Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Resuscitation |
ResuscitationNoun1. Act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "resuscitation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1615. (references) |
Etymology: Resuscitation \Re*sus`ci*ta"tion\, noun. [Latin expression resuscitatio.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. (references) |
Medicine | The scientific techniques and manoeuvres applied to reverse acute terminal states and reanimate victims in clinical death, by using intensive care and intensive therapy methods; The discipline is called resuscitology or reanimatology. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Heaven | Resurrection, translation; resuscitation. |
Reproduction | Palingenesis, revivification; apotheosis; resuscitation, reanimation, resurrection, reappearance; regrowth; Phoenix. |
Restoration | Noun: restoration, restoral; reinstatement, replacement, rehabilitation, reestablishment, reconstitution, reconstruction; reproduction; renovation, renewal; revival, revivessence, reviviscence; refreshment; resuscitation, reanimation, revivification, reviction; Phenix; reorganization. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Resuscitation |
| English words defined with "resuscitation": cardiac resuscitation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation ♦ mouth-to-mouth resuscitation ♦ Resuscitable, resuscitator. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "resuscitation": Alcantara ♦ CAPTAIN, FIRE-PREVENTION BUREAU ♦ EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN ♦ Lightning Injuries ♦ Respiratory Therapy, resuscitation apparatus, Resuscitation Orders. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Resuscitation" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. Danish (resuscitation). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I was giving mouth to mouth resuscitation to a bottle of tequila. (The Electric Horseman; writing credit: Shelly Burton; Paul Gaer) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Rescue - Resuscitation (1897) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | ... resuscitation by mouth to mouth respiration. / WHO/Red Cross photo.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Any movement of the person, or even resuscitation efforts, could cause further injury. (references) | |
These include infants with ALTE who present with an initial episode requiring vigorous stimulation or resuscitation. (references) | ||
In addition, effectiveness implies the ability of care takers to abort an apneic episode by techniques they have learned, including resuscitation. (references) | ||
Business | Beer drinking in Australia was in steady decline from 1990 until 1996, but since then total consumption has risen slightly each year. The resuscitation of the beer market is largely due to the spectacular growth of the premium beer segment, which now comprises around eight percent of national consumption (versus three percent in 1997) and predicted to continue rising over the next few years. (references) | |
Economic History | Nigeria | The GON also restated its commitment to the resuscitation of the health care delivery system through systematic funding and mobilization in line with the Bamako Initiative Program, a series of reforms in response to the deterioration of public health systems in developing countries. (references) |
Bahrain | The expansion also houses the oncology unit; the accident and emergency department with facilities to manage life threatening cases with the most up-to-date facilities, including resuscitation wards and monitoring rooms; a cardiac intensive care unit; and a bone marrow transplant unit that has conducted the first bone marrow transplant in Bahrain. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Resuscitation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Resuscitation" is used about 138 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 138 | 27,024 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "resuscitation": ABC of resuscitation ♦ cardiac resuscitation ♦ cardiopulmonary resuscitation ♦ mouth to mouth resuscitation ♦ resuscitation apparatus ♦ Resuscitation Orders ♦ resuscitation room. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "resuscitation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | إنتعاش (exhilaration, recovery, revival, swell), إحياء (animation, raise, rebirth, regeneration, renovation, restoration, revival). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 复活 (resurrect, revitalisation, revitalization). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | resuscitace, vzkříšení (resurrection). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | resuscitation, genoplivning (emergency life support, revival). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | resuscitation (emergency life support), resuscitatie, reanimatie (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergency life support). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | elvytys (recovery, restoration, revival), elpyminen (recovery, revival). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | réanimation (reanimation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Wiederbelebung (resurrection, revitalization, revival), Reanimation (emergency life support). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | αναζωογόνηση (animation, reanimation, revitalization, revival, revivification). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | החיאה (recovery, revival). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | felelevenítés, feléledés (resurrection, revival), feltámasztás, feltámadás (resurgence, resurrection, rising again, rising from the dead), felelevenedés (revival), felélesztés (resurrection), újjáélesztés, újjáéledés (kiss of life, rebirth, rejuvenescence, renascence, resurgence, revival). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | rianimazione (reviving). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 起死回生 (recovering from a hopeless situation, revival of the dead), 蘇生 (rebirth, regeneration, rehabilitation, reorganization, resurrection, reviving), 蘇り (rehabilitation, resurrection, reviving), 甦生 (rebirth, regeneration, rehabilitation, reorganization, resurrection, reviving), 気付け (bringing around, care of, encouragement), 更生 (rebirth, regeneration, rehabilitation, reorganization), 再興 (restoration, revival), 再燃 (recurrence, revival), 再生 (narrow escape, playback, rebirth, reclamation, regeneration, regrowth, reincarnation, return to life), 回生 (resurrection). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | きしかいせい (recovering from a hopeless situation, revival of the dead), きづけ (bringing around, Care Of, encouragement), きつけ (bringing around, care of, dressing, encouragement, fitting), そせい (composition, constitution, crude construction or manufacture, rebirth, regeneration, rehabilitation, reorganization, resurrection, reviving), さいねん (recurrence, revival), さいせい (church and state, Jupiter, narrow escape, playback, rebirth, reclamation, reconditioning, regeneration, regrowth, reincarnation, remanufacture, return to life, second punitive expedition), さいこう (crushing ore, highest, lighting, mining, pore, reconsideration, reinvestigation, restoration, revival, second proof, supreme, the most), かいせい (alteration, amendment, changing one's family name, good weather, harmonious voice, Kaisei, resurrection, revision, vocal harmony), こうせい (aggression, calibration, composition, constancy, correction, correction of press, fairness, fixed star, future generations, future life, hardness, impartiality, justice, life to come, loud or high-pitched voice, made of steel, matchless, offensive, organization, posterity, proofreading, public welfare, rebirth, rectification, regeneration, rehabilitation, reorganization, revision, tropism, unparalleled, Welfare Ministry, younger people), よみがえり (rehabilitation, resurrection, reviving). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 구급술. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | aavioghey (enlivenment, rally, regenerate, renaissance, resurrect, resurrection, revival, revive). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | esuscitationray ressuscitação (emergency life support, freshen), ressuscitação, reanimação (fresher). (various references) reînviere (resurgence, resurrection, revival). (various references) реанимация (reanimation). (various references) veštačko, oživljenje (resurgence, resurrection, revival). (various references) resucitación (revival), reanimación de urgencia (emergency life support), reanimación (revival). (various references) återupplivning (emergency life support). (various references) diriltme (resurrection, revival, vitalization), dirilme (coming to life, revival, rise), öldükten sonra yeniden canlanma. (various references) оживлення (reanimation, revivification, vitalization), приведення до пам'яті. (various references) sự sống lại sự làm cho rõ nét lại, sự làm tỉnh lại, sự làm sống lại (resurrection, revival, revivification), sự làm cho được chuộng lại. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "resuscitation": resuscitations. (additional references) | |
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"Resuscitation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: reassociation, rescuscitation, rescusitation, ressitation, resusciation, resuscutation, resusitation, resussitation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "resuscitation" (pronounced rusu'sutā"shun) |
| 7 | -s u t ā" sh u n | cetacean, incapacitation, recitation, solicitation. |
| 6 | -u t ā" sh u n | accreditation, agitation, amputation, annotation, cogitation, cohabitation, computation, connotation, decapitation, dilatation, equitation, facilitation, gravitation, habitation, hesitation, imitation, imputation, inhabitation, interpretation, invitation, irritation, levitation, limitation, meditation, misinterpretation, palpitation, precipitation, premeditation, rehabilitation, reinterpretation, reputation, sanitation, vegetation, visitation. |
| 5 | -t ā" sh u n | adaptation, affectation, argumentation, augmentation, citation, confrontation, consultation, crustacean, deforestation, deportation, devastation, dictation, disorientation, disputation, dissertation, documentation, excitation, exhortation, expectation, experimentation, exploitation, fermentation, flirtation, flotation, fragmentation, gestation, implantation, implementation, importation, incantation, incrustation, indentation, infestation, instrumentation, lactation, manifestation, misrepresentation, molestation, mutation, notation, orientation, ornamentation, ostentation, permutation, pigmentation, plantation, presentation, protestation, quotation, recantation, reforestation, refutation, regimentation, representation, rotation, sedimentation, segmentation, station, superstation, temptation, transplantation, transportation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, animation, annexation, annihilation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, characterization, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, deviation, differentiation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, dispensation, disqualification, dissemination, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, falsification, fascination, federation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gyration, hallucination, harmonization, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implication, impregnation, improvisation, inactivation, inauguration, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incubation, indemnification, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, legalization, legislation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, origination, oscillation, ossification, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, predestination, prefabrication, preoccupation, preparation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recapitalization, recertification, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reformation, refrigeration, regeneration, registration, regulation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, repudiation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-e-i-i-n-o-r-s-s-t-t-u" | |
-1 letter: creationists, rustications. | |
-2 letters: antistories, creationist, eructations, recitations, rustication, trisections, urtications. | |
-3 letters: antierotic, atrocities, austenitic, carnotites, cornetists, courtesans, cousinries, eroticists, eructation, iterations, recitation, rusticates, sanctities, scrutinies, scrutinise, situations, stationers, striations, suctorians, tanistries, tricotines, trisection, unartistic, urtication. | |
-4 letters: ancestors, anestrous, anoretics, antirusts, arsenious, assertion, autistics, canisters, canoeists, carnotite, cattiness, centrists, cessation, citations, coinsures, construes, contrasts, cornetist. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-e-i-i-n-o-r-s-s-t-t-u" | |
+1 letter: resuscitations. | |
+2 letters: anfractuosities, securitizations. | |
+3 letters: antituberculosis, overenthusiastic. | |
+4 letters: antireductionisms, antireductionists, neuropsychiatrist. | |
+5 letters: australopithecines, neuropsychiatrists, subcategorizations, unsatisfactoriness. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 65 73 75 73 63 69 74 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. . ... ..- ... -.-. .. - .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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| Amazon.com BOOKS: Search for: "resuscitation" |
