Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Radium |
RadiumNoun1. An intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "radium" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1907. (references) |
Etymology: Radium \Ra`di*um\, noun. [New Latin expression, from the Latin expression radius ray.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Satire | RADIUM, n. A mineral that gives off heat and stimulates the organ that a scientist is a fool with. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
19th Century Satire | A radiant radiator, redolent of ranging radial rays of radio-activity, raised to radical rates and regarded as a ruthless rake-off in the reign of riches within the arrayed radius of a raging, raving and raided race. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904. |
Chemistry | A radioactive element of atomic number 88, and chemical symbol Ra. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | A radioactive metallic element with atomic number 88. As found in nature, the most common isotope has a mass number of 226. It occurs in minute quantities associated with uranium in pitchblende, camotite, and other minerals. (Ra). (references) |
Health | A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly brachytherapy. (references) |
Industry | Satin constructions. . . --: a cloth which gives a changeable effect as the rays of light are reflected from it. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A radioactive metallic element; one of the alkaline-earth metals. Symbol, Ra. It occurs in pitchblende ore, in carnotite sands, and in all uraniumminerals. See also:radioisotope. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
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| General | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Namefart, Symbol, Number | Radium, Ra, 88 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Series | Alkali earth metals | ||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 2(IIA), 7 , s | ||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 5000 kg/m3, no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | Silvery white metallic | ||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | (226.0254) amu | ||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 215 pm | ||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Rn]7s7s2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 2 (strong base) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Cubic body centered | ||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | solid (nonmagnetic) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 973 K (1292 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2010 K (3159 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 41.09 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 37 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 327 Pa at 973 K | ||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 0.9 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 94 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 18.6 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 509.3 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 979.0 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||
When freshly prepared, pure radium metal is brilliant white, but blackens when exposed to air (probably due to nitride formation). Radium is luminescent (giving a faint blue color), decomposes in water to form radium hydroxide and is a bit more volatile than barium.
Historically the decay products of Radium were known as Radium A, B, C, etc. These are now known to be isotopes of other elements as follows:
During the 1930s it was found that worker exposure to radium by handling luminescent paints caused serious health effects which included sores, anemia and bone cancer. This use of radium was stopped soon afterward. Handling of radium has since been blamed for Marie Curie's premature death.
Fluorides: radium (II) fluoride (RaF2), Chlorides: radium (II) chloride (RaCl2), Bromides: radium (II) bromide (RaBr2), Iodides: radium (II) iodide (RaI2), Hydrides: no data, Oxides: radium (II) oxide (RaO), Sulfides: no data, Selenides: no data, Tellurides: no data, Nitrides: no data
Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight with lead being a final product of disintegration. The curie is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 gram of Ra-226 (3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second).
Emitted energy from the decay of radium ionizes gases, affects photographic plates, causes sores on the skin, and produces many other dramatic effects. The degree of activity depends on the proportion of radium present and not whether it is chemically combined.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)Notable characteristics
Heaviest of the alkaline earth metals, radium is intensely radioactive and resembles barium chemically. This metal is found (combined) in minute quantities in the uranium ore pitchblende, and various other uranium minerals. Radium preparations are remarkable for maintaining themselves at a higher temperature than their surroundings, and for their radiations, which are of three kinds: alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays. Radium also produces neutrons when mixed with beryllium. Applications
Some of the practical uses of radium are derived from its radiative properties. More recently discovered radioisotopes, such as cobalt-60 and cesium-137, are replacing radium in even these limited uses because several of these are much more powerful and others are safer to handle.
Radium, being one of the largest elements, is also used as a neutron source, usually when combined with francium.History
Radium (Latin radius, ray) was discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898 in pitchblende/uraninite from North Bohemia. While studying pitchblende the Curies removed its uranium and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They then separated out a radioactive mixture mostly consisting of barium which gave a brilliant red flame color and spectral lines which had never documented before. In 1902 radium was isolated into its pure metal by Curie and Andre Debierne through the electrolysis of a pure radium chloride solution by using a mercury cathode and distilling in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas.
On February 4, 1936 Radium E became the first radioactive element to be made synthetically. Occurrence
Radium is a decay product of uranium and is therefore found in all uranium-bearing ores. Radium was originally acquired from pitchblende ore from Joachimsthal, Bohemia (7 metric tons of pitchblende yields 1 gram of radium). Carnotite sands in Colorado provide some of the element, but richer ores are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Great Lake area of Canada and can also be extracted from uranium processing waste. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and in other places.
Isolation (* follow):
(cathode) Ra2+* + 2e- --> Ra (anode) Cl-* --> ½Cl2 (gas|g) + e-Compounds
Its compoundss (which are short lived) color flames crimson carmine (rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple) and give a characteristic spectrum. Due to its very short half life and intense radioactivity, radium compounds are quite rare occurring almost exclusively in uranium ores. Isotopes
Radium has 25 different isotopes, four of which are found in nature, with radium-226 being the most common and stable. Ra-223, Ra-224, Ra-226 and Ra-228 are all generated in the decay of either U or Th. Ra-226 is a product of U-238 decay, and is the longest-lived isotope of Ra with a half-life of 1602 years; next longest is Ra-228, a product of Th-232 breakdown, with a half-life of 6.7 years.Radioactivity
Radium is over 1 million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium. Its decay occurs in at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and are called radium emanation or exradio, radium A, radium B, radium C, etc. (The emanation is a heavy gas, the later products are solids.) These products are regarded as unstable elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor. Precautions
Radium is poisonous. Radium is extremely radioactive and its decay product radon is a deadly lung hazard. Since Ra is closely related to calcium, it has the potential for causing great harm by substituting for it in bone. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to radium can cause cancer and other body disorders. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon.Further reading
References
External Links
Radium, Kansas
Geography
Radium is located at 38°10'25" North, 98°53'39" West (38.173698, -98.894222)1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 km² (0.0 mi²). 0.1 km² (0.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 40 people, 17 households, and 9 families residing in the city. The population density is 386.1/km² (965.2/mi²). There are 19 housing units at an average density of 183.4/km² (458.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 95.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 5.00% from two or more races. 5.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 17 households out of which 35.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% are married couples living together, 5.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% are non-families. 41.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 3.30.
In the city the population is spread out with 27.5% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 122.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 141.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $21,250, and the median income for a family is $36,250. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,608. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radium."
Synonym: RadiumSynonym: atomic number 88 (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Calefaction | Cauterizer; caustic, lunar caustic, alkali, apozem, moxa; acid, aqua fortis, aqua regia; catheretic, nitric acid, nitrochloro-hydric acid, nitromuriatic acid; radioactivity, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta rays, X-rays, radiation, cosmic radiation, background radiation, radioactive isotopes, tritium, uranium, plutonium, radon, radium. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Radium |
| English words defined with "radium": atomic number 86 ♦ carnotite, Curie, Curietherapy ♦ Madame Curie, Marie Curie, Marya Sklodowska ♦ pitchblende ♦ radium therapy, radon, Rn ♦ uraninite. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "radium": 56762 ♦ 67550 ♦ DIAL REFINISHER, DOCTOR, NATUROPATHIC ♦ euxamit ♦ inequilibrium, Ion Exchange Treatment ♦ Mill tailings, milligram-hour ♦ Neutron source ♦ radioactive dusts, radioactive element, radioactive mineral, radioactivity technician, RADIOACTIVITY-INSTRUMENT MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN, radium G ♦ toxic dusts ♦ Uranium Mill Tailings Piles. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Radium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Afrikaan (radium), Albanian (radium), Dutch (radium), French (radium), German (radium), Indonesian (radium), Swedish (radium). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Radium - izvor zraka (1944) Romance of Radium (1937) The Great Radium Mystery (1919) Radium (2003) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Radium / Imp (pseud.).Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | M. and Mme. Curie Experimenting with Radium / [from] Drawing by André Castaigne.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| "Radium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 96.77% of the time. "Radium" is used about 31 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 96.77% | 30 | 63,341 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.23% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 31 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
1. Radium, KS (city, FIPS 58300) 2. Radium, MN |
Expressions using "radium": radium A ♦ radium B ♦ radium C ♦ radium emanation ♦ radium F ♦ radium therapy. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "radium": radium-like. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
radium | 173 |
radium hot springs | 128 |
radium hot spring | 93 |
codec mp3 radium | 63 |
flash radium | 36 |
radium resort | 29 |
codec radium | 29 |
mp3 radium | 26 |
radium bc | 21 |
radium springs | 15 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "radium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaan | radium. (various references) | |
Albanian | radium. (various references) | |
Arabic | راديوم عنصر فلزي إشعاعي. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | радий. (various references) | |
Chinese | 鐳 , 镭. (various references) | |
Czech | rádium. (various references) | |
Danish | radium. (various references) | |
Dutch | radium. (various references) | |
Esperanto | radiumo. (various references) | |
Farsi | رادیوم . (various references) | |
French | radium. (various references) | |
German | Radium. (various references) | |
Greek | ράδιο (radio). (various references) | |
Hebrew | אורית. (various references) | |
Hungarian | rádium. (various references) | |
Icelandic | radíum, radín. (various references) | |
Indonesian | radium. (various references) | |
Irish | raidiam. (various references) | |
Italian | radio (aerial, beam, broadcasting, radio, radio set, radius, ray, wireless). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | ラウリン酸 (La Salle, Lacoste, lacrosse, lactose, lager beer, Laos, lasagna, lauric acid, lounge, loungewear, paddle, raccoon, racket, racquetball, radial, radial tire, radian, radius, raglan, ragtime, rational, rationalism, rationalist, rationalization, round, round number, round robin, round table, rug, rugby, rugger). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ラジウ . (various references) | |
Korean | 라". (various references) | |
Manx | raadiu. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | adiumray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | rádio (radio, radius, wireless). (various references) | |
Romanian | radiu. (various references) | |
Russian | радий. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | radijum. (various references) | |
Spanish | radio (arm, beam, radio, radius, ray, rayon, spoke, wireless). (various references) | |
Swedish | radium. (various references) | |
Turkish | radyum. (various references) | |
Ukranian | радій. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "radium": radiums. (additional references) | |
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"Radium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Adewumi, arabicum, Arduil, Arduini, cadium, Erodium, Fadumo, faiyum, Gaium, Kaddoumi, predium, Radaune, radiem, radim, radion, radu, radum, Rafiqul, Rafiu, raiun, Rajim, Rakim, ranium, rasim, redgum, Reidunn, reqium. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "radium" (pronounced rā"dēum) |
| 5 | -ā" d ē u m | palladium, stadium, vanadium. |
| 4 | -d ē u m | compendium, idiom, indium, iridium, medium, myocardium, nephridium, Plasmodium, podium, presidium, rhodium, sodium, tedium. |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, geranium, gonium, gymnasium, hafnium, harmonium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, magnesium, millennium, minium, moratorium, neptunium, niobium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, pandemonium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, plutonium, polonium, potassium, premium, promethium, protium, psyllium, requiem, selenium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, yttrium, zirconium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-i-m-r-u" | |
-1 letter: mudra, murid. | |
-2 letters: amid, amir, arid, arum, dram, drum, duma, dura, maid, mair, maud, mura, raid, rami. | |
-3 letters: aid, aim, air, ami, amu, arm, dam, dim, dui, mad, mar, mid, mir, mud, rad, ram, ria, rid, rim, rum, urd. | |
-4 letters: ad, ai, am, ar, id, ma, mi, mu, um. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-i-m-r-u" | |
+1 letter: radiums. | |
+2 letters: fluidram, muraenid, muriated, sudarium. | |
+3 letters: absurdism, admixture, audiogram, caldarium, dicumarol, duralumin, fluidrams, manicured, marauding, muraenids, nursemaid, ruminated, unadmired, unmarried. | |
+4 letters: absurdisms, admixtures, androecium, audiograms, audiometer, audiometry, auditorium, barramundi, diadromous, dicoumarin, dicoumarol, dicumarols, disulfiram, dumbwaiter, duralumins, duumvirate, epicardium, gradualism, mandibular, maundering, micturated, minaudiere, miracidium, modularity, multiarmed, multigrade, myocardium, nursemaids, parapodium, praesidium, quadrivium, quadrumvir, rheumatoid, rudimental, submarined, sudatorium, summarised, summarized, undramatic, unimpaired, unmarrieds. | |
+5 letters: admeasuring, adumbrating, adumbration, adumbrative, adventurism, antheridium, audiometers, audiometric, auditoriums, barramundis, demiurgical, desideratum, dicoumarins, dicoumarols, disulfirams, dramaturgic, drumbeating, dumbwaiters, duumvirates, endocardium, glamourized, gourmandise, gourmandism, gourmandize, gradualisms, liquidambar, maquiladora, minaudieres, modularized, outdreaming, pericardium, praesidiums, quadrennium, quadriviums, quadrumvirs, rehumanized, rudimentary, semidiurnal, sudatoriums, traumatised, traumatized, unamortized, unreclaimed, vanguardism. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 61 64 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. .- -.. .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010010 01100001 01100100 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)R a d i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0052 0061 0064 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)526770758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Usage Frequency 8. Cities | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Derivations | 13. Rhymes 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
