Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Proton |
ProtonNoun1. A stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "proton" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1790. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | PROTON 1. A home computer made by Acorn Computers under a contract won from the BBC in April 1981. [Details?] 2. Something to do with Microsoft SoftLib? (1994-11-28). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Aerospace | A positively charged subatomic particle having a mass of 1.67252 X 10-24 gram, slightly less than that of a neutron but about 1836 times greater than that of an electron. (references) |
Energy | An elementary nuclear particle with a positive electric charge located in the nucleus of an atom. (references) |
Mining | An elementary particle with a single positive electrical charge and a mass approx. 1,847 times that of an electron. The atomic number of an atomequals the number of protons in its nucleus. (references) |
Physics | Elementary particle carrying the smallest charge of positive electricity and identical with the hydrogen nucleus of mass number 1. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A positively charged elementary particle. A proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. (references) | |
Solar | Solar activity levels with at least on high energy event (Class X Flares). (references) |
Space | An ion of hydrogen and one of the fundamental building blocks from which atomic nuclei are made. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In physics, the proton is a subatomic particle with a positive fundamental electric charge of 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb, a mass of 938 MeV (1.6726231 × 10-27 kg, or about 1800 times that of an electron) and a half-life of about 1033 years. The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom, H, is a single proton. The nuclei of other atoms are composed of neutrons and protons held together by the strong nuclear force. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical properties of the atom and what chemical element it is.
Protons are classified as baryons and are composed of two up quarks and one down quark, which are also held together by the strong nuclear force, mediated by gluons.
Because the electromagnetic force is many [[order of magnitude|orders of magnitude]] stronger than the gravitational force, the charge on the proton must be equal to the charge on the electron, otherwise the net repulsion of having an excess of positive or negative charge (depending on which charge was numerically greater - atoms would not be electrically neutral) would cause a noticeable expansion effect on the universe, and indeed any gravitationally aggregated matter (planets, stars, etc.). It is taken that the positron (antielectron) has the same magnitude charge as the electron but opposite in sign; the same applies for the antiproton and proton.
In chemistry and biochemistry, the term proton may refer to the hydrogen ion in aqueous solution (in other words, the hydronium ion). In this context, a proton donor is an acid and a proton acceptor a base (see acid-base reaction theories).
See also: particle physics, subatomic particle, chemistry, proton decay, neutron, proton-proton chain, proton pump inhibitor.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Based on technology from Mitsubishi, production of the first model, SAGA, began in 1985. Proton acquired the British car manufacturer Lotus Cars from Bugatti in 1996.
Proton cars are exported to countries in the Far East and Europe. An entry into the U.S. market was considered, following Hyundai's successful launch in the mid 1980s. However, exports never materialized, as the cars required hundreds of changes to meet American safety standards.
Proton currently holds a market share of over 60% in Malaysia, but stands to lose ground in 2005 when AFTA mandates reducing import tariffs to a maximum of 5%.
See also: List of automobiles
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
External link:
External Links
For the Malaysian automobile manufacturer, see Proton (car).Proton (car)
External Link
Proton (rocket)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Proton."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
PROTON | English | Prusahaan Otomobil Nasional | Transportation |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Peter, do you know how to set your proton pack on explosive overload? (The Real Ghost Busters; writing credit: Lawrence G. DiTillio; Pat Allee) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Proton Pulsator (1970) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books | |
Periodicals |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pictured is a proton beam from the brain during CT scans. Top view of proton beams entering head. Bright pink area is tumor. Beams are focused only in this area reducing harm to surrounding tissue. Credit: unknown photographer. |  | A computer generated image displays focused, positively charged atomic particles. Proton beam therapy uses protons to destroy cancer cells, rather than electrons which are used in traditional radiation therapy. See artwork: GA-17 Horizons of Cancer Research. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Proton vector magnetometer used to measure the absolute value of magnetic field. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Early use of proton precession marine magnetometer Deployment of towed magnetometer on C&GS Ship PIONEER. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Magnetic anomaly map produced on SURVEYOR Magnetic striping is readily apparent in this map of offshore California Earlier magnetic work led directly to Theory of Seafloor Spreading This map helped unravel the tectonic history of the Eastern Pacific Ocean Data acquired by towed proton precession magnetometer. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Specialized antenna array used to monitor the ATS-1 satellite. The ATS-1 was a forerunner of the GOES satellites. This antenna monitored solar proton warnings issued from sensors aboard the satellite which warned of potentially disruptive magnetic storm activity. Credit: NOAA in Space. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. | | Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. |
| Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors have been prescribed alone for years as treatments for ulcers. (references) | |
Proton pump inhibitors suppress acid production by halting the mechanism that pumps the acid into the stomach. (references) | ||
More recently, inhibitors of the proton pump (H+,K+-ATPase) in gastric parietal cells have proved to be rapidly effective and extremely potent antiulcer drugs. (references) | ||
Economic History | Russia | Much of this industry is defense-related, including production of aircraft engines, Proton rockets, and space control systems. (references) |
Malaysia | Proton (Malaysia's first national car) had the largest share at 21%, followed by Toyota at 16%, and then Izuzu, Mitsubishi and Perodua (Malaysia's second national car). (references) | |
Malaysia | Largely as a result of this protection, Proton is the number one brand of car in Malaysia, where it commands a market share of roughly 70%. According to an automotive industry report, the combined new vehicle sales in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand totaled 144,579 units in the first two months of 2001, up from 121,384 units a year ago. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Proton" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.76% of the time. "Proton" is used about 191 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 94.76% | 181 | 22,953 |
| Noun (proper) | 5.24% | 10 | 111,207 |
| Total | 100.00% | 191 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Proton Energy Systems, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "proton": negative proton ♦ proton absorptive capacity ♦ proton accelerator ♦ proton magnetic resonance ♦ proton number ♦ Proton Pump ♦ Proton Pump Inhibitors ♦ proton uptake capacity ♦ solar proton event. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "proton": proton-antiproton, proton-detected, proton-deuteron, Proton-Motive, Proton-Motive Force, proton-neutron, Proton-neutron-electron, proton-proton. | |
Ending with "proton": electron-proton, inter-proton, proton-proton. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
proton | 583 | proton sutra | 14 |
edar proton | 107 | club proton | 14 |
proton pump inhibitor | 79 | proton putra | 14 |
proton car | 67 | proton energy system | 13 |
proton waja | 67 | diesel proton | 12 |
malaysia proton | 60 | car new proton | 12 |
proton wira | 54 | proton neutrons and electron | 12 |
proton sutera | 54 | kr proton | 12 |
perdana proton | 50 | proton satria gti | 12 |
proton satria | 32 | proton energy | 11 |
perdana proton v6 | 30 | pack proton | 11 |
part proton | 26 | new proton | 11 |
proton saga | 21 | mass proton | 11 |
proton exchange membrane | 20 | proton pump | 9 |
proton therapy | 18 | eon proton | 9 |
iswara proton | 16 | proton and electron | 9 |
proton radio | 16 | discovery proton | 9 |
new perdana proton v6 | 16 | diesel proton shoes | 8 |
new perdana proton | 15 | proton and neutrons | 8 |
model new proton | 14 | proton magnetometer | 8 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "proton"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | بروتون كهرباء. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | протон. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 氢 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | protono. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | protoni. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | proton. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πρωτόνιο. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | פרוטון. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | proton, hidrogénion. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | protone. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 陽子 , プロテスタント教会 (produce, producer, producer system, protest, protest song, Protestant Church, protoactinium, protocol, protoplast, prototype, prototyping). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | プロトン , ようし (adopted child, appearance, blank form, essentials, figure, fundamentals, gist, paper manufactured in the Western manner, premature death, son-in-law, summary). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 양성자. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | protane. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | otonpray protão, próton. (various references) antiproton (negative proton). (various references) протон (protron). (various references) proton. (various references) protón. (various references) proton. (various references) proton. (various references) протон. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "proton": protonate, protonated, protonates, protonating, protonation, protonations, protonema, protonemal, protonemata, protonematal, protonic, protonotaries, protonotary, protons. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "proton": antiproton. (additional references) | |
Words containing "proton": antiprotons. (additional references) | |
| |
"Proton" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Oporton, paroon, Periton, Perotin, piriton, portan, portin, Portnov, porto, Portoroz, Poton, Powton, Pranon, prato, Preto, priton, Procol, procon, procton, Prodhon, Prokop, proktos, proon, proson, Prota, protane, Proteo, proteqn, protic, protin, protion, protob, protoc, protron, Protta, prouten, Prozone, prytany, Rootbont, roton, Trotton. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "proton" (pronounced prō"tÄ'n) |
| 4 | -ō" t Ä' n | photon. |
| 3 | -t Ä' n | automaton. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: pronto. | |
| Words within the letters "n-o-o-p-r-t" | |
-1 letter: porno, troop. | |
-2 letters: onto, poon, poor, porn, port, root, roto, toon, torn, toro, trop. | |
-3 letters: noo, nor, not, oot, opt, ort, pot, pro, rot, ton, too, top, tor. | |
-4 letters: no, on, op, or, to. | |
| Words containing the letters "n-o-o-p-r-t" | |
+1 letter: patroon, portion, pronota, protons. | |
+2 letters: copatron, hornpout, moonport, patroons, pinkroot, pliotron, poltroon, portions, positron, pronator, pronotum, protonic, sorption, trooping, troponin. | |
+3 letters: apportion, copatrons, corposant, entoproct, entropion, footprint, hoofprint, hornpouts, inotropic, moonports, nonprofit, operation, opportune, pinkroots, pliotrons, poltroons, portioned, positrons, postponer, pourpoint, prenotion, probation, promoting, promotion, pronation, pronators, proponent, proration, protonate, protonema, protozoan, protozoon, sorptions, stonecrop, troponins, uprooting. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Sounds 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Names: Company Usage 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Abbreviations 14. Acronyms 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
