Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Refrigerator |
RefrigeratorNoun1. White goods in which food can be stored at low temperatures. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "refrigerator" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1837. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Dream Interpretation | To see a refrigerator in your dreams, portends that your selfishness will offend and injure some one who endeavors to gain an honest livelihood. To put ice in one, brings the dreamer into disfavor. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Mechanical Engineering | A container, the temperature of which can be reduced and controlled at a level suitable for preserving chilled foods. Source: European Union. (references) |
Physics | An assembly of components to produce refrigeration. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Refrigeration (from the Latin frigus, frost) is generally the cooling of a body by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it. Applications include conservation, especially of food, and lowering the temperature of drinks to one that is more agreeable for consumption. Refrigerators are common in kitchens, with separate sections or separate machines for cooling and freezing.In some cases, refrigeration by material at ambient temperature is acceptable, for example the fan cooling of computer equipment.
Where temperatures below that of any available natural cooling agent are required, refrigerators are used to produce the required cooling effect by taking in heat at low temperatures and rejecting it at temperatures somewhat above that of the natural cooling agent, which for obvious reasons is generally water or air. The function of a refrigerating machine, therefore, is to take in heat at a low temperature and reject it at a higher one, using external energy to drive the process. A refrigerator is effectively a heat pump, a heat engine running in reverse. It is also possible to use eutectic salts.
Thermodynamics of refrigerators
- to be written
History of refrigeration
One of the first uses of "home" refrigeration was at Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, USA, installed around 1895. [1]
- Ice houses
- Making of ice cream
- Refrigeration by well water
Development of first refrigerators
The gas absorption refrigerator, which cools by the use of a source of heat, was invented in Sweden by Baltzar von Platen in 1922. [1] It was later manufactured by Electrolux and Servel. Today it is used in homes that are not connected to the electrical grid, and in recreational vehicles.
Modern developments in refrigeration
Home refrigerators
These are generally composed of a cooling and freezing compartment and may have four temperature zones: -18°C or 0°F (freezer), 0°C or 32°F (meats), 4°C or 40°F (refrigerator) and 10°C or 50°C (vegetables), for the storage of different food types.
In the newest models, an LCD display suggests what types of food should be stored at what temperatures and shows the expiry date of the food stored.
Some models include a system to warn of a power failure, with a memory function that alerts the user to the failure by flashing the temperature display. Once the user presses an information key, the maximum temperature reached during the power failure is displayed, along with information on whether the frozen food has defrosted or whether it can be stored without having developed dangerous bacteria.
Technology
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (Freon)
- Liquefied gases
- Heat pump
- Heat pipe
- Thermoelectric cooling
- Sonic refrigeration
- Magnetic refrigeration
Culture / Commerce
- Refrigerated transport
- Food hygiene
- Ready meals
- Cook/chill
- Ice cream vans
- Air conditioning
- HVAC
Science
- approaching absolute zero
- Cryogenics
- Superconductivity
- Superfluidity
Speculative uses of refrigeration
- Cryonics
See also
External links:
- Heat pump
- Home appliances
- Thermodynamics
- http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1150/14Thermo/engines.html
- http://www.ior.org.uk/
- http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story057.htm
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Refrigeration."
Synonym: RefrigeratorSynonym: icebox (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Refrigeration | Noun: refrigeration, infrigidation, reduction of temperature; cooling. Verb: congelation, conglaciation; ice; solidification. (density); ice box (refrigerator). |
Refrigerator | Noun: refrigerator, refrigeratory; frigidarium; cold storage, cold room, cold laboratory; icehouse, icepail, icebag, icebox; cooler, damper, polyurethane cooler; wine cooler. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | She's not in the refrigerator. (What Women Want; writing credit: Josh Goldsmith; Cathy Yuspa) Actually, my refrigerator wasn't running (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Every time I come in the kitchen, you in the kitchen in the Goddamn refrigerator, eatin' up all the food (Friday; writing credit: D.J. Pooh, Ice Cube) I either have a monster in my refrigerator or I'm completely crazy (Ghost Busters; writing credit: Dan Aykroyd; Harold Ramis) Excuse me, is your refrigerator running (Family Guy; writing credit: Dolores Payás) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Buy an Electric Refrigerator (1926) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Helping dig the ice cellar. Because of the permafrost, this served as a year- round refrigerator. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Officers and crew posed on her forecastle and upper deck, circa July-August 1898. During the Spanish-American War, this Philadelphia city iceboat served briefly in the Delaware River area as a U.S. Navy refrigerator ship. Note her 60-pounder breech-loading rifle, converted from a Civil War vintage Parrott gun. Credit: NAVY. |
 | Health in a U.S. City: a serum and vaccine farm. Use of serum refrigerator. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Icing refrigerator car, La Pryor, Texas. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Icing spinach before loading into refrigerator car, La Pryor, Texas. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Loading oranges into a refrigerator car at a co-op orange packing plant, Redlands, Calif. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Mrs. Richard M. Tobin, Woodside Acres, residence in Syosset, Long Island. Refrigerator. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Schaefer Brewing Company of Connecticut, Fairfield, Connecticut. Interior of refrigerator. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Potomac Electric Power Co. electric appliances. Refrigerator. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Electric Institute of Washington, Potomac Electric Power Co. building. Refrigerator display II. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Black refrigerator door" by Annie Andre Commentary: "Refrigerator from the ground looking up. Sun was shining through the window." | "Magneto" by Christie Ortiz Commentary: "Those lovely word magnets on our refrigerator." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Judy Gold | We never talked, my family. We communicated by putting Ann Landers articles on the refrigerator. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Do not pack the refrigerator. (references) | |
Thaw meat in the refrigerator, not on the kitchen counter. (references) | ||
Hospitals may also fill the oncology ward's refrigerator with their patients' favorite foods. (references) | ||
Business | In recent years small to medium size investments in factories for PVC tiles, doors, windows, laminated film, buttons, refrigerator and deep freezer parts, vacuum flasks, hot pots footwear, industrial laminates, parts for automobiles, melamine tableware, collapsible tubes and many other products have reduced imports of consumer items, but continue to offer a growing and large market for plastic materials and resins. (references) | |
Trade | Barbados | The environmental levy rates that vary from 1 percent are on motor vehicles (US$75.00 per vehicle), refrigerators (US$7.50 per refrigerator) and television sets (US$5.00 per set). (references) |
Travel | Netherlands | The tenant often must provide electric fixtures, stove, refrigerator, water heater, wardrobes, etc. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bob Barker | Well, obviously, they have to be very attractive physically. They have to look smashing in a swimsuit. And we would like to have them be bright and able to make a refrigerator come alive for you. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Refrigerator" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Refrigerator" is used about 297 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 297 | 16,856 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "refrigerator": absorption refrigerator ♦ electric refrigerator ♦ ice box refrigerator ♦ refrigerator car ♦ refrigerator cookie ♦ refrigerator lorry ♦ refrigerator ship ♦ refrigerator truck ♦ refrigerator van ♦ refrigerator vessel. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "refrigerator": refrigerator-sized. | |
Ending with "refrigerator": two-refrigerator. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "refrigerator"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | ftohës (coolant, cooler, cooling), frigorifer (cold storage, cooler, fridge, frig, icebox, meat-safe, refrigeratory). (various references) | |
Arabic | غرفة التبريد, ثلاجة (fridge, icebox, reefer), براد (cooler, icebox). (various references) | |
Asturian | nevera. (various references) | |
Bemba | fuliji. (various references) | |
Blackfoot | iitáísstoyihtakio'p. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | хладилник (cooler, freezer, icebox, meat-safe, refrigeratory), хладилен (refrigerated). (various references) | |
Cebuano | pridyidir. (various references) | |
Chamorro | kahon ais. (various references) | |
Chinese | 冰箱 (freezer, icebox). (various references) | |
Czech | lednièka (fridge, icebox), chladnièka. (various references) | |
Danish | koeleskab, koelemaskine (refrigerating machine, refrigeration machine), koeleapparat, køleskab, køleapparat, køleaggregat. (various references) | |
Dutch | koelkast, koelcel. (various references) | |
Esperanto | fridujo. (various references) | |
Faeroese | kuldaskáp. (various references) | |
Farsi | یخچال برقی (Fridge), یخچال (Icebox). (various references) | |
Finnish | jääkaappi ("fridge"). (various references) | |
French | réfrigérateur. (various references) | |
Frisian | kuolkas. (various references) | |
German | Kühlschrank (fridge, icebox), Eisschrank (fridge, icebox). (various references) | |
Greek | ψυγείο (cooler, freezer, fridge, ice box). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מקרר (condenser, cooler, fridge, radiator). (various references) | |
Hungarian | frizsider (fridge), hűtőszekrény (fridge, icebox), hűtőkészülék, hűtőgép. (various references) | |
Indonesian | kulkas, eskas (icebox). (various references) | |
Inuktitut | quakkuvik. (various references) | |
Italian | frigorifero (freezer, fridge, icebox, refrigerating). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | フランス窓 (FC, flamberge, flannel, flick, franchise, franchise chain, freak, free, free agent, free dial, free kick, free sex, free skating, free talking, free tax, free throw, free time, free trade, free weights, freedom, freesia, free-software, freestyle, freeware, freeway, freeze, freeze-dry, freezer, French, French window, frieze, one size fits all, one whose livelihood is provided by part-time work, toll-free number, young people subsisting on part-time work), 冷蔵庫 , 冷蔵庫 , 冷凍器 (freezer, refrigerating machine), 冷凍機 (freezing machine), 冷却器 (cooler, freezer, radiator). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | フリーザー (freezer), れいぞうこ, れいきゃくき (cooler, freezer, radiator), れいとうき (freezer, freezing machine, refrigerating machine). (various references) | |
Kongo | frigo. (various references) | |
Korean | 냉장고 (freezer, fridge). (various references) | |
Macedonian | frizider. (various references) | |
Manx | riojeyder, rioder (freezer), feayreyder (cooler, radiator). (various references) | |
Maori | pouaka maatao. (various references) | |
Mohawk | kakhwawihstonhtha. (various references) | |
Papiamen | frishidèr. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | efrigeratorray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | refrigerador (cooler, frig, refrigerant, refrigeratory), geladeira (cold storage, cooler, freezer, fridge, ice box, icehouse), frigorífico (cooler, freezer, fridge, frig). (various references) | |
Provencal | refrigerator. (various references) | |
Romanian | refrigerent (refrigerant, refrigerating), rãcitor electric, gheţar (fridge, glacier, ice box, iceberg), frigorifer (cooler, cooling, refrigerating), frigider (cooler, freezer, fridge, frig). (various references) | |
Ruanda | refrigerateur. (various references) | |
Russian | холодильник (cold storage, condenser, cooler, frige, frigidaire, icebox, ice-box, meat-safe). (various references) | |
Samoan | pusaaisa. (various references) | |
Sepedi | setaidifatai. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | frižider (fridge). (various references) | |
Sicilian | ghiaccaia. (various references) | |
Spanish | refrigerador (fridge), frigorífico (refrigerated vessel). (various references) | |
Swahili | friji. (various references) | |
Swedish | kylskåp (fridge, icebox). (various references) | |
Turkish | soğutucu (cooler, cooling, icebox, refrigerant, refrigerating), buzdolabi, buzdolabı (freezer, fridge, frige, reefer). (various references) | |
Turkmen | holodilnik (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | рефрижератор, холодильник (cold storage, cold store, condenser, frig, meat-safe, safe), конденсатор (capacitor, condenser, refrigeratory). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | tủ ướp lạnh (frigidaire), phòng ướp lạnh. (various references) | |
Welsh | oergell. (various references) | |
Zulu | ilifriji, ifriji. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "refrigerator": refrigerators. (additional references) | |
| |
"Refrigerator" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: referigerator, refridgerator, refrigarator, refrigerater, refrigertor, refrigirator, refrigorator, rerigerator. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "refrigerator" (pronounced rufri"jerā'ter) |
| 4 | -er ā' t er | accelerator, carburetor, cogenerator, collaborator, decorator, evaporator, generator, incinerator, Moderator, operator, respirator. |
| 3 | -ā' t er | educator, elevator, accumulator, activator, actuator, administrator, agitator, alligator, allocator, alternator, animator, applicator, appropriator, arbitrator, aviator, calculator, commentator, communicator, conciliator, consolidator, coordinator, defibrillator, demonstrator, denominator, detonator, escalator, excavator, exterminator, fabricator, facilitator, gladiator, illuminator, illustrator, imitator, incubator, indicator, infiltrator, innovator, instigator, insulator, integrator, interrogator, investigator, irrigator, legislator, liquidator, litigator, locator, manipulator, mediator, modulator, navigator, negotiator, originator, oscillator, percolator, perpetrator, radiator, regulator, renovator, simulator, speculator, stimulator, syndicator, Terminator, ventilator, violator. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-e-f-g-i-o-r-r-r-r-t" | |
-3 letters: retrofire. | |
-4 letters: ferriage, figeater, garroter, rarefier. | |
-5 letters: fagoter, farrier, ferrate, ferrite, forager, frigate, garrote, grafter, greater, grifter, reforge, regraft, regrate, retirer, rotifer, tarrier, tearier, terrier. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-e-f-g-i-o-r-r-r-r-t" | |
+1 letter: refrigerators. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Spoken 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
