Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: RNA |
RNANoun1. A nucleic acid that transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm; controls certain chemical processes in the cell; "ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "RNA" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | Ribonucleic acid. One of the two types of nucleic acids found in cells. The other is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). RNA plays a role in sending information from DNA to the protein-forming system of the cell. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid. It is structurally distinguished from DNA by the presence of an additional hydroxyl group attached to each pentose ring and functionally distinguished by its role in the transmission of genetic information from DNA (by transcription) and into protein (by translation ).
RNA has 4 different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. The first 3 bases are the same as those found in DNA, but uracil replaces thymine as the base complementary to adenine. This may be because uracil is energetically less expensive to produce, although it easily degenerates into cytosine. Thus, uracil is appropriate for RNA, where quantity is important but lifespan is not, whereas thymine is appropriate for DNA.
Structurally, RNA is indistinguishable from DNA except for the critical presence (noted above) of an additional hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position. This additional group gives the molecule far greater catalytic versatility and allows it to perform reactions that DNA is incapable of performing.
The other major difference between RNA and DNA is that RNA is almost exclusively found in the single-stranded form (an exception being the genetic material of some kinds of viruses). RNA molecules often fold into more complex structures by making use of complementary internal sequences; that is, one part of a single RNA molecule is the nucleic acid complement of another part of the same molecule (for exampls, 5'-ACUCGA-3' and 5'-UCGAGU-3'), so that the two strands bind together. This allows the formation of hairpin loops, coils, etc., which then direct the formation of higher-order structures.
The first life on earth may have been RNA-based, due to RNA's ability both to carry genetic information like DNA and also to catalyze biochemical reactions like enzymes. This possiblity is termed the RNA world hypothesis. Even today, some viruseses, such as retroviruses, use RNA as their sole genetic material. RNA is less stable than DNA, however, and is also a less efficient catalyst than a protein-based enzyme. These facts may have led to selection for reduced use of RNA in cells, and greater use of DNA and proteins.
RNA plays several roles in biology:
mRNA runs through several steps during its usually brief existence: During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. In prokaryotes, no further processing of mRNA occurs (except in rare cases), and often translation of the mRNA into protein occurs even while transcription is going on. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different parts of the cell (transcription in the nucleus, where DNA is kept, and translation in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside). Also in eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes several processing steps before it is ready to be translated:
Messenger RNA that has been processed and is ready for transcription is called a "mature transcript" or "mature mRNA" or sometimes simply "mRNA". Unprocessed or partially-processed messenger RNA is called "pre-mRNA" or "hnRNA" (for heteronucleic RNA)
Also, there is evidence that certain complexes within the UTRs may not only affect the stability of the molecule, but that they may promote translational efficiency or even cause inhibition of translation altogether, depending on the sequences in the UTRs.
Anti-sense mRNA can inhibit gene translation in many eukaryotes, when
the anti-sense RNA's sequence is complementary to that of the mRNA of the gene. This means a gene is not expressed as protein if a matching anti-sense mRNA is present in the cell. This may be a defense mechanism against retroposons (transposons that use
dsRNA as an intermediate state) or viruses, because both can use
double-stranded mRNA as an intermediate. In biochemical research, this
effect has been used to study gene function, simply shutting down the
studied gene by adding its anti-sense mRNA transcript. Such studies
have been done on the worm C. elegans.
Compare RNA interference.
See RNA gene.
See virus and RNA world hypothesis.Chemical structure
Messenger RNA
After the mRNA has been processed, it is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into protein. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides, usually with the assistance of RNAses.Untranslated Regions
There are sections of the RNA before and after its start and stop sequences that are not translated. These come from the template DNA strand that the RNA was transcribed from. These regions, known as the 5'UTR and 3'UTR (five-prime and three-prime untranslated regions, respectively, due to the fact that DNA and RNA run from 5' to 3' and this region is on the end of the RNA sequence) code for no protein sequences. However, their importance lies is the belief that the sequence of the 5'UTR and 3'UTR may, by their varying affinity for certain RNase enzymes, promote or inhibit the relative stability of the RNA molecule. Certain UTRs may allow the RNA to survive longer in the cytoplasm before being degraded, thus allowing them to produce more protein, while others may be degraded sooner, thus lasting a shorter time and producing a smaller relative amount of protein.Anti-sense mRNA
RNA genes
RNA as genetic material
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "RNA."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
RNA | Danish | Ribonukleinsyre | Medicine |
RNA | Dutch | Ribonucleïnezuur | Medicine |
RNA | English | Ribonucleic acid | N/A |
RNA | Finnish | Ribonukleiinihappo | Medicine |
RNA | German | Ribonukleinsäure | N/A |
RNA | Italian | Acido ribonucleico | Medicine |
RNA | Swedish | Ribonukleinsyra | Medicine |
| Hn RNA | English | Heterogenous nuclear RNA | Medicine |
| RNAi | English | RNA interference | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: RNASynonym: ribonucleic acid (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disease | DNA virus; RNA virus. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I) enters the T-lymphocyte where the virus loses its outer envelop, releasing its RNA and its reverse transcriptase. The reverse transcriptase builds a complimentary DNA strand from the viral RNA template. The DNA helix is inserted into the host genome. When this is transcribed by the infected cell, the new viral RNA and proteins are produced to form new viruses that then bud from the cell membrane, thus completing the life cycle of the virus. See artwork: GR-32. Credit: Trudy Nicholson (artist). |  | This is an RNA molecule. Computer graphics are made by utilizing data fed into a computer. Data may be weights and measures, and structure to make up a three-dimensional image so one can visualize an otherwise minute structure. Credit: Dr. Richard Feldmann (photographer). |
 | The Lassa virus can cause altered liver morphology with hemorrhagic necrosis and inflammation. The virus, a member of the virus family Arenaviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus and is zoonotic, or animal-borne. Credit: CDC. |  | Poliovirus is a species of Enterovirus, which is a Genus in the family of Picornaviridae, and is an RNA virus. Credit: CDC. |
 | Bullet-shaped virion is covered with 10-nm glycoprotein spikes. Ribonucleoprotein is composed of RNA encased in nucleoprotein (yellow), phosphorylated or phosphoprotein (orange), and polymerase (gray). Credit: CDC. |  | Concentric layers: envelope membrane bilayer, M protein, and tightly-coiled encased RNA. Credit: CDC. |
 | Winter range overlooking east Alvord, flats of the Mickey Basin RNA. (WSA 2-73H). Credit: Scott Moore. |  | Scotch Creek Falls in the Scotch Creek RNA. Credit: Frank Lang. |
 | Outline of the subtractive RNA hybridization process to isolate and identify genes whose expression is increased by alcohol. The technique uses cultured cells (e.g., neural cells) grown in the presence or absence of alcohol. Credit: NIAA. |  | The conversion of genetic information into protein without and with antisense RNA treatment. Credit: NIAA. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | RSV is a negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus. (references) | |
The S RNA encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. (references) | ||
Each is made up of negative-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses. (references) | ||
Economic History | Nepal | RNA units have served with distinction alongside American forces in places such as Haiti, Iraq, and Somalia. (references) |
Nepal | The U.S. military sends many RNA officers to America to attend military schooling such as the Command and General Staff School and the U.S. Army War College. (references) | |
Nepal | The RNA has contributed more than 36,000 peacekeepers to a variety of UN sponsored peacekeeping missions such as UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the UN Protective Force (UNPROFOR), UN Operational Mission Somalia II (UNOSOMII), and UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). (references) | |
Human Rights | Nepal | RNA troops exchanged gunfire with the Maoists in the vehicle. (references) |
Nepal | According to INSEC, on November 26, Jit Bahadur Ghatri was arrested by the RNA in Dang District. (references) | |
Nepal | On December 4, Prakash Lamichhane of Mahankal, Sindhupalchowk District died after having been shot by the RNA near a hydro-electric project the previous day. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "RNA" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 96.85% of the time. "RNA" is used about 602 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 96.85% | 583 | 10,863 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.99% | 12 | 101,599 |
| Noun (common) | 1.16% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Total | 100.00% | 602 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "RNA": DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase ♦ messenger rna ♦ ribosomal RNA ♦ RNA Cap Analogs ♦ RNA Caps ♦ RNA Editing ♦ RNA Helicases ♦ RNA interference ♦ RNA Ligase (ATP) ♦ RNA Nucleotidyltransferases ♦ RNA Phages ♦ RNA pol ♦ RNA Polymerase I ♦ RNA Polymerase II ♦ RNA Polymerase III ♦ RNA Precursors ♦ RNA Probes ♦ RNA Replicase ♦ RNA Splice Sites ♦ RNA Splicing ♦ RNA Stability ♦ RNA transcriptase ♦ rna virus ♦ RNA Viruses ♦ transfer RNA. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "RNA": rna-binding, RNA-Binding Proteins, RNA-dependent, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, rna-like, RNA-mediated, Rna-pcr, RNA-polymerase, rna-replicase, rna-replication, RNA-splicing. | |
Ending with "RNA": messenger-rna, T-rna. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
rna | 212 | rna gel | 6 |
dna rna | 61 | picture rna | 6 |
interference rna | 26 | journal rna | 5 |
rna structure | 15 | function rna | 5 |
oligos rna | 13 | rna society | 5 |
rna virus | 10 | rna secondary structure | 4 |
rna transcription | 10 | transfer rna | 4 |
hcv rna | 9 | rna splicing | 4 |
rna isolation | 9 | rna synthesis | 4 |
rna extraction | 8 | dna rna virus | 4 |
polymerase rna | 8 | isolation protocol rna | 4 |
between difference dna rna | 8 | medical rna | 4 |
dna e rna | 8 | maldi ms rna | 4 |
dna rna structure | 8 | dna rna vs | 4 |
rna translation | 7 | rna si | 3 |
messenger rna | 7 | q rna | 3 |
purification rna | 7 | molecule rna | 3 |
rna world | 7 | assay protection rna | 3 |
rna ribosomal | 6 | pcr rna | 3 |
interference interfering rna rnas small | 6 | micro rna | 3 |
hiv rna | 3 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "RNA"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 糖 酸. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | ribosomal RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), revers transcriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ribosom-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ribozym (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), RNA-ligase (RNA ligase), RNA-nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), r-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA-polymerase (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), mRNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), anti-sense RNA (antisense RNA), budbringer-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), cellulaer messenger RNA-transkript (cellular messenger RNA transcript), DNA-afhængig RNA-polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), matrice RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), messenger-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), omvendt transkriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), modent mRNA (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), adaptor (adaptor RNA, transfer RNA, tRNA), tRNA (adaptor RNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, tRNA), tRNA-isoacceptor (isoacceptor transfer RNA), transport-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA), transfer-RNA (adaptor RNA, transfer RNA, tRNA), mic-RNA (messenger interfering complementary RNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | ribosomaal RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), reverse transcriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ribosoom-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ribozym (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), RNA ligase (RNA ligase), RNA-nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), RNA-splicing (RNA splicing), RNA-splitsing (RNA splicing), RNA-polymerase (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), omzetten van het virale RNA in één enkele DNA-streng (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), anti-sense RNA (antisense RNA), boodschapper-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), cellulair boodschapper-RNA-transcript (cellular messenger RNA transcript), DNA-afhankelijk RNA-polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), mature boodschapper RNA (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), messenger-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), ontmanteling van het virale RNA (viral RNA uncoating process), mRNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), adaptor (adapter, ADAPTOR, adaptor RNA, automatic data parallelism translator, transfer RNA, tRNA), transport-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA), t-RNA isoacceptor (isoacceptor transfer RNA), transporteur-RNZ (soluble RNA, transfer RNA), transfer-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA), mic RNA (messenger interfering complementary RNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | RNA-polymeraasi (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), RNA-nukleotidyylitransferaasi (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), RNA-ligaasi (RNA ligase), ribosomaalinen RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), transkriptaasi (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), siirtäjä-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), MIC-RNA (messenger interfering complementary RNA), lähetti-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), kypsä lähetti-RNA (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), käänteiskopioijaentsyymi (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), isoakseptori (isoacceptor transfer RNA), antisense-RNA (antisense RNA), adaptori (adaptor, adaptor RNA, transfer RNA, tRNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | ribozyme (RNA enzyme), ARN catalytique (catalytic RNA), ARN polymérase (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), ARN peptidique (peptide RNA), ARN nucléaire hétérogène (heterogenous nuclear RNA), ARN nucléaire de grande taille (heterogenous nuclear RNA), ARN mic (messenger interfering complementary RNA, MIC RNA), ARN messager mature (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA), ARN messager définitif (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA), ARN messager cellulaire transcrit (cellular messenger RNA transcript), ARN messager (messenger RNA), édition des ARN (RNA editing), ARN de transfert (soluble RNA, transfer RNA), ARN recombinant (recombinant RNA), ARN autoreproducteur (self-replicating RNA), ARN anti-virus (antisense RNA), ARN antisens (antisense RNA), ARN anti-messager (antisense RNA), ADN-polymérase ARN dépendante (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), adaptateur (adaptor RNA, transfer RNA), épissage de l'ARN (RNA splicing), épissage (RNA splicing), ARN ligase (RNA ligase), brin d'ARN (RNA strand), transcription inverse de l'ARN viral en ADN simple brin (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), transcriptase reverse (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), transcriptase inverse (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), transcriptase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), transépissage de l'ARN par épisséome (spliceosome mediated RNA transplicing), pré-ARN messager (premessenger RNA), monde des ARN (RNA world), mise nu de l'ARN viral (viral RNA uncoating process), ARN prébiotique (prebiotic RNA), enzyme ARN (RNA enzyme), ARN prémessager (premessenger RNA), ARNt isoaccepteur (isoacceptor transfer RNA), ARNt (transfer RNA), ARNr (ribosomal RNA), ARN-polymérase ADN dépendante (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), ARN-nucléotidyltransférase (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), ARNm (messenger RNA), ARN satellite (satellite RNA), ARN ribosomique (ribosomal RNA), virus ARN (RNA virus), hybride ADN-ARN (DNA RNA hybrid). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | RNS-Polymerase (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), ribosomale RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), Ribozym (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), RNA-Ligase (RNA ligase), RNA-Polymerase (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), reverse Transkriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), r-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), r-RNS (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA-Nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), Freilegung der viralen RNA (viral RNA uncoating process), DNS-abhängige RNS-Polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), Matrizen-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), definitive Messenger-RNA (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), Boten-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), Antisense RNA (messenger interfering complementary RNA), in situ-Hybridisierung (in situ hybridization, The hybridization of radioactive single-stranded DNA or RNA probes to denatured cellular DNA on microscopic slides and their detection by autoradiography), Isoakzeptor-tRNA-Moleküle (isoacceptor transfer RNA), loesliche RNS (soluble RNA, s-RNA, transfer RNA), L-RNS (soluble RNA, s-RNA, transfer RNA), Messenger-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), micRNA (messenger interfering complementary RNA), Adaptor (ADAPTOR, adaptor RNA, automatic data parallelism translator, transfer RNA, tRNA), m-RNS (messenger RNA, mRNA), zellulare Transkript der Boten-RNA (cellular messenger RNA transcript), Transfer-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), Transfer-RNS (soluble RNA, s-RNA, transfer RNA), t-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), Umkehrtranskriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), Umschreiben der Virus-RNA in den DNA-Einzelstrang (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), m-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | rRNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNAt ισοαποδεκτικό (isoacceptor transfer RNA), RNA mic (messenger interfering complementary RNA), RNA λιγάση (RNA ligase), RΝΑ μεταγραφάση (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), RΝΑ πολυμεράση (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), μεταγραφή κυτταρικού αγγελιοφόρου RNA (cellular messenger RNA transcript), DΝΑ πολυμεράση εξαρτώμενη από το RΝΑ (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), DΝΑ κατευθυνόμενη RΝΑ πολυμεράση (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), αντιαγγελιαφόρο RΝΑ (antisense RNA), ανάστροφη μεταγραφάση (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), αγγελιοφόρο ώριμο RNA (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), αγγελιοφόρος RNA οριστικός (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), αγγελιαφόρο RΝΑ (messenger RNA, mRNA), προσαρμοστής (adapter, adaptor, adaptor RNA, transfer RNA, transmission line adapter, transmission line adaptor, tRNA), ARN-νουκλεοτιδυλοτρανσφεράση (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), μεταφέρον RΝΑ (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), t-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), ριβοσωμικό RΝΑ (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), mRNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), μεταφορικό RΝΑ (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | RNA messaggero (messenger RNA, mRNA), ribozima (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), rimozione del rivestimento dell RNA virale (viral RNA uncoating process), RNA antisenso (antisense RNA), RNA di trasporto (soluble RNA, s-RNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), RNA ligasi (RNA ligase), RNA messaggero maturo (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), RNA mic (messenger interfering complementary RNA), RNA peptidico (peptide RNA), RNA ribosomale (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA-polimerasi (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), RNA-polimerasi DNA dipendente (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), r-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA ribosomiale (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA in grado di autoriprodursi (self-replicating RNA), trascrizione di RNA messagero cellulare (cellular messenger RNA transcript), ARN antisenso (antisense RNA), ARN catalitico (catalytic RNA), ARN prebiotico (prebiotic RNA), ARN-nucleotidiltransferasi (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), filamento di ARN (RNA strand), ibridazione in situ (fluorescence in situ hybridisation, fluorescence in situ hybridization, in situ hybridization, The hybridization of radioactive single-stranded DNA or RNA probes to denatured cellular DNA on microscopic slides and their detection by autoradiography), mondo a ARN (RNA world), t-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), trascrivere l'RNA virale in un singolo filamento di DNA (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), trascrittasi inversa (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), adattatore (adapter), taglio e ricucitura dell'ARN (RNA splicing), tRNA isoaccettore (isoacceptor transfer RNA), m-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 小" (RNA nucleolus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | かくしょうたい (RNA nucleolus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | arnay RNA-polimerase DNA-dirigida (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), ribozima (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), transcriptase reversa (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), transcriptase do ARN (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), polimerase do ARN dependente do ADN (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), polimerase do ARN (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), polimerase do ADN dependente do ARN (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ARNt (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), ARNr (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ARN-nucleotidiltransferase (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), ARNm (messenger RNA, mRNA), ARN ribossómico (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ARN mensageiro (messenger RNA, mRNA), ARN de transferência (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), ARN antimensageiro (antisense RNA). (various references) рнк. (various references) RNA ligasa (RNA ligase), ribozima (ribonucleic acid enzyme, ribozyme, RNA enzyme), retrotranscriptasa (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ARN catalítico (catalytic RNA), ARN ribosómico (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ARN prebiótico (prebiotic RNA), ARN peptídico (peptide RNA), ARN mensajero maduro (definitive messenger RNA, mature messenger RNA, mature mRNA), ARN mensajero (messenger RNA, mRNA), ARNm (messenger RNA, mRNA), ARN de transferencia (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), ARN-polimerasa ADN-dependiente (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), ARN autorreplicante (self-replicating RNA), ARN antisentido (antisense RNA, messenger interfering complementary RNA), al convertise el ARN virico en ADN de cadena sencilla (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), ARN ligasa (RNA ligase), ADN polimerasa ARN dependiente (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ARN-polimerasa (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), tRNA adaptador (adaptor RNA, transfer RNA, tRNA), ARNr (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), ARNt (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), cadena de ARN (RNA strand), corte y empalme del ARN (RNA splicing), desprendimiento del ARN virico (viral RNA uncoating process), isoaceptor del ARNt (isoacceptor transfer RNA), mundo de ARN (RNA world), transcripción de ARN mensajero en las células (cellular messenger RNA transcript), transcriptasa inversa (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ARN-nucleotidiltransferasa (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase). (various references) rRNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA-polymeras (RNA transcriptase, RNA-polymerase), RNA-nukleotidyltransferas (RNA-nucleotidyltransferase), ribosom-RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), reverse transcriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), transport-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), transfer-RNA (transfer ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA, t-RNA), omvänt transkriptas (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), mRNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), messenger-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), DNA-beroende RNA-polymeras (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), budbärar-RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), antisense-RNA (antisense RNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "RNA": amarna, cisterna, dharna, dhurna, sterna, taverna, varna, xiphisterna. (additional references) | |
Words containing "RNA": aggiornamento, aggiornamentos, alternate, alternated, alternately, alternates, alternating, alternation, alternations, alternative, alternatively, alternativeness, alternativenesses, alternatives, alternator, alternators, arnatto, arnattos, asternal, barnacle, barnacled, barnacles, burnable, burnables, carnage, carnages, carnal, carnalities, carnality, carnallite, carnallites, carnally, carnassial, carnassials, carnation, carnations, carnauba, carnaubas, cisternae, cisternal, coeternal, consternate, consternated, consternates, consternating, consternation, consternations, cybernated, cybernation, cybernations, dharnas. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: ran. | |
| Words within the letters "a-n-r" | |
-1 letter: an, ar, na. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-n-r" | |
+1 letter: airn, barn, bran, carn, darn, earn, gnar, gran, karn, knar, narc, nard, nark, nary, near, rain, rand, rang, rani, rank, rant, roan, tarn, warn, yarn. | |
+2 letters: acorn, adorn, airns, anear, anger, angry, antra, antre, apron, arena, argon, arpen, arson, bairn, barns, barny, baron, brain, brand, brank, brans, brant, brawn, buran, cairn, caner, carns, carny, crane, crank, darns, denar, dinar, drain, drank, drawn, earns, franc, frank, frena, furan, garni, gnarl, gnarr, gnars, grain, grana, grand, grans, grant, groan, inarm, infra, invar, karns, knars, knaur, krona, learn, loran, lunar, manor, nacre, nadir, naira, namer, narco, narcs, nards, nares, naric, naris, narks, narky, navar, nears, noria, orang, organ, prang, prank, prawn, pyran, racon, radon, rains, rainy, ramen, rance, ranch, rands, randy, ranee, range, rangy, ranid, ranis, ranks, rants, ratan, raven, ravin, rawin, rayon, redan, regna, reman, renal, reran, rewan, riant, roans, roman, rowan, ruana, saner, saran, sarin, sharn, snare, snark, snarl, sonar, tarns, train, trank, tranq, trans, trona, ulnar, unarm, unary, unbar, urban, varna, warns, wrang, yarns, yearn. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 4E 41 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. -. .- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010010 01001110 01000001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)R N A |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0052 004E 0041 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)524835 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Abbreviations 12. Acronyms | 13. Derivations 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; |
