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Perseverance

Definitions: Perseverance

Perseverance

Noun

1. Persistent determination.

2. The act of persevering.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "perseverance" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references)


Specialty Definitions: Perseverance

DomainDefinitions

Satire

PERSEVERANCE, n. A lowly virtue whereby mediocrity achieves an inglorious success. "Persevere, persevere!" cry the homilists all, Themselves, day and night, persevering to bawl. "Remember the fable of tortoise and hare -- The one at the goal while the other is -- where?" Why, back there in Dreamland, renewing his lease Of life, all his muscles preserving the peace, The goal and the rival forgotten alike, And the long fatigue of the needless hike. His spirit a-squat in the grass and the dew Of the dogless Land beyond the Stew, He sleeps, like a saint in a holy place, A winner of all that is good in a race. Sukker Uffro. Source: Devil's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Synonyms: Perseverance

Synonyms: doggedness (n), perseveration (n), persistence (n), persistency (n), pertinacity (n), tenaciousness (n), tenacity (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Perseverance

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Activity

Industry, assiduity; assiduousness; Adjective: sedulity; laboriousness; drudgery; (labor); painstaking, diligence; perseverance; a; indefatigation; habits of business.

Continuance in action

Noun: continuance, continuation; run; perpetuation, prolongation; persistence; (perseverance) a; repetition.

Exertion

Adverb: laboriously; Adjective: lustily; pugnis et calcibus; with might and main, with all one's might, with a strong hand, with a sledge hammer, with much ado; to the best of one's abilities, totis viribus, vi et armis, manibus pedibusque, tooth and nail, unguibus et rostro, hammer and tongs, heart and soul; through thick and thin; (perseverance) a.

Obstinacy

Noun: obstinateness; Adjective: obstinacy, tenacity; cussedness; perseverance; a; immovability; old school; inflexibility; (hardness); obduracy, obduration; dogged resolution; resolution; ruling passion; blind side.

Perseverance

Noun: perseverance; continuance; (inaction); permanence; (absence of change); firmness; (stability).

Resolution

Mastery over self; self control, self command, self possession, self reliance, self government, self restraint, self conquest, self denial; moral courage, moral strength; perseverance; a; tenacity; obstinacy; bulldog; British lion.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Perseverance

English words defined with "perseverance": ContinuerhardworkingindustriousperseveringlyResolution of a nebulaSemi-Pelagiantirelessuntiring. (references)
Specialty definitions using "perseverance": BellowsFightGriffon, GriffenPegging Away, PerseveranceRome was not Built in a Day. (references)

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Modern Usage: Perseverance

DomainUsage

Clever

Perseverance is not a long race; it is many short races, one after another. (references; author: unknown)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Perseverance

DomainTitle

Books

  • Perseverance Bible Cover (reference)

  • The First Modern Economy : Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815 (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  • Adventures from the Book of Virtues: Perseverance (reference)

  • Secret Adventures: Perseverance Wins (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Perseverance

AuthorQuotation

Benjamin Franklin

Industry, perseverance, and frugality make fortune yield.

Charles H. Spurgeon

By perseverance the snail reached the ark.

George Eliot

Failure after long perseverance is much grander than never to have a striving good enough to be called a failure.

J.r. Miller

Success in life depends upon staying power. The reason for failure in most cases is lack of perseverance. Men get tired and give up.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

Austere perseverance, hash and continuous... rarely fails of its purpose, for its silent power grows irresistible greater with time.

John Quincy Adams

Patience and perseverance have a magical effect before which difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish.
Courage and perseverance have a magical talisman, before which difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish into air.

Laurence Sterne

'Tis known by the name of perseverance in a good cause, and obstinacy in a bad one.

Madame DorothT Deluzy

Perseverance and audacity generally win!

Samuel Johnson

Great works are performed not by strength, but by perseverance.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Perseverance

TitleAuthorQuote

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

It is hard to realise all the perseverance and effort which were necessary to bring this cloaca to the point of relative perfection where it now is.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Perseverance

SubjectTopicQuote

Business

Great patience, sensitivity to the Thai business and political culture, perseverance and commitment are crucial qualities needed to successfully break into the Thai market. (references)

Economic History

South Africa

Attitudes toward the United States as a source of supply are excellent, especially among members of the private sector; however, a strong initial commitment, perseverance and sustained effort are required to enter the market. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Speeches: Perseverance

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

George Washington

1789-1797Having taken it, I determined as far as should depend upon me to maintain it with moderation, perseverance, and firmness.

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837In my message at the opening of the last session of Congress I expressed a confident hope that the justice of our claims upon France, urged as they were with perseverance and signal ability by our minister there, would finally be acknowledged.

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969Our patience and our perseverance will match our power.

Jimmy Carter

1977-1981We pledge perseverance and wisdom in our efforts to limit the world's armaments to those necessary for each nation's own domestic safety.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989Above all I want to thank all of you for the hard work and perseverance you have shown through the years in supporting and shaping this very important program.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Perseverance

"Perseverance" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 95.52% of the time. "Perseverance" is used about 134 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)95.52%12828,261
Noun (proper)4.48%6143,867
                    Total100.00%134N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Perseverance

Expressions using "perseverance": fail in perseverance perseverance a perseverance of the saints. Additional references.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Perseverance

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
  ExpressionFrequency
per Day

  perseverance

121

  definition perseverance

3

  perseverance quote

40

  death perseverance sound

3

  perseverance poem

12

  essay perseverance

3

  story of perseverance

6

  perseverance theater

3

  perseverance quotation

5

  castle perseverance

2

  perseverance of the saint

4

  perseverance speech

2

  define perseverance

3

  hatebreed perseverance

2

  perseverance symbol

3

  perseverance persistence

2

  perseverance poster

3

  perseverance picture

2

  the sound of perseverance

3

  abraham lincoln perseverance

2

  north face perseverance

3

  famous perseverance quote

2

  hatebreed lyrics perseverance

3

  chinese perseverance symbol

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Perseverance

Language Translations for "perseverance"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

ngulmim (fixedness, insistence, persistence, persistency, pertinacity, urgency), ngulm (insistence, output, persistence, tenacity), këmbëngulje (assiduity, assiduousness, importunity, insistence, obstinacy, patience, persistence, persistency, pertinacity, self will, stubbornness, tenacity). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏مواظبة (assiduity, industry, sedulity), ‏مثابرة (industry, persistence, sedulity), ‏تصلب (indurate, intransigence, obstinacy, ossify, persistence, shrivel, solidify, stiffen, stubbornness), ‏صلابة (callosity, hardihood, hardness, hards, inflexibility, iron, reliability, resistance, rigidity, rigorism, singleness, solidity, soundness, stability, steadiness, stiffness, stoutness, strength, stubbornness, tenacity, toughmindness, toughness), ‏ثبات (constancy, determination, endurance, fastness, firmness, fixedness, fixity, fixture, immobility, immovability, invariability, persistence, resolution, solidity, stability, steadiness, stillness), ‏دأب (habitude, persevere). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

упоритост (grit, obduracy, obstinacy, patience, persistence, pertinacity, piggery, refractoriness, stickiness, stick-to-itiveness, stolidity, stoutness, strenuousness, stubbornness, tenacity, toughness), настойчивост (importunity, insistence, obstinacy, persistence, urgency), постоянство (assiduity, consistency, constancy, firmness, persistence, stability). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

坚持不懈 (relentlessness), 毅力 , . (various references)

   

Czech

  

vytrvalost (assiduity, constancy, endurance, persistence, steadiness, strenuousness), úpornost (stubbornness). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

vasthoudendheid. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

persistemo, persistado. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

پشتکار (Assiduity), مداومت (Assiduity), استقامت (Assiduity, Backbone, Stamina), اصرار (Tenacity, Yen), ثبات قدم (Loyalty, Resolution). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

sitkeys (persistence, toughness), sisu (grit, guts), kestävyys (durability, endurance, staying power), hellittämättömyys (persistency). (various references)

   

French

  

persévérance, ténacité. (various references)

   

German

  

beharrlichkeit (insistence, persistence, pertinaciousness, single-mindedness, steadfastness, stolidness, tenacity), ausdauer (endurance, enduringness, hardiness, patience, persistence, persistency, stamina, staying power, tenacity), Beharren (abide, insist, insistence, persevere, persist, persistence). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

εγκαρτέρηση (resignation), εμμονή (adherence, firmness, persistence, tenacity), επιμονή (insistence, persistence, pertinaciousness, pertinacity, push, stubbornness, tenaciousness, tenacity). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

תמידות (assiduity, constancy, continuity, duration, permanence, regularity, steadfastness), שקדנות (application, diligence, industriousness, studiousness), כושר התמדה (stamina), התמדה (constancy, continuity, diligence, endurance, permanence, persistence, stamina). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

állhatatosság (constancy, fixedness, loylity, persistence, persistency, pertinacity, stability, tenacity), kitartás (durance, endurance, long-suffering, loylity, persistence, persistency, stamina, steadiness, strength, sustainment, tenacity, toughness), igazultságban való kitartás. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

ketekunan (diligence, persistence, willpower), kegigihan (persistence). (various references)

   

Italian

  

perseveranza (constancy, endurance, enduringness, insistence). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

性根 (character, nature), 機根 (patience), 我慢 (endurance, patience, self-control, self-denial, tolerance), 根気 (energy, patience), 忍耐 (endurance), 堪え性 (endurance, patience), 堅忍 . (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

がまん (endurance, patience, self-control, self-denial, tolerance), きこん (aerial root, marriage, married, patience), しょうこん (cicatrix, commercial spirit, invocation of the dead, scar), にんたい (endurance), こらえしょう (endurance, patience), こんき (chance of marriage, energy, marriageable age, patience, radical, the present term, this season), けんにん (concurrent post, probate). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

강인성 (toughness). (various references)

   

Manx

  

jeadys (application, assiduity, diligence, sincerity, tidiness), jeadid (assiduity, diligence, tidiness), beayn-hassooaght (endurance, stability). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

erseverancepay

   

Portuguese

  

perseverança (consistence, consistency, patience, persistence, sedulity, stamina). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

perseverenţã (assiduity, continuance, tenacity, urgency), statornicie (constancy, durability, firmness, stability, steadfastness, steadiness), stãruinţã (assiduity, constancy, diligence, hardness, insistence, patience, persistence, solicitation, steadfastness, steadiness, tenacity, zeal), rãbdare (bearing, endurance, forbearance, patience, philosophy, tolerance). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

стойкость (abrasion resistance, endurance, fastness, fortitude, persistence, stamina, staunchness, steadfastness), упорство (doggedness, obstinacy, persistence, pertinacity, recalcitrance, recalcitrancy, stubbornness, tenacity), настойчивость (insistence, insistency, obstinacy, patience, persistence, persistency, pertinacity, urgency). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

istrajnost (persistence, pertinacity, tenacity, thoroughness). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

perseverancia (constancy, persistence, single-mindedness). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

uthållighet (endurance, persistence, sand, stamina, staying power). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

sonuna kadar direnme, sebat (constancy, fastness, permanency, persistence, pertinacity, resoluteness, steadfastness, steadiness, stoutness, strenght of purpose), azim (constancy, determination, devoutness, doggedness, firm intention, pep, purpose, resoluteness, resolution, resolve, steadfastness, strenght of purpose, tenacity, will, zeal). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

erjellik (persistence). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

стійкість (ballast, fastness, firmness, fortitude, rigidity, stability), наполегливість (aggressive, insistence, obstinacy, patience, persistence, urgency). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

tính kiên trì (doggedness, enduringness, sedulity, sedulousness), tính kiên nhẫn (patience), sự bền gan, sự bền chí (patience). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

dyfalbarhad. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Perseverance

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

constantia, constantiam, diligentia. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Bible Trace: Perseverance

LanguageDateSourceEphesians Chapter 6, Verse 18
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintDia pashV proseuchV kai dehsewV proseucomenoi en panti kairw en pneumati kai eiV auto touto agrupnounteV en pash proskarterhsei kai dehsei peri pantwn twn agiwn
Latin405VulgatePer omnem orationem et obsecrationem orantes omni tempore in Spiritu et in ipso vigilantes in omni instantia et obsecratione pro omnibus sanctis
Middle English1395WyclifBi al preier and bisechyng preie ye al tyme in spirit, and in hym wakinge in al bisynesse, and bisechyng for alle hooli men, and for me;
Renaissance English1526TyndaleAnd praye all wayes with all maner prayer and supplicacio: and yt in the sprete: and watch thervnto wt all instance and supplicacio for all saynctes
Jacobean English1611King JamesPraying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints;
Victorian English1833WebsterPraying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching for this purpose with all perseverance and supplication for all saints;
Basic English1964OgdenWith prayers and deep desires, making requests at all times in the Spirit, and keeping watch, with strong purpose, in prayer for all the saints,

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: Perseverance

LanguageEphesians Chapter 6, Verse 18
CebuanoPag-ampo kamo sa tanang panahon pinaagi sa Espiritu sa tanang pag-ampo ug pagpangamuyo. Alang sa maong kalab-uton, kinahanglan magtukaw kamo uban sa bug-os nga pagkamapadayonon, ug pangamuyo kamo alang sa tanang mga balaan,
CroatianSvakovrsnom se molitvom i prošnjom u svakoj prigodi u Duhu molite. Poradi toga i bdijte sa svom ustrajnošæu i molitvom za sve svete,
Danishidet I under al Påkaldelse og Bøn bede til enhver Tid i Ånden og ere årvågne dertil i al Vedholdenhed og Bøn for alle de hellige,
DutchMet alle bidding en smeking, biddende te allen tijd in den Geest, en tot hetzelve wakende met alle gedurigheid en smeking voor al de heiligen;
FinnishJa tehkää tämä kaikella rukouksella ja anomisella, rukoillen joka aika Hengessä ja sitä varten valvoen kaikessa kestäväisyydessä ja anomisessa kaikkien pyhien puolesta;
FrenchFaites en tout temps par l`Esprit toutes sortes de prières et de supplications. Veillez à cela avec une entière persévérance, et priez pour tous les saints.
GermanUnd betet stets in allem Anliegen mit Bitten und Flehen im Geist, und wachet dazu mit allem Anhalten und Flehen für alle Heiligen
HungarianMinden imádsággal és könyörgéssel imádkozván minden idõben a Lélek által, és ugyanezen dologban vigyázván minden állhatatossággal és könyörgéssel minden szentekért,
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariLakukanlah semuanya itu sambil berdoa untuk minta pertolongan dari Allah. Pada setiap kesempatan, berdoalah sebagaimana Roh Allah memimpin kalian. Hendaklah kalian selalu siaga dan jangan menyerah. Berdoalah selalu untuk semua umat Allah.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lamadengan segala doa dan permintaan. Berdoalah tiap-tiap waktu dengan Roh sambil berjaga-jaga di dalam hal itu dengan segala usaha dan permintaan karena sekalian orang suci itu,
ItalianPregate inoltre incessantemente con ogni sorta di preghiere e di suppliche nello Spirito, vigilando a questo scopo con ogni perseveranza e pregando per tutti i santi,
MaoriKia pau te inoi me te tohe, me inoi i nga wa katoa i roto i te Wairua, kia mataara hoki koutou ki taua mea, me te u tonu ki te tohe mo te hunga tapu katoa;
Norwegianidet I til enhver tid beder i Ånden med all bønn og påkallelse, og er årvåkne deri med all vedholdenhet og bønn for alle de hellige,
Portuguesecom toda a oração e súplica orando em todo tempo no Espírito e, para o mesmo fim, vigiando com toda a perseverança e súplica, por todos os santos,   
RumanianFaceyi kn toatq vremea, prin Duhul, tot felul de rugqciuni wi cereri. Vegheayi la aceasta, cu toatq stqruinya, wi rugqciune pentru toyi sfinyii,
RussianчУСЛПА НПМЙФЧПА Й РТПЫЕОЙЕН НПМЙФЕУШ ЧП ЧУСЛПЕ ЧТЕНС ДХИПН, Й УФБТБКФЕУШ П УЕН УБНПН УП ЧУСЛЙН РПУФПСОУФЧПН Й НПМЕОЙЕН П ЧУЕИ УЧСФЩИ
ShuarYusa Wakaníjiai Yus áujeakrum tuke seatniuitrume. Tura tuke aneara pujustarum wake mesetsuk, tura Ashí Yus-shuar ainia nusha Yus áujtustarum.
SwahiliSalini daima, mkiomba msaada wa Mungu. Salini kila wakati kwa nguvu ya Roho. Kesheni bila kuchoka mkisali kwa ajili ya watu wote wa Mungu.
SwedishGören detta under ständig åkallan och bön, så att I alltjämt bedjen i Anden och fördenskull vaken, under ständig uthållighet och ständig bön för alla de heliga.
UmaPai' hi rala panga'e-ni mpo'ewa Magau' Anudaa' toe, mosampaya pai' mekakae oa' -koi hi Alata'ala. Hi butu nyala-na mosampaya-koi ntuku' petete' Inoha' Tomoroli'. Hi rala posampaya-ni toe, kana mojaga oa' pai' neo' lempe', neo' nibahakai mposampayai hawe'ea topepangala' hi Pue' Yesus.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Perseverance

Derivations

Words beginning with "perseverance": perseverances. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Perseverance" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: perserveance, perserverance, perseveranced, peserverance, preserverance, preseverance. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Perseverance"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "perseverance" (pronounced per'suvi"runs)
5-i" r u n sadherence, appearance, clearance, coherence, disappearance, incoherence, interference, noninterference, reappearance.
4-r u n sabhorrence, assurance, circumference, Clarence, entrance, Florence, forbearance, fragrance, hindrance, insurance, preponderance, reassurance, recalcitrance, reinsurance, remembrance, teleconference, videoconference.
3-u n sabeyance, absence, abstinence, abundance, acceptance, accordance, acquaintance, acquiescence, admirations, admittance, adolescence, affluence, allegiance, alliance, allowance, ambiance, ambience, ambivalence, ambulance, annoyance, appliance, arrogance, ascendance, assistance, attendance, audience, avoidance, balance, belligerence, beneficence, benevolence, bioscience, brilliance, cadence, capacitance, chrominance, clairvoyance, coexistence, cognizance, coincidence, coinsurance, comeuppance, competence, compliance, concurrence, condolence, conference, confidence, confluence, conformance, congruence, connivance, conscience, consequence, consistence, continuance, contrivance, convalescence, convenience, convergence, conveyance, correspondence, countenance, counterbalance, counterintelligence, credence, dalliance, decadence, Defeasance, deference, defiance, deliverance, dependence, deterrence, deviance, difference, diligence, disallowance, discontinuance, disobedience, dissidence, dissonance, distance, disturbance, divergence, dominance, ebullience, elegance, eloquence, emergence, eminence, endurance, equivalence, essence, evanescence, evidence, excellence, existence, expedience, experience, extravagance, exuberance, flamboyance, furtherance, governance, grievance, guidance, ignorance, imbalance, immanence, imminence, impatience, impedance, importance, impotence, imprudence, inadvertence, incidence, incompetence, incontinence, inconvenience, independence, indifference, inductance, indulgence, inexperience, inference, influence, inheritance, innocence, insignificance, insistence, insolence, instance, intelligence, interdependence, intolerance, intransigence, invariance, irrelevance, irreverence, issuance, jurisprudence, licence, license, luminance, luminescence, maintenance, malfeasance, negligence, neuroscience, noncompliance, nonviolence, nuisance, obedience, observance, obsolescence, occurrence, omnipotence, omnipresence, opulence, ordinance, Ordnance, overabundance, overconfidence, overdependence, overreliance, parlance, patience, penance, performance, permanence, persecutions, persistence, pestilence, petulance, phosphorescence, pittance, precedence, predominance, preeminence, preference, prescience, presence, prevalence, prominence, protuberance, provenance, Providence, province, prudence, pseudoscience, quintessence, radiance, recognizance, reconnaissance, recurrence, reemergence, reference, reinspections, relevance, reliance, reluctance, reminiscence, remittance, repentance, resemblance, residence, resilience, resistance, resonance, resurgence, reticence, reverence, riddance, science, semblance, senescence, sentence, sequence, severance, significance, silence, submergence, subservience, subsidence, subsistence, substance, surveillance, sustenance, temperance, tolerance, transcendence, transference, transience, turbulence, unbalance, utterance, Valence, variance, vehemence, vengeance, vigilance, violence, virulence.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Perseverance

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-c-e-e-e-e-n-p-r-r-s-v"

-2 letters: reverences.

-3 letters: careeners, esperance, parceners, persevere, precrease, prescreen, reverence, severance, veneerers.

-4 letters: caperers, careener, creepers, evanesce, parcener, perverse, prancers, preavers, preeners, presence, preserve, raveners, rescreen, screener, veneerer.

-5 letters: caperer, careens, careers, carpers, carvers, caserne, caverns, cravens, cravers, creaser, creeper, earners, escapee, escaper, eveners, prancer, prances, preaver, preener, prerace, ravener, reapers, reavers, recanes, reearns, repaves.

 Words containing the letters "a-c-e-e-e-e-n-p-r-r-s-v"
 

+1 letter: perseverances.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Alternative Orthography: Perseverance


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

50 65 72 73 65 76 65 72 61 6E 63 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

.--.    .    .-.    ...    .    ...-    .    .-.    .-    -.    -.-.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

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