Giovanni in Laterano (St. John Lateran), the see of Roman diocese and the spirtual centre of the entire Catholic Church. The Bishop of Rome is the Pope, helped by a vicar (usually a cardinal) for his pastoral activity.


Other monuments and sites


Transportation

Rome has a modern day airport formally named Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport, but more commonly known as Fiumicino.

Proverbs about Rome

During its long history, Rome has always had a scarcity of native inhabitants, so by tradition a "true" Roman is one whose family has lived in Rome for no less than 7 generations: this is the original "Romano de Roma" (in Romanesco, the local dialect of Italian).


External links

        nds:Rom
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome."
Top     

Rome, Adams County, Wisconsin
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a town located in Adams County, Wisconsin.  As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,656.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 161.4 km² (62.3 mi²).  140.5 km² (54.3 mi²) of it is land and 20.9 km² (8.1 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 12.94% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,656 people, 1,181 households, and 884 families residing in the town.  The population density is 18.9/km² (49.0/mi²).  There are 2,354 housing units at an average density of 16.8/km² (43.4/mi²).  The racial makeup of the town is 98.42% White, 0.00% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.04% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races.  0.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 1,181 households out of which 19.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% are married couples living together, 4.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% are non-families. 20.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.25 and the average family size is 2.57.
In the town the population is spread out with 17.2% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 20.4% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 51 years.  For every 100 females there are 103.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $44,000, and the median income for a family is $46,579. Males have a median income of $40,682 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the town is $23,901.  3.7% of the population and 3.0% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.4% are under the age of 18 and 4.0% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Adams County, Wisconsin."
Top     

Rome, Georgia
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is the largest city in Floyd County, Georgia6, and is its county seat.  As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 34,980.  It is a namesake of Rome, Italy, and has a replica of the statue of Romulus and Remus nursing from a mother wolf. [1]


Geography

Rome is located at 34°15'36" North, 85°11'6" West (34.259893, -85.185037)1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 77.3 km² (29.8 mi²).  76.1 km² (29.4 mi²) of it is land and 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 1.54% water.


Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 34,980 people, 13,320 households, and 8,431 families residing in the city.  The population density is 459.7/km² (1,190.5/mi²).  There are 14,508 housing units at an average density of 190.7/km² (493.7/mi²).  The racial makeup of the city is 63.12% White, 27.66% African American, 0.39% Native American, 1.42% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 5.61% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races.  10.35% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 13,320 households out of which 29.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% are married couples living together, 17.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% are non-families. 30.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 3.07.

In the city the population is spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 35 years.  For every 100 females there are 90.2 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $30,930, and the median income for a family is $37,775. Males have a median income of $30,179 versus $22,421 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,327.  20.3% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 29.1% are under the age of 18 and 16.3% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Georgia."
Top     

Rome, Illinois
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a town located in Peoria County, Illinois.  As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,776.

Geography

Rome is located at 40°52'34" North, 89°30'34" West (40.876193, -89.509384)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.9 km² (1.9 mi²).  4.9 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,776 people, 704 households, and 508 families residing in the town.  The population density is 360.9/km² (932.5/mi²).  There are 746 housing units at an average density of 151.6/km² (391.7/mi²).  The racial makeup of the town is 98.20% White, 0.28% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races.  1.24% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 704 households out of which 29.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% are non-families. 23.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 2.95.
In the town the population is spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 40 years.  For every 100 females there are 105.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 104.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $40,962, and the median income for a family is $46,250. Males have a median income of $35,036 versus $25,486 for females. The per capita income for the town is $18,345.  4.4% of the population and 3.7% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.5% are under the age of 18 and 10.7% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Illinois."
Top     

Rome, Iowa
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a city located in Henry County, Iowa.  As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 113.

Geography

Rome is located at 40°58'59" North, 91°40'59" West (40.983047, -91.683033)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²).  0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 113 people, 49 households, and 27 families residing in the city.  The population density is 335.6/km² (870.5/mi²).  There are 55 housing units at an average density of 163.4/km² (423.7/mi²).  The racial makeup of the city is 99.12% White, 0.00% African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races.  0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 49 households out of which 26.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% are married couples living together, 14.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% are non-families. 30.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 2.82.
In the city the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 34.5% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 35 years.  For every 100 females there are 76.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $22,083, and the median income for a family is $40,000. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the city is $12,976.  27.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 18.2% are under the age of 18 and 50.0% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Iowa."
Top     

Rome, Jefferson County, Wisconsin
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a town located in Jefferson County, Wisconsin.  As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 574.

Geography

Rome is located at 42°58'50" North, 88°37'54" West (42.980687, -88.631634)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²).  10.2 km² (3.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 5.07% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 574 people, 220 households, and 168 families residing in the town.  The population density is 56.2/km² (145.7/mi²).  There are 236 housing units at an average density of 23.1/km² (59.9/mi²).  The racial makeup of the town is 99.30% White, 0.17% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.17% from two or more races.  0.52% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 220 households out of which 29.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% are married couples living together, 5.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% are non-families. 18.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 2.98.
In the town the population is spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 39 years.  For every 100 females there are 100.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $55,357, and the median income for a family is $60,875. Males have a median income of $36,938 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,622.  5.3% of the population and 2.3% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.5% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Jefferson County, Wisconsin."
Top     

Rome, Maine
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a town located in Kennebec County, Maine.  As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 980.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 82.2 km² (31.7 mi²).  65.8 km² (25.4 mi²) of it is land and 16.3 km² (6.3 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 19.88% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 980 people, 386 households, and 289 families residing in the town.  The population density is 14.9/km² (38.6/mi²).  There are 941 housing units at an average density of 14.3/km² (37.0/mi²).  The racial makeup of the town is 98.27% White, 0.10% African American, 0.82% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races.  0.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 386 households out of which 32.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% are married couples living together, 9.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% are non-families. 17.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.54 and the average family size is 2.85.
In the town the population is spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 39 years.  For every 100 females there are 94.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $42,344, and the median income for a family is $46,635. Males have a median income of $32,153 versus $26,042 for females. The per capita income for the town is $21,355.  11.0% of the population and 7.0% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 14.5% are under the age of 18 and 13.3% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Maine."
Top     

Rome, New York
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a city located in Oneida County, New York.  As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 34,950.  It is in New York's 23rd Congressional District.

On July 4, 1817 construction on the Erie Canal began here. 


Geography

Rome is located at 43°13'10" North, 75°27'48" West (43.219469, -75.463330)1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 196.0 km² (75.7 mi²).  194.1 km² (74.9 mi²) of it is land and 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 0.99% water.


Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 34,950 people, 13,653 households, and 8,328 families residing in the city.  The population density is 180.1/km² (466.4/mi²).  There are 16,272 housing units at an average density of 83.8/km² (217.2/mi²).  The racial makeup of the city is 87.85% White, 7.58% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 2.05% from two or more races.  4.72% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 13,653 households out of which 28.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% are married couples living together, 13.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% are non-families. 33.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.93.

In the city the population is spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 38 years.  For every 100 females there are 105.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $33,643, and the median income for a family is $42,928. Males have a median income of $31,635 versus $23,899 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,604.  15.0% of the population and 12.0% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 23.4% are under the age of 18 and 7.6% are 65 or older.


Military History

Rome has a strong historical relationship with the military. In the heart of the Leatherstocking Region, made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, Rome is home to Fort Stanwix, which was built in 1758 to guard a strategic portage along a major transportation route. 

Between 1951 and 1991, the Rome Air Development Center (RADC) was located at Griffis Air Force Base.  In 1991, the RADC was redesignated Rome Laboratory (external link).  The RADC has been responsible for some of the United States Air Force's major technological accomplishments, especially in the area of radio communications.



Links


Top     

Rome, Ohio
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a village located in Adams County, Ohio.  As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 117.

Geography

Rome is located at 38°39'51" North, 83°22'50" West (38.664266, -83.380456)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²).  0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 10.34% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 117 people, 46 households, and 31 families residing in the village.  The population density is 167.3/km² (439.8/mi²).  There are 58 housing units at an average density of 82.9/km² (218.0/mi²).  The racial makeup of the village is 94.02% White, 0.00% African American, 4.27% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races.  0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 46 households out of which 43.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% are married couples living together, 15.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% are non-families. 28.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.54 and the average family size is 3.06.
In the village the population is spread out with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 33 years.  For every 100 females there are 82.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village is $31,136, and the median income for a family is $31,944. Males have a median income of $19,167 versus $30,500 for females. The per capita income for the village is $12,026.  24.4% of the population and 28.9% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 30.3% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Ohio."
Top     

Rome, Pennsylvania
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is a borough located in Bradford County, Pennsylvania.  As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 382.

Geography

Rome is located at 41°51'25" North, 76°20'30" West (41.856855, -76.341558)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²).  1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 382 people, 157 households, and 103 families residing in the borough.  The population density is 237.9/km² (617.3/mi²).  There are 176 housing units at an average density of 109.6/km² (284.4/mi²).  The racial makeup of the borough is 98.95% White, 0.00% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races.  0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 157 households out of which 31.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% are married couples living together, 11.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% are non-families. 28.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.43 and the average family size is 2.99.
In the borough the population is spread out with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 33 years.  For every 100 females there are 86.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.1 males.
The median income for a household in the borough is $26,417, and the median income for a family is $29,875. Males have a median income of $27,222 versus $16,458 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $15,127.  20.6% of the population and 15.2% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 28.6% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Pennsylvania."
Top     

Rome, Wisconsin
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Rome is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:
The television series Picket Fences is set in the town of Rome, Wisconsin, which is presumably not intended to be either of the above Romes.


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rome, Wisconsin."
Top     

Vatican
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
See:


This is a disambiguation page;
that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise
have the same name.  If you followed a link here, you might want
to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Vatican."
Top     
Abbreviations & Acronyms: Rome
The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
ROAEnglishRome,AncientGeography
ROAFrenchRome antiqueGeography
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
Top     
Synonym: Rome
Synonym: capital of Italy (n). (additional references)
Top     
Synonyms within Context: Rome
ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Conformity
Be regular; Adjective: move in a groove; follow observe the rules, go by the rules, bend to the rules,obey the rules, obey the precedents; comply with, tally with, chime in with, fall in with; be guided by, be regulated by; fall into a custom,fall into a usage; follow the fashion, follow the crowd, pass muster, do as others do, hurler avec les loups; stand on ceremony; when in Rome do as the Romans do; go with the stream, go with the flow, swim with the stream, swim with the current, swim with the tide, blow with the wind; stick to the beaten track; (habit); keep one in countenance.
Heterodoxy
Ultramontanism; papism, papistry; monkery; papacy; Anglicanism, Catholicism, Romanism; popery, Scarlet Lady, Church of Rome, Greek Church.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.
Top     
Crosswords: Rome
English words defined with "Rome": Prix de Rome ♦ Rome penny. (references)
Specialty definitions using "Rome": King of Rome ♦ ROME MORT, Rome of the West, Rome was not Built in a Day ♦ Sword of Rome. (references)
Etymologies containing "Rome": Vatican. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Rome" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.
Afrikaan (Rome), Dutch (Rome), French (Rome).
Top     
Modern Usage: Rome
DomainUsage
Screenplays
I wouldn't cover the burning of Rome for you if they were just lighting it up (His Girl Friday; writing credit: Ben Hecht; Charles MacArthur)
So, no one liked my paintings in Rome, either (Caroline in the City; writing credit: Angela Carneiro)
Rome wasn't built in a day. (The Bad News Bears; writing credit: Bill Lancaster)
The lyingest, cheatingest, sloppiest slave in all Rome! (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum; writing credit: Burt Shevelove; Larry Gelbart)
The beating heart of Rome is not the marble of the Senate (Gladiator; writing credit: David Franzoni)
Lyrics
I met you before the fall of Rome (It's All Been Done; performing artist: Barenaked Ladies; writing credit: Steven Page)
It ain't the weekends in Rome ((It's Just) The Way That You Love Me; performing artist: Paula Abdul)
Another big news story of year concerned the ecumenical council in Rome, known as Vatican II. Among the things they did in an attempt to make the church more commercial was to introduce the vernacular into portions of the mass, to replace Latin, and to widen somewhat the range of music permissible in the liturgy, but I feel that if they really want to sell the product, in this secular age, what they ought to do is to redo some of the liturgical music in popular song forms (The Vatican Rag; performing artist: Tom Lehrer)
When in Rome do like a Roman, (The Vatican Rag; performing artist: Tom Lehrer)
The glory that was Rome is of another day ("I Left My Heart in San Francisco"; performing artist: Tony Bennett)
Clever
Rome did not create a great empire by having meetings -- they did it by killing all those who opposed them. (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles
When In Rome (2002)
The Erotic Films of Peter De Rome (1973)
To Rome with Love (1969)
Tony Rome (1967)
Sophia Loren in Rome (1964)
Song Titles
The Promise (performing artist: When In Rome)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Commercial Usage: Rome
DomainTitle
References
  • Rome Bancorp, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • Greater Rome Bancshares, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
    (more reference examples)
  
Books
  • Forma Vrbis Romae/Index and Maps of Rome (reference)
  • Bold Galilean: The Power of Rome Encounters Christ (Christian Epics) [ABRIDGED] (reference)
  • BARBARIANS AGAINST ROME Rome's Celtic, Germanic, Spanish and Gallic Enemies (reference)
  • How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe (Hinges of History, Vol 1) (reference)
  • Rome II : The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (reference)
    (more book examples)
  
Periodicals
  
Theater & Movies
  
Music
  
High Tech
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Image Slideshow: Rome
Photos:
Rome
More pictures...
Illustrations:
Rome
More pictures...
Computer Images:
Rome
More pictures...
Top     
Photo Album: Rome
ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit
Owyhee River above Rome, Oregon.  Used in brochure. Credit: Unknown.
Veranda and doorway. Photograph by L.D. Andrew, May 1936. 
(Reproduction Number: HABS, GA,108-COLM,4-1)

Begun in 1859 for the wealthy Scottish immigrant James A. Rankin but not completed until after the Civil War, this town house combines different building materials and details from a number of historical architectural styles. The ironwork shown here on the veranda is based on the Gothic architecture of medieval England and France. The Corinthian columns of the doorway behind it, on the other hand, call to mind the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. The Rankin House is an excellent example of Eclecticism architecture, the term used to describe the mixing of different styles and materials in buildings. Credit: Library of Congress.
Painting by Rod Claudius, Rome, Italy, 1962. This artwork was made for display on board USS Boston (CAG-1). Photographed by PHCS G.R. Phelps, Boston Naval Shipyard, 10 April 1963. Credit: NAVY.
Double-handled urn, detail of urn pedestal, and two kylix kraters in the Vatican Palace, probably in the Etruscan Museum, Rome. Credit: Library of Congress.
Motif of cloisters, St. John Lateran, Rome; motif of St. Paul's outside the walls, Rome; St. Paul's outside the walls. Credit: Library of Congress.
If only he had been born in the days when Rome was beginning to decay!. Credit: Library of Congress.
Working for the Prix de Rome  / A. Castaigne. Credit: Library of Congress.
I wanta go back to Rome!. Credit: Library of Congress.
All roads do NOT lead to Rome. Credit: Library of Congress.
All the delicacies of the season, Rome. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.
Top     
Digital Photo Gallery: Rome
 
"Rome 15/02/2003" by Paolo Bosani
Commentary: "Ingresso alla manifestazione della Pace di Roma a febbraio."		"Rome - via Condotti" by Rc Pause
Commentary: "Rome - via Condotti  <br>on Piazza di Spania."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.
Top     
Familiar Quotations: Rome
AuthorQuotation
(Decimus Junius Juvenalis) Juvenal
All things may be bought in Rome with money.
Augustus Caesar
I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.
Horace
In Rome you long for the country; in the country -- oh inconstant! -- you praise the didstant city to the stars.
John Heywood
Rome was not built in one day.
Martin Luther
If I break wind in Wittenberg they smell it in Rome.
Publius Cornelius Tacitus
All things atrocious and shameless flock from all parts to Rome.
St. Augustine
Roma locuta est, causa finita est.  (Rome has spoken, the case is ended.)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Historic Usage: Rome
AuthorDateQuotation
John Locke
1690
Thus we read of the thirty tyrants at Athens, as well as one at Syracuse; and the intolerable dominion of the Decemviri at Rome was nothing better. (Second Treatise of Government)
Communist Manifesto
1848
In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations. (reference)
Treaty of Versailles
1919
Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Rome, May 26, 1906. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Use in Literature: Rome
TitleAuthorQuote
Les Miserables
Hugo, Victor
And then there is Rome.
Grapes of Wrath
Steinbeck, John
Now farming became industry, and the owners followed Rome, although they did not know it.
Gulliver's Travels
Swift, Jonathan
I desired that the senate of Rome might appear before me in one large chamber, and an assembly of somewhat a latter age in counterview in another
Walden
Thoreau, Henry David
Such apparently slight causes destroyed Greece and Rome, and will destroy England and America
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Non-Fiction Usage: Rome
SubjectTopicQuote
Health
In ancient Rome, as in other temperate climates, the threat of malaria lurked in marshes and swamps. (references)
Business
Security Expo takes place in Rome and caters to the market in central Italy. (references)
Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome aim to safeguard competition within the European Union. (references)
The top European cities for Belgian visitors are Paris, Madrid, London, Rome, Frankfurt, Milan, and Copenhagen. (references)
Civil Liberties
Congo
The Archbishop died of a heart attack the following month while in Rome. (references)
Economic History
Italy
Italy hosts the NATO War College in Rome. (references)
Mozambique
The civil war ended in October 1992 with the Rome General Peace Accords. (references)
Human Rights
Iran
The UNSR reported in 1998 that Italian security authorities were continuing their investigation into the 1993 killing in Rome of Mohammad Hossein Naghdi, the NCR's representative in Italy. (references)
Argentina
In August 2000, Major Jorge Olivera was arrested in Rome on the basis of an international arrest warrant issued by the Government of France for the 1976 kidnaping of a French citizen in San Juan Province. (references)
Political Economy
ITALY
Italy is required by the Treaty of Rome to incorporate approved EU directives into its national laws. (references)
Political Rights
Afghanistan
On December 5, Afghan representatives of the Northern Alliance and of groups formerly in exile--the Rome Group, the Cyprus Group, and the Peshawar Group--met in Bonn, Germany under U.N. auspices and signed the Bonn Agreement, a broad framework document for political transition in Afghanistan leading to a permanent government. (references)
Trade
France
TARIC was established by the 1958 Treaty of Rome as part of the European Economic Community (EEC). (references)
Ireland
Ireland is required by the 1957 Treaty of Rome to incorporate the EU Directives in its national laws. (references)
Travel
Italy
An example of a local call within Rome would be: 06-46741 (06 is the city code). (references)
Ghana
A direct route to BWI by Ghana Airways was inaugurated in July, 2000. Alternatively, one could transit through London via British Airways and Ghana Airways, Frankfurt or Dusseldorf via Lufthansa, Amsterdam via KLM or Rome and Milan via Alitalia. (references)
Italy
The U.S. Embassy in Rome is located at Via Veneto 119/A, telephone: 06-46741, fax: 06-488-2672 or 4674-2356. There are U.S. Consulates at the following locations: Florence, at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci 38, telephone: 055-239-8276/7/8, or 217-605+ADs- fax: 055-284088+ADs- Milan, at Via Principe Amedeo 2/10, telephone: 02-290351+ADs- fax: 02-2900-1165+ADs- Naples, at Piazza della Repubblica, telephone: 081-583-8111+ADs- fax: 081-761-1869+ADs- Palermo (consular Agent), at Via Vaccarini 1, telephone: 091-305857 or 337-793421 (cellular)+ADs- fax: 091-6256026. Trieste (consular agent), at Via Roma 15, telephone: 040-660177, fax: 040-631240+ADs- Genoa (consular agent), Via Dante 2, telephone: 010-584492+ADs- fax: 101-553-3033. (references)
Lexicography
Devil's Dictionary
SACRAMENT, n.  A solemn religious ceremony to which several degrees of authority and significance are attached.  Rome has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity.  Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all -- for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.
Top     
Spoken Usage: Rome
SpeakerPhrase(s)
James Dobson
Well, I would have to see that to believe it. There have been cultures of where homosexuality was rampant too. In ancient Rome, ancient Greece, Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Speeches: Rome
SpeakerTermPhrase(s)
John Quincy Adams
1825-1829The roads and aqueducts of Rome have been the admiration of all after ages, and have survived thousands of years after all her conquests have been swallowed up in despotism or become the spoil of barbarians.
Lyndon B. Johnson
1963-1969In public statements and in private communications, to adversaries and to friends, in Rome and Warsaw, in Paris and Tokyo, in Africa and throughout this hemisphere, America has made her position abundantly clear.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Usage Frequency: Rome
"Rome" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.88% of the time. "Rome" is used about 3,363 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (proper)99.88%3,3592,858 
Noun (singular)0.12%4175,879 
                    Total100.00%3,363N/A
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Top     
Name Usage Frequency: Rome
The following table summarizes the usage of "Rome" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons		Rank in USA
RomeLast name2,0004,890
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Top     
Derived & Related Names: Rome
"Rome" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "strength", "power".
 
The following table summarizes names derived from the word "Rome".
 
NameGenderLanguageMeaning
RomeoMaleItalian
Someone on a pilgrimage to Rome
RomolaMaleItalian
Someone from Rome
RomoloMaleItalian
Someone from Rome
RomulusMaleRoman Mythology
Someone from Rome
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
 
Top     
Usage in Company Names: Rome
CountryName
USA
Greater Rome Bancshares, Inc.
 (more examples...)
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Top     
Cities: Rome

1. Rome, GA (city, FIPS 66668) 
Location: 34.26267 N, 85.18667 W 
Population (1990): 30326 (13099 housing units) 
Area: 62.7 sq km (land), 0.9 sq km (water) 
Zip Code(s): 30161, 30165
Country: USA
2. Rome, IA (city, FIPS 68565) 
Location: 40.98331 N, 91.68074 W 
Population (1990): 124 (56 housing units) 
Area: 0.3 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
Country: USA
3. Rome, IL (CDP, FIPS 65403) 
Location: 40.87838 N, 89.51171 W 
Population (1990): 1902 (735 housing units) 
Area: 5.6 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
Country: USA
4. Rome, IN 
Zip Code(s): 47574
Country: USA
5. Rome, NY (city, FIPS 63418) 
Location: 43.22552 N, 75.48926 W 
Population (1990): 44350 (16661 housing units) 
Area: 194.1 sq km (land), 1.9 sq km (water) 
Zip Code(s): 13440
Country: USA
6. Rome, OH (village, FIPS 68196) 
Location: 38.66481 N, 83.37907 W 
Population (1990): 99 (56 housing units) 
Area: 0.7 sq km (land), 0.1 sq km (water)
Country: USA
7. Rome, PA (borough, FIPS 65944) 
Location: 41.85791 N, 76.34163 W 
Population (1990): 475 (191 housing units) 
Area: 1.6 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) 
Zip Code(s): 18837
Country: USA

8. Rome, Italy
Location: 41.53 North, 12.30 East
Population (2000 estimate): 3507165
Time Zone: 1 GMT
Country: Italy
Top     
Expressions: Rome
Expressions using "Rome": all roads lead to rome ♦ ancient rome ♦ Church of Rome ♦ Club of Rome ♦ do in rome as the romans do ♦ emperor of Rome ♦ New Rome ♦ Prix de Rome ♦ Rome Beauty ♦ Rome City ♦ rome ga ♦ Rome penny ♦ Rome scot ♦ rome wasn't built in a day ♦ the church of rome. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
Beginning with "Rome": rome-based, rome-bound, rome-centred, rome-you.
Ending with "Rome": anti-rome, Berlin-rome, Utica-rome.
Containing "Rome": Brescia-rome-brescia, Edinburgh-rome-london, Greece-rome-judaea.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Frequency of Internet Keywords: Rome
The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day
rome italy
9,318
rome travel guide
257
rome
7,891
rome trip
222
rome hotel
3,426
bed breakfast rome
212
ancient rome
2,320
rome picture
200
rome travel
2,086
map of ancient rome
156
jim rome
1,272
burning of rome
128
rome vacation
1,081
picture ancient rome
121
rome italy hotel
879
rome history
119
rome georgia
834
when in rome
118
rome tour
754
rome italy map
112
rome accommodation
690
rome airport
110
rome apartment
624
apartment in rome
105
rome new york
549
tony rome
104
rome hostel
524
fall of rome
100
luxury hotel rome
512
jim rome show
99
rome vacation rental
462
rome apartment rental
95
rome map
411
age of empire the rise of rome
93
rome news tribune
317
rome weather
82
rome total war
315
road to rome
75
brave rome
288
flight to rome
70
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Modern Translation: Rome
Language Translations for "Rome"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans
  
Rome. (various references)
   
Chinese 
  
羅馬  (Roman), 罗马 (Roma, Roman). (various references)
   
Danish
  
Rom (read-only memory, read-only store, see also read-only storage). (various references)
   
Dutch
  
Rome. (various references)
   
Esperanto
  
Romo. (various references)
   
Finnish
  
Rooma. (various references)
   
French
  
Rome. (various references)
   
German
  
Rom (rom). (various references)
   
Greek 
  
Ρώμη. (various references)
   
Hungarian
  
Róma. (various references)
   
Indonesian
  
roma. (various references)
   
Irish
  
An Róimh. (various references)
   
Italian
  
Roma (Roma, Roman). (various references)
   
Korean 
  
로마 (Roman). (various references)
   
Manx
  
Yn Raue. (various references)
   
Papiamen
  
Roma. (various references)
   
Pig Latin
  
omeray.(various references)
   
Polish
  
Rzym. (various references)
   
Portuguese
  
roma. (various references)
   
Romanian
  
Roma. (various references)
   
Russian 
  
рим. (various references)
   
Scottish
  
Ròimh. (various references)
   
Serbo-Croatian
  
rim. (various references)
   
Spanish
  
Roma. (various references)
   
Swedish
  
Rom (Roe, rum, spawn, spawn of a fish). (various references)
   
Tagalog
  
Roma. (various references)
   
Thai
  
กรุงโรมของประเทศอิตาลี. (various references)
   
Turkish
  
Roma (roman, the eternal city). (various references)
   
Ukrainian
  
Католицизм, Римська імперія, Рим. (various references)
   
Welsh
  
Rhufain. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.
Top     
Ancestral Language Translations: Rome
LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern
Roma, romae, romam. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Bible Trace: Rome
LanguageDateSourceRomans Chapter 1, Verse 15
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintOutwV to kat eme proqumon kai umin toiV en rwmh euaggelisasqai

Latin405VulgateIta quod in me promptum est et vobis qui Romae estis evangelizare

Old English990West SaxonÞæt is for hwone ic eom swa geornful for to gebrædanne þæt godspel eacswa to eow þa þe sind on Romwarabyrig.
Middle English1395WyclifY am dettour, so that that is in me is redi to preche the gospel also to you that ben at Rome.
Renaissance English1526TyndaleLykewyse as moche as in me is I am redy to preache the Gospell to you of Rome also.
Jacobean English1611King JamesSo, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.
Victorian English1833WebsterSo, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

Basic English1964OgdenFor which reason I have the desire, as far as I am able, to give the knowledge of the good news to you who are in Rome.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Matched Bible Translations: Rome
LanguageRomans Chapter 1, Verse 15
CebuanoBusa andam ako sa pagwali sa Maayong Balita diha kaninyo usab nga anaa sa Roma.
CroatianOdatle moja nakana da i vama u Rimu navijestim evanðelje.
Danishsåledes er jeg, hvad mig angår, redebon til at forkynde Evangeliet også for eder, som ere i Rom.
DutchAlzo hetgeen in mij is, dat is volvaardig, om u ook, die te Rome zijt, het Evangelie te verkondigen.
Finnishomasta puolestani minä siis olen altis teillekin, Roomassa asuvaisille, julistamaan evankeliumia.
FrenchAinsi j`ai un vif désir de vous annoncer aussi l`Évangile, à vous qui êtes à Rome.
GermanDarum, soviel an mir ist, bin ich geneigt, auch euch zu Rom das Evangelium zu predigen.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariItulah sebabnya saya ingin sekali memberitakan Kabar Baik itu kepada kalian yang tinggal di Roma juga.
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaOleh yang demikian menurut kehendak hatiku sedialah aku suka datang, memberitakan kabar kesukaan kepada kamu yang ada di negeri Rum juga.
Italiansono quindi pronto, per quanto sta in me, a predicare il vangelo anche a voi di Roma.
MaoriNa reira e ngakau nui ana ahau kia whakapaua taku ki te kauwhau hoki i te rongopai ki a koutou i Roma.
Norwegiansåledes er jeg for min del villig til å forkynne evangeliet også for eder i Rom.
RumanianAstfel, kn ce mq privewte pe mine, am o vie dorinyq sq vq vestesc Evanghelia vouq celor din Roma.
ShuarTuma asan atumniasha Rúmanam pujarmena nunasha Uwempratin Chichaman ujaitjarum tusan pujajai.
SpanishAsí que, en cuanto a mí, pronto estoy para anunciaros el evangelio también a vosotros que estáis en Roma.
SwahiliNdiyo maana ninatamani pia kuihubiri Habari Njema kwenu ninyi mlioko huko Roma.
SwedishDärför är jag villig att förkunna evangelium också för eder som bon i Rom.
UmaToe-mi pai' doko' lia-a mpoparata Kareba Lompe' hi koi' wo'o to hi ngata Roma.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Derivations & Misspellings: Rome
Derivations
Words beginning with "Rome": romeldale, romeldales, romeo, romeos. (additional references)
Words ending with "Rome": adrenochrome, aerodrome, airdrome, bichrome, brome, chrome, cytochrome, fluorochrome, hippodrome, loxodrome, monochrome, palindrome, phytochrome, polychrome, prodrome, seadrome, syndrome, urochrome, velodrome. (additional references)
Words containing "Rome": accelerometer, accelerometers, acromegalic, acromegalics, acromegalies, acromegaly, adrenochromes, aerodromes, aeromechanics, aeromedical, aeromedicine, aeromedicines, aerometer, aerometers, airdromes, amperometric, andromeda, andromedas, astrometric, astrometries, astrometry, barometer, barometers, barometric, barometrically, barometries, barometry, bromegrass, bromegrasses, bromelain, bromelains, bromeliad, bromeliads, bromelin, bromelins, bromes, caromed, carromed, centromere, centromeres, centromeric, chlorofluoromethane, chlorofluoromethanes, chromed, chromes, cytochromes, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethanes, dromedaries, dromedary, durometer. (additional references)

Misspellings
"Rome" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aromel, Dromi, Rdme, Rimeq, R'mel, roem, romel, Romell, Romen, Romes, romey, romi, Romley, Romo, romu, Ronee, Ronet, roome, Roummou, Ruma, Rummel. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
Top     
Anagrams: Rome
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
Direct Anagrams: more, omer.
Words within the letters "e-m-o-r"
-1 letter: mor, ore, rem, roe, rom.
-2 letters: em, er, me, mo, oe, om, or, re.
 Words containing the letters "e-m-o-r"
 
+1 letter: brome, comer, enorm, forme, homer, metro, moire, moper, morae, morel, mores, morse, mover, mower, omber, ombre, omers, ormer, proem, romeo, vomer.
 
+2 letters: beworm, bomber, boomer, bromes, chrome, comber, comers, cormel, deform, deworm, dormer, dormie, embryo, emerod, emoter, enamor, femora, foamer, formed, formee, former, formes, hombre, homers, homier, isomer, memoir, memory, mentor, merino, merlon, merlot, meteor, metros, moaner, mobber, mocker, modern, moiler, moires, molder, molter, momser, momzer, monger, moored, mooter, mopers, mopery, mopier, mopper, morale, moreen, morels, morgen, morgue, morose, morsel, mosher, mosser, mother, mouser, movers, mowers, normed, ombers, ombres, ormers, proems, radome, ramose, recomb, reform, remold, remora, remote, remove, rimose, roamed, roamer, rodmen, romeos, romped, romper, roomed, roomer, roomie, sermon, smoker, somber, sombre, termor, tremor, trompe, vomers, womera, wormed, wormer.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.
Top     


INDEX
 1. Definition 
 2. Synonyms 
 3. Crosswords 
 4. Usage: Modern 		 5. Usage: Commercial 
 6. Images: Slideshow 
 7. Images: Photo Album 
 8. Images: Digital Art 		 9. Quotations: Familiar 
 10. Quotations: Historic 
 11. Quotations: Fiction 
 12. Quotations: Non-fiction 		 13. Quotations: Spoken 
 14. Quotations: Speeches 
 15. Usage Frequency 
 16. Names: Frequency 		 17. Names: Derived from 
 18. Names: Company Usage 
 19. Cities 
 20. Expressions 		 21. Expressions: Internet 
 22. Translations: Modern 
 23. Translations: Ancient 
 24. Bible Trace 		 25. Abbreviations 
 26. Acronyms 
 27. Derivations 
 28. Anagrams 		 29. Bibliography 


  
Copyright ©  Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.