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Definition: Ribosome |
RibosomeNoun1. Organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell that is composed of ribonucleic acid; "the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "ribosome" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Medicine | A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Figure 1 : The subunits of a ribosome. Side and front view.
(A) Small subunit. (B) Large subunit. (1) Head. (2) Platform. (3) Base. (4) Ridge. (5) Central protuberance. (6) Back. (7) Stalk. (8) Front.
Free ribosomes occur in all cells, and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. Several free ribosomes can associate on a single mRNA molecule to form a polyribosome or polysome. Free ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used in the cytosol or in the organelle they occur in. When certain proteins are synthesized by a ribosome, it can become "membrane-bound", associated with the membrane of the nucleus and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (in eukaryotes only) for the time of synthesis. They insert the freshly produced polypeptide chains directly into the ER, from where they are transported to their destinations. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the cell membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.
Figure 2 : Large (1) and small (2) subunit fit together.
The ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar. However, prokaryotes use 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 30S and a (large) 50S subunit, whereas eukaryotes use 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 40S and a (large) 60S subunit.[The unit S means Svedberg units, a measure of the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifuge, where the sedimentation rate is associated with the size of the particle. Svedberg units are not additive - two subunits together can have Svedberg values that do not add up to that of the entire ribosome.]
Figure 3 : Translation (1) of mRNA by a ribosome (2) into a polypeptide chain (3).
The mRNA begins with a start codon (AUG) and ends with a stop codon (UAG). Both ribosomal subunits (small and large) assemble at the start codon (the 5' end of the mRNA). The ribosome uses tRNA[transfer RNAs are RNA molecules that carry an amino acid and present the matching codon, according to the genetic code, to the ribosome.]
which matches the current triplet on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This is done for each triplet on the mRNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA. Usually, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single mRNA.
The structure and function of ribosomes, and their attendant molecules, known as the translational apparatus, has been of ongoing research interest since the mid 20th century on through the early 21st century.
A triennial conference is held to discuss the ribosome. In 1999, the conference was held in Helsingoer, Denmark. The 2002 conference was held in Queenstown, New Zealand [1].
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ribosome."
Crosswords: Ribosome |
| English words defined with "ribosome": messenger RNA, mRNA ♦ transfer DNA, translation, tRNA. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "ribosome": 5' Untranslated Regions ♦ aminoacyl-tRNA, Anisomycin, Anticodon, Arenaviridae ♦ elongation factor ♦ GTP Pyrophosphokinase ♦ N-Formylmethionine ♦ Peptide Elongation Factor 1, Peptide Elongation Factor Tu, Peptide Termination Factors ♦ Ribosomal RNA, RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific, rRNA ♦ Signal Recognition Particle ♦ Toyocamycin. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Illustration of structure of hyphal tip. er - endoplasmic reticulum, s - septum, m - mitochondrion, n - nucleus, vgs - Golgi, r - ribosome, p - plasma membrane, v - vesicles.Credit: CDC. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| "Ribosome" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Ribosome" is used about 19 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 100% | 19 | 80,337 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
the ribosome | 35 |
animation ribosome | 6 |
function ribosome | 2 |
binding ribosome site | 2 |
movie ribosome | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "ribosome"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 核糖体. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | ribosom. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | ribosoom. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | ribosomi. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | ribosome. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Ribosom. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | ριβόσωμα. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | ribosoma. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | リベット接合 (determination of a loser to win the next time, liberal, liberalism, liberalist, Liberia, repair, revenge, revolver, revolving, revolving loan, revolvingsystem, rivet connection), ライフル銃 (Leipzig, librarian, library, life-work, lilac, lime, limelight, live, live house, live recording, live show, rhyme, rifle). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | リボゾーム , リボソーム , ライボゾーム . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 리보솜. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ibosomeray ribossoma. (various references) ribosoma. (various references) ribosom. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "ribosome": ribosomes. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "ribosome": polyribosome. (additional references) | |
Words containing "ribosome": polyribosomes. (additional references) | |
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"Ribosome" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Eriosoma, rhibosome, ribosie, riboso, ribosomer, ribosomes, ribozyme, ribozymes, ricos-omes, rimosum, Rubusana. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "b-e-i-m-o-o-r-s" | |
-1 letter: boomers, boomier, roomies. | |
-2 letters: biomes, boomer, bromes, bromos, brooms, isomer, moires, morose, ombers, ombres, ribose, rimose, romeos, roomie, somber, sombre. | |
-3 letters: berms, besom, biers, biome, birse, booms, boors, bores, bosom, bries, brims, brios, brome, bromo, broom, broos, brose, emirs, mires, miser, moire, moors, moose, mores, morse, oboes, omber, ombre, omers, oorie, osier, ribes. | |
| Words containing the letters "b-e-i-m-o-o-r-s" | |
+1 letter: broomiest, ribosomes. | |
+2 letters: bloomeries, boosterism, bottomries, motorbikes. | |
+3 letters: biopolymers, boosterisms, bridegrooms, coxcombries, microprobes, mobocracies, rhomboideus, snowmobiler. | |
+4 letters: aeroembolism, embrocations, embryologies, embryologist, polyribosome, snowmobilers, theobromines. | |
+5 letters: aeroembolisms, embryologists, immunosorbent, myelofibroses, myelofibrosis, neurofibromas, overambitious, polyribosomes, postembryonic, precombustion, thrombokinase, timberdoodles. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 69 62 6F 73 6F 6D 65 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. .. -... --- ... --- -- . |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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| Amazon.com BOOKS: Search for: "ribosome" |
