Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Petroleum |
PetroleumNoun1. A dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "petroleum" was first used: sometime in the early 15th century. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemical Industry | Naturally occurring mineral oil consisting essentially of many types of hydrocarbons. Crude oil may be of paraffinic, asphaltic or mixed base, according to the presence of paraffin wax, bitumen or both paraffin wax and bitumen in the residue after atmospheric distillation. In modern technical usage the term petroleum includes gaseous and solid as well as liquid hydrocarbons. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | Oil as found it its natural state underthe ground. (references) |
Environment | Crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. The term includes petroleum-based substances comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil. (references) |
Health | Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. (references) |
Weather | A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products, natural gas plant liquids, and non-hydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products. See crude oil. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Petroleum (from Latin petrus–rock and oleum–oil) or mineral oil. It can be shortened to the prefix petro-, as in "petrodiesel".
Petroleum is a thick, dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties. Biological material in rocks starts off largely as a waxy material known as kerogen. Under the influence of heat and pressure, kerogen breaks down first into liquids and to gases. Both the liquid (petroleum) and gas phases (natural gas) tend to migrate through porous rocks until they encounter impermeable beds where packets/pools will tend to collect. After a drilling and pumping process to extract it from the strata, petroleum is refined by distillation. The products include kerosene, benzene, gasoline, paraffin wax, asphalt, etc.
The biological nature of petroleum is not certain. Russian scientists have proposed that petroleum is "abiotic" in nature. The scientific papers can be found here http://www.gasresources.net/ The following paragraph is from the above site.
"The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins recognizes that petroleum is a primordial material of deep origin which has been erupted into the crust of the Earth. In short, and bluntly, petroleum is not a "fossil fuel" and has no intrinsic connection with dead dinosaurs (or any other biological detritus) "in the sediments" (or anywhere else)."
Western science has ignored the "proof" supplied by the Russians. Russia is now completely oil self sufficient, lending credence to their claims. If oil is indeed the result of an abiotic geological process, the supply is virtually limitless.
Strictly speaking, petroleum consists entirely of aliphatic hydrocarbons, those composed of nothing but hydrogen and carbon.
The four lightest hydrocarbons -- CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8 (propane) and C4H10 (butane) -- are all gases, boiling at -107°C, -67°C, -43°C, and -18°C, respectively (-161°, -88°, -46°, and -1° degrees F).
The chains in the C5-7 range are all light, easily vaporized, clear naphthas. They are used as solvents, dry cleaning fluids, and other quick-drying products. The chains from C6H14 through C12H26 are blended together and used for gasoline. Kerosene is made up of chains in the C10 to C15 range, followed by diesel fuel/heating oil (C10 to C20) and heavier fuel oils as the ones used in ship engines. These petroleum compounds are all liquid at room temperature.
Lubricating oils and semi-solid greases (including Vaseline®) range from C16 up to C20.
Chains above C20 form solids, starting with paraffin wax, then tar and asphaltic bitumen.
 |
| Oil field in California, 1938 |
Boiling ranges of petroleum atmospheric pressure distillation fractions in degrees centigrade:
Petroleum industry was initialized by Edwin Drake in the 1850's, near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The industry grew slowly in the 1800s and did not become a real national concern until the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combusion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly exhausted, leading to "oil booms" in Texas and California. Other countries had sizable oil reserves as a part of their colonial holdings, and started to develop at an industrial level.
Following the 1973 oil crisis there was significant media coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that we will eventually run out of, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. Some would argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the 1970s have merely been postponed. Others argue that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of tar sands, bitumen fields, oil shale, and methyl hydrate that will allow for petroleum use to continue for an extremely long period in the future.
The presence of the oil industry has significant social and environmental impacts, both from accidents and from routine activities such as seismic exploration, drilling and the generation of polluting wastes. Oil extraction is expensive and frequently environmentally damaging. Offshort exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Extraction may involve dredging which stirs up the sea bed killing the sea plants that marine creatures require to survive. Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged fragile ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, and many other places. Fortunately, renewable energy source alternatives do exist.
Petroleum history
List of Petroleum Companies
See also
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Petroleum."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| PEC | English | Petroleum Energy Center | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: PetroleumSynonyms: coal oil (n), crude (n), crude oil (n), fossil oil (n), rock oil (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Fuel | Oil, petroleum, gasoline, high octane gasoline, nitromethane, petrol, gas, juice, gasohol, alcohol, ethanol, methanol, fuel oil, kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil, number oil, number oil, naphtha; rocket fuel, high specific impulse fuel, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, lox. |
Oil | Noun: oil, fat, butter, cream, grease, tallow, suet, lard, dripping exunge, blubber; glycerin, stearin, elaine, oleagine; soap; soft soap, wax, cerement; paraffin, spermaceti, adipocere; petroleum, mineral, mineral rock, mineral crystal, mineral oil; vegetable oil, colza oil, olive oil, salad oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, nut oil; animal oil, neat's foot oil, train oil; ointment, unguent, liniment; aceite, amole, Barbados tar; fusel oil, grain oil, rape oil, seneca oil; hydrate |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | For example, there was Williams the Petroleum, and Williams the Death. (The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a ; writing credit: Christopher Monger.) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Maracaibo Petroleum Company (1974) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Bottom mounted current meter being deployed from FERREL Project to determine path of brine plume from salt dome solution and pumping Studies during formation of Strategic Petroleum Reserve.Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Greenhill Petroleum facility on East Timbalier Island.Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | The Greenhill/East Timbalier above ground waste pit associated with petroleum facility.Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Various biodegradable starch-polyester compositions can be used for other one-time-use items such as plastic bags and wraps that are now made from petroleum.Credit: USDA ARS News. |
 | BLM petroleum engineering technicial in protective mask and gear.Credit: Merv Coleman. |  | Underground heating fuel tanks removalAnalyzing soil for Petroleum hydrocarbonsCottonwood Field OfficeUCSCUpper Columbia Salmon Clearwater.Credit: Tim Fuller. |
 | Petroleum / Spy [pseud.].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Service station for Gate Petroleum Co., Jacksonville, Florida.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Aerial view of Kawasaki Petroleum Center, Akashi, Japan, after bombing.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Petroleum Lake in the region of Point Barrow.Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | DO NOT use petroleum jelly, a hot match, nail polish, or other products. (references) | |
For vaginal discomfort, use a water-based lubricant, but not petroleum jelly. (references) | ||
If your child has dry lips, petroleum jelly or a lip pomade can prevent cracking. (references) | ||
Business | India's PCI sector follows the American Petroleum Industry's (API) standards. (references) | |
The top two importers of U.S. laboratory equipment in Chile are petroleum refineries. (references) | ||
This discovery meant that the country's gas reserves exceeded those of equivalent petroleum. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Comoros | These sanctions included restrictions on all telecommunications, air and sea links, imports of oil and petroleum products, and nonrecognition of travel documents and passports. (references) |
Economic History | Malaysia | The corporate tax rate is 28%, except for the petroleum industry, which is taxed at 38%. (references) |
Kenya | Although petroleum prices were decontrolled in 1994, the government imposed a road maintenance tax on gasoline and diesel, which replaces all taxes except those at the international borders. (references) | |
Human Rights | Colombia | Press reports indicated that as of July, there had been more than 100 guerrilla attacks on the Occidental Petroleum Corporation pipeline in Arauca department. (references) |
Germany | In February a court convicted and sentenced Hans-Joachim Klein to 9 years' imprisonment for the killing of persons during a 1975 attack by leftwing terrorists on a meeting of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries in Vienna, Austria. (references) | |
Pakistan | Former Petroleum Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan was released on August 22 and Former Minister of Finance Ishaq Dar was released on August 28. However, Mehtab Abbasi and Javed Hashmi, two senior politicians allied with Nawaz Sharif, were detained by the NAB during the year and remained in custody at year's end. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Venezuela | The Warao claim that flooding and petroleum exploration have eroded their traditional means of survival: fishing and horticulture. (references) |
Colombia | In August 2000, a technical working group including the Ministries of Interior and Environment, as well as an advisor to the U'wa, had reported that the Government and Occidental Petroleum were complying with all applicable regulations. (references) | |
Minorities | Nigeria | Nonetheless, claims of marginalization by members of southern minority groups and Igbos continued; in particular, the ethnic groups of the Niger Delta continued their calls for high-level representation on petroleum issues and within the security forces. (references) |
Political Economy | OMAN | Current and capital expenditures for the national oil company Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) accounted for 10.5 percent of total public expenditures. (references) |
ITALY | Producer prices also accelerated from minus 0.3 percent in 1999 to 6.0 percent in 2000, because of higher prices for petroleum and other raw materials and of the strengthening of the dollar versus the euro. (references) | |
NICARAGUA | Pricing Policies: The Nicaraguan government maintains price controls only on sugar, domestically produced soft drinks, certain petroleum products, and pharmaceuticals. (references) | |
Political Rights | Kuwait | In the most serious case, the Minister of Oil was accused of being an agent for a foreign petroleum company because his wife was allegedly on the company's payroll. (references) |
Gabon | The PGP enjoys strong support in Port Gentil, the center of the country's petroleum industry, and among the Myene ethnic group. (references) | |
Trade | Jamaica | CBI has provided customs duty-free entry to the United States to qualifying products of Jamaican origin (except textiles, footwear, handbags, luggage, work gloves, leather apparel, tuna fish, petroleum and petroleum products, and watches and watch parts from countries that do not enjoy Most Favored Nation status). (references) |
Travel | Nigeria | Sophisticated forged documents may also be provided using government letterhead from the Federal Ministry of Justice, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and others, along with a variety of official-looking stamps and seals. (references) |
Cote D'ivoire | Total freight traffic in 1997 for both ports exceeded 14 million tons of which over 50 percent were petroleum products (Abidjan) while San Pedro is used mostly for timber and other agricultural products. (references) | |
Ghana | For information and applications in this regard (with the exception of projects in the mining and petroleum sectors, inquiries for which are handled by the Minerals Commission and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation respectively), contact the Chief Executive, Ghana Investment Promotion Center. (references) | |
Women | Kuwait | A few have been appointed to senior positions in the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Planning, and the state-owned Kuwaiti Petroleum Corporation. (references) |
Worker Rights | Qatar | The law lists partial and permanent disabilities for which compensation may be awarded, some connected with handling chemicals and petroleum products or construction injuries. (references) |
Venezuela | The strike was called by union leaders to force the Government to provide petroleum workers an equivalent 15 percent wage increase that had been granted to all private sector employees in 2000. The Government negotiated a settlement agreeable to the union. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | Therefore, I am using Presidential powers to raise the fee on all imported crude oil and petroleum products. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Petroleum" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 89.24% of the time. "Petroleum" is used about 437 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 89.24% | 390 | 14,213 |
| Noun (proper) | 10.53% | 46 | 50,285 |
| Noun (common) | 0.23% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 437 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Australia | Magellan Petroleum Australia Limited | Canada | Barrington Petroleum Ltd. |
| China | China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. | Greece | Hellenic Petroleum SA |
| India | Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited | Malaysia | Crest Petroleum Berhad |
| Netherlands | De Maxwell Petroleum Holding N.V. | Norway | Petroleum Geo-Services ASA |
| Philippines | Oriental Petroleum & Minerals Corp. | Singapore | Singapore Petroleum Company Limited |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Petroleum, WV |
Expressions using "petroleum": american petroleum institute ♦ bottle of liquefied petroleum gas ♦ bulk petroleum product ♦ crude petroleum ♦ liquefied petroleum gas ♦ Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ♦ packaged petroleum product ♦ petroleum acne ♦ petroleum benzine ♦ petroleum bloom ♦ petroleum car ♦ petroleum ceresin ♦ petroleum chemical ♦ petroleum company ♦ Petroleum County ♦ petroleum ether ♦ petroleum filter ♦ petroleum fluid ♦ petroleum future ♦ petroleum gas ♦ petroleum geologist ♦ petroleum geology ♦ petroleum installation ♦ petroleum intersectional service ♦ petroleum jelly ♦ petroleum lamp ♦ petroleum oil ♦ petroleum pipeline ♦ petroleum pitch ♦ petroleum refineries ♦ petroleum refinery ♦ petroleum ship ♦ petroleum spirit ♦ petroleum tank ♦ petroleum wax ♦ refined petroleum ♦ World Liquid Petroleum Gas Association. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "petroleum": petroleum-based, petroleum-bearing, petroleum-exporting, petroleum-led, petroleum-producing, petroleum-run. | |
Ending with "petroleum": non-petroleum. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "petroleum"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | vajguri (coal oil, kerosene, mineral oil, naphtha, oil, paraffin, refined petroleum, rock oil), naftë (naphtha, oil, oil fuel, rock oil, shale oil), i naftës (oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | النفط (naphtha), البترول (rock oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | керосин (kerosene, paraffin), газ (fluid, gas, gauze, kerosene, naphtha, oil, petrol, wind), нефтен (oil, petrolic), нафта (naphtha, petrol), петролен (oil, petroliferous). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Catalan | petroli (paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 石油 (oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | surový petrolej, ropa. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | petroleum (paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | petroleum (paraffin-oil), olie (oil, paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | petrolo (paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faeroese | steinolja (paraffin-oil), olja (oil, paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | موادنفتی (Oil), نفت خام , نفت (Oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | raakaöljy (crude oil), maaöljy (crude oil, crude petroleum, natural oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | pétrole. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frisian | petroalje (paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Petroleum (crude oil, kerosene, paraffin oil, paraffin-oil), Erdöl (crude oil, mineral oil, oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πετρέλαιο (kerosene, oil, rock oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | נפט (oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | petróleum (kerosene, paraffin, paraffine, paraffiny, rock-tar), kõolaj (paraffin), kőolaj (crude, crude oil, mineral oil, paraffin, paraffine, rock oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | minyakbumi, minyak tanah (kerosene), minyak (oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | petrolio (oil, paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 石油 (kerosene, oil), ペトリ皿 (pedometer, penalty, penalty area, penalty box, penalty goal, penalty kick, penicillin, penicillin anaphylaxy, penicillin shock, penis, pennant, pennant race, pepper, peppermint, pepsin, peptide, petri dish, petrofood, PG). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ペトローリアム , ペトロフード (petrofood), せきゆ (kerosene, oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 석유. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | ooill ny greg (rock oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norwegian | parafin (kerosene, paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | petroleo (paraffin-oil), zeta (oil, paraffin-oil). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | etroleumpay petróleo (kerosene lamp, oil, paraffin oil, paraffin-oil, paragon). (various references) petrol (crude oil, naphtha, oil, paraffin oil), gaz (gas, gauze, gossamer, paraffin), bitum natural, ţiţei (naphtha, oil, oil fuel, rock oil, rock-tar). (various references) нефть (mineral oil, naphtha, oil, pet petroleum, petrol, rock-oil). (various references) petrolej (oil, rock oil, rock-tar), nafta (naphtha, oil). (various references) petróleo (crude oil, fusel oil, oil, paraffin), petroleo (paraffin-oil). (various references) karsinoli (paraffin-oil). (various references) petroleum (coal oil, paraffin-oil, rock oil), bensin (benzine, gas, gasolene, gasoline, juice, petrol). (various references) petrol (fossil oil, oil, oilbearing, rock oil). (various references) nebit (kerosene, oil). (various references) нафта (oil, oil fuel, rock oil). (various references) dầu mỏ dầu lửa. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | petra. (various references) |
| Middle French | 1400-1600 | petrole. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "petroleum": petroleums. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "petroleum": nonpetroleum. (additional references) | |
Words containing "petroleum": nonpetroleums. (additional references) | |
| |
"Petroleum" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: petoleum, Petrolea, Petroleas, petrolem, petroleom, petrolium, petroluem. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "petroleum" (pronounced putrō"lēum) |
| 5 | -ō" l ē u m | linoleum. |
| 4 | -l ē u m | beryllium, gallium, helium, nobelium, psyllium, thallium. |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, compendium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, geranium, gonium, gymnasium, hafnium, harmonium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, idiom, indium, iridium, lawrencium, lithium, magnesium, medium, millennium, minium, moratorium, myocardium, nephridium, neptunium, niobium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, palladium, pandemonium, paramecium, planetarium, Plasmodium, plutonium, podium, polonium, potassium, premium, presidium, promethium, protium, radium, requiem, rhodium, selenium, sodium, stadium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tedium, tellurium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, zirconium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-l-m-o-p-r-t-u" | |
-2 letters: eelpout, moulter, permute, poulter, premolt. | |
-3 letters: eloper, emoter, lumper, melter, merlot, meteor, metope, molter, omelet, pelmet, pelter, petrel, petrol, pouter, pumelo, relume, remelt, remote, replot, repute, roupet, rumple, telome, temper, temple, toupee, trompe, troupe, tupelo, uptore. | |
-4 letters: elope, elute, emote, erupt, lemur, leper, letup, loper, loupe, merle, meter, metre, metro, moper, morel, motel. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-l-m-o-p-r-t-u" | |
+1 letter: petroleums. | |
+3 letters: computerless, computerlike, nonpetroleum, preformulate, somatopleure, thermocouple. | |
+4 letters: multiemployer, nonpetroleums, preformulated, preformulates, somatopleures, thermocouples. | |
+5 letters: computerizable, counterexample, ultracompetent. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 65 74 72 6F 6C 65 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references).--. . - .-. --- .-.. . ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
| Amazon.com BOOKS: Search for: "petroleum" |
