Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Polymer |
PolymerNoun1. Naturally occurring or synthetic; consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "polymer" was first used: 1866. (references) |
Note: Polymer \Pol"y*mer\, noun. [See Polymeric.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Archeological | A chemical compound or mixture of compounds (like or unlike) formed of repeating structural units. All plastics are polymers. (references) |
Environment | A natural or synthetic chemical structure where two or more like molecules are joined to form a more complex molecular structure (e.g. polyethylene in plastic). (references) |
Mining | A. A compound formed by the union of two or more molecules of the same simple substance b. In the plural use, compounds identical in composition but which vary in molecular weight, such as ethylene (ethene), Ch2 :Ch2 ; propylene (propene), CH3 CH:CH2 ; and butylene (butene), CH3 CH2 CH:CH2. (references) |
Public Administration | Substance, the molecule of which consists of one or more structural units, mers, repeated any number of times. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A polymer is a long, repeating organic chain, formed through the linkage of many identical smaller molecules called monomers. Being organic, polymers must contain the element carbon.
The term polymer covers a large, diverse group of molecules, including substances from proteins to high-strength kevlar fibres. A key feature that distinguishes polymers from other large molecules is the repetition of units of atoms (monomers) in their chains. This occurs during polymerization, in which many identical monomer molecules link to each other. For example, the formation of polyethene involves thousands of ethene molecules bonding together to form a chain of repeating -CH2- units:
Polymers are often named in terms of their monomer units, for example polyethylene is represented by:
Because polymers are distinguished by their constituent monomers, polymer chains within a substance are often not of equal length. This is unlike other molecules in which every atom is acounted for, each molecule having a set molecular mass. Differing chain lengths occur because polymer chains terminate during polymerization after random intervals of chain lengthening (propagation).
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. From a dozen to some hundred of the (about) twenty different monomers form the chain, the sequence of monomers determining the shape and activity of the final protein. But there are active regions, surrounded by, as is believed now (Aug 2003), structural regions, whose sole role is to expose the active region(s) (there may be more than one on a given protein). So the absolute sequence of amino acids is not important, as long as the active regions are expressed (being accessible from the outside) properly. Also, whereas the formation of polyethylene occurs spontaneously given the right conditions, the manufacture of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids requires the help of catalysts (substances that facilitate or accelerate reactions.) Since the 1950s, catalysts have also revolutionised the development of synthetic polymers. By allowing more careful control over polymerization reactions, polymers with new properties, such as the ability to emit coloured light, have been manufactured.
The attractive forces between polymer chains play a large part in determining a polymer's properties. Because polymer chains are so long, these interchain forces are amplified far beyond the attractions between conventional molecules. Also, longer chains are more amorphous (randomly oriented). Polymers can be visualised as tangled spaghetti chains - pulling any one spaghetti strand out is a lot harder the more tangled the chains are. These stronger forces typically result in high tensile strength and melting points.
The intermolecular forces in polymers are determined by dipoles in the monomer units. Polymers containing amide groups can form hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains; the positive hydrogen atoms in N-H groups of one chain are strongly attracted to the oxygen atoms in C=O groups on another. These strong hydrogen bonds result in, for example, the high tensile strength and melting point of kevlar. Polyesters have dipole-dipole bonding between the oxygen atoms in C=O groups and the hydrogens in H-C groups. Dipole bonding is not as strong as hydrogen bonding, so ethene's melting point and strength are lower than kevlar's, but polyesters have greater flexibility.
Ethene, however, has no permanent dipole. The attractive forces between polyethylene chains arise from weak van der Waals forces. Molecules can be thought of as being surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons. As two polymer chains approach, their electron clouds repel one another. This has the effect of lowering the electron density on one side of a polymer chain, creating a slight positive dipole on this side. This charge is enough to actually attract the second polymer chain. Van der Waals forces are quite weak, however, so polyethene melts at low temperatures.
During the propagation of polymer chains, branching can occur. In radical polymerization, this is when a chain curls back and bonds to an earlier part of the chain. When this curl breaks, it leaves small chains sprouting from the main carbon backbone. Branched carbon chains cannot line up as close to each other as unbranched chains can. This causes less contact between atoms of different chains, and fewer opportunities for induced or permanent dipoles to occur. A low density results from the chains being further apart. Lower melting points and tensile strengths are evident, because the intermolecular bonds are weaker and require less energy to break.
Stereoregularity or tacticity describes the isomeric arrangement of functional groups on the backbone of carbon chains. Isotactic chains are defined as having methyl groups aligned in one direction. This enables them to line up close to each other, creating crystalline areas and resulting in highly rigid polymers.
In contrast, atactic chains have randomly aligned methyl groups. The chains do not fit together well and the intermolecular forces are low. This leads to a low density and tensile strength, but a high degree of flexibility.
Syndiotactic methyl groups alternate regularly in opposite directions. because of this regularity, syndiotactic chains can position themselves close to each, though not as close as isotactic polymers. Syndiotactic polymers have better impact strength than isotactic polymers because of the higher flexibility resulting from their weaker intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces
Branching
Stereoregularity
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polymer."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| POST | English | Polymer science and technology | Chemistry |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Resin | Artificial resin, polymer; ion-exchange resin, cation-exchange resin, anion exchange resin, water softener, Amberlite, Dowex, Diaion. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Electricians from the 49th Civil Engineer Squadron's Exterior Electric Shop, Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., replace outdated utility-pole cross arms. The airmen are replacing the old T-arms with more stable and efficient polymer arms. Phillip Trujillo, 49. |  | Osmotic stress can be generated even when no semipermeable membrane is present to define the subphase. This happens when there are regions of steric exclusion of the stressing polymer. Every region of steric exclusion feels the osmotic stress generated by the excluded polymer. Credit: NICHD. |
 | Direct application of osmotic stress through equilibration with a stressing polymer can sometimes be circumvented through vapour pressure equilibration. This method of generating osmotic stress is especially usefull at high osmotic pressures. Credit: NICHD. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The composition of the hemodialyzer membrane may be a factor in establishing urea clearance goals, i.e., biocompatible polymer membranes such as polysulfones, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethylmethacrylate have permeability characteristics different from cellulosic membranes. (references) | |
Some of these problems have been lessened by the use of bicarbonate rather than acetate dialysis solutions, by longer dialysis periods with lower rates of ultrafiltration, with the use of synthetic polymer dialysis membranes that are more biocompatible, and perhaps by reuse of these membranes. (references) | ||
Some evidence indicates that amyloidosis is a lesser problem in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes than in those with cellulosic membranes, perhaps because of both decreased release of the protein from macrophages and from partial removal of the protein during dialysis by filtration or binding with some synthetic polymer membranes. (references) | ||
Economic History | Saudi Arabia | The Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), the parastatal petrochemical company, is expanding capacities at its basic, intermediate, and polymer production plants and also investing in new facilities. (references) |
South Africa | Some 2,300 chemical operations in South Africa focus predominantly on basic upstream chemical manufacturing and downstream formulation and polymer conversion. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Polymer" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.55% of the time. "Polymer" is used about 672 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.55% | 669 | 9,834 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.45% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 672 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Canada | Intertape Polymer Group Incorporated | Japan | Heisei Polymer Co., Ltd. |
| Taiwan | Asia Polymer Co., Ltd. | USA | Planet Polymer Technologies, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "polymer": crosslinked polymer ♦ high polymer ♦ polymer film ♦ polymer fume fever ♦ polymer tape ♦ silicone polymer ♦ stereospecific polymer ♦ TPX polymer ♦ vinyl polymer. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "polymer": polymer-ceramic, polymer-coated, polymer-composite, polymer-diluent, polymer-liquid, polymer-modified, polymer-polymer, polymer-reinforced, polymer-solvent, polymer-tar. | |
Ending with "polymer": solvent-polymer. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "polymer"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | polimer. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | بوليمر مركب كيميائي. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | полимер. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 聚合物 (Polymeric). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | polymer. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | polymer. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | polymeer. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | polymerointibensiini (polygasoline, poly-gasoline, polymer gasoline, polymerized gas), polymeeriterva (polymer-tar), polymeerikalvo (polymer film), pääketjullinen polymeeri (backboned polymer), tähtipolymeeri (star polymer), stereospesifinen polymeeri (stereospecific polymer), silloitettu polymeeri (crosslinked polymer), kiinteä polymeerielektrolyytti (Solid Polymer Electrolyte), haarapolymeeri (branched polymer), elopolymeeri (living polymer), elävä polymeeri (living polymer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | polymère (high polymer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Polymer (polymeric). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πολυμερέσ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | polimer (polymeric). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | polimero. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 高分子物質 (macromolecular substance), ポリシーに固執 (adherence to a policy, police, police academy, police court, polish remover, political apathy, political fiction, politician, politics, pollution, polycentrism, polyethylene bathtub, polyethylene bucket, polymorphism, Polynesia, polypharmacy, polyphony, polypropylene, polystyrene, polystyrol, township). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ポリマー , "うぶ"しぶっしつ (macromolecular substance). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 중합체. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | olymerpay polímero (polymeric), sábio (learned, sagacious, sage, sapient, savant, scholar, scholarly, sensible, wise). (various references) polimer (polymeric). (various references) полимер. (various references) polimer. (various references) polímero. (various references) polymer (polymeric). (various references) polimer. (various references) полімер. (various references) polime. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | polymeres. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "polymer": polymerase, polymerases, polymeric, polymerisation, polymerisations, polymerise, polymerised, polymerises, polymerising, polymerism, polymerisms, polymerization, polymerizations, polymerize, polymerized, polymerizes, polymerizing, polymers. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "polymer": biopolymer, copolymer, homopolymer, photopolymer, terpolymer. (additional references) | |
Words containing "polymer": biopolymers, copolymeric, copolymerization, copolymerizations, copolymerize, copolymerized, copolymerizes, copolymerizing, copolymers, depolymerization, depolymerizations, depolymerize, depolymerized, depolymerizes, depolymerizing, homopolymeric, homopolymers, photopolymers, terpolymers. (additional references) | |
| |
"Polymer" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Paymer, ployer, ploymer, polenier, polimer, polimes, Pollmair, Polmer, polyamer, Polybe, polym, Polymax, polymere, polymes, polymin, polymix, polyner, Polynes, polynya, polyoma, purleymen, Volmer. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "polymer" (pronounced pÄ"lumer) |
| 3 | -u m er | astronomer, customer, dulcimer, elastomer, gossamer, isomer, latecomer, Lorimer, monomer. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-l-m-o-p-r-y" | |
-1 letter: employ, mopery. | |
-2 letters: loper, moper, mopey, morel, myope, plyer, poler, proem, prole, reply, ropey. | |
-3 letters: elmy, lope, lore, lory, lyre, merl, mole, moly, mope, mopy, more, omer, orle, oyer, perm, ploy, poem, pole, poly, pome, pore, prey, prom, pyre, rely, repo, role, romp, rope, ropy, yelp, ylem, yore. | |
-4 letters: elm, ley, lop, lye, mel. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-l-m-o-p-r-y" | |
+1 letter: employer, polymers, reemploy. | |
+2 letters: copolymer, employers, micropyle, polymeric, reemploys. | |
+3 letters: biopolymer, copolymers, hypodermal, improperly, lampoonery, micropyles, oversimply, plyometric, polychrome, polymerase, polymerise, polymerism, polymerize, poultrymen, propylaeum, protoxylem, reemployed, temporally, terpolymer. | |
+4 letters: biopolymers, copolymeric, homopolymer, hypothermal, imperiously, importunely, plyometrics, polarimetry, polychromed, polychromes, polymerases, polymerised, polymerises, polymerisms, polymerized, polymerizes, prominently, proselytism, protoxylems, proximately, reemploying, temporality, temporarily, terpolymers. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 6F 6C 79 6D 65 72 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. --- .-.. -.--. -- . .-. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01101111 01101100 01111001 01101101 01100101 01110010 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P o l y m e r |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 006F 006C 0079 006D 0065 0072 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)50817891797184 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Albanian | fjalor, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, transmetim, transferim | shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanialainen, Albanais, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, albán, albanese, 알"니아, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець |
Arabic | معجم, قاموس, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان | arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arabialainen, arabe, arabisch, αραβικόσ, arab, arabo, 아라비아, arabic, арабский, arapski, árabe, arabisk, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập |
Bulgarian | речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, превод | bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, български, български език, българин, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarialainen, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri |
Chinese | 字典 , 定義 , 定义, 翻译 | kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, китайски, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kiinalainen, Chinois, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, chinês, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць |
Czech | slovník, definice, překlad | çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, чешки, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc |
Danish | ordbog, deskriptordefinition, oversættelse | danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, tanskalainen, danois, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, dán, danese, 덴마크, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch |
Dutch | woordenboek, definitie, translatie | holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollantilainen, néerlandais, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holland, olandese, 네덜란", holandês, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, holländsk, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã" |
Finnish | määritelmä, translaatio, taajuusmuutos | finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, finn, finlandese, 핀란", finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan |
French | dictionnaire, définition, traduction | frëngjishte, frëng, franceze, اللغة الفرنسية, فرنسي, الشعب الفرنسي, френски език, френски, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzský, francouzština, ranskalainen, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, francia, francese, フレコン化 , 仏文 , フランス" , 仏 , ふつぶ", ふつ, フレンチ , フランセ , "랑스, francês, francezii, franţuzesc, francezã, francez, franţuzeşte, французский, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький |
German | Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definition | gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, المانية, германски, немски език, немски, немец, роден, готически, германец, 德语, 德國 , 德文 , 德語 , nìmec, nìmecký, tysker, Duitse, saksalainen, allemand, "ερμανός, német, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, alemão, neamţ, немецкий, germanski, alemán, tysk, alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister |
Greek | λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση | يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, الإغريقي, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, 希腊语, 希臘語 , řek, řecký, řeètina, græker, kreikkalainen, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, görög, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, grego, greacã, греческий, грек, grčki, grk, grčki jezik, griego, grek, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, kẻ lừa đảo, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm |
Hungarian | szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás | مجري, المجري, الهنغاري, هنغاري, اللغة الهنغارية, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, 匈牙利语, 匈牙利語 , maïarský, maïarština, maïar, ungarer, Hongaarse, unkarilainen, hongrois, Ungar, Ούγγρος, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, unguresc, limba ungarã, limba maghiarã, ungureşte, ungur, maghiar, венгр, венгерский, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ungrare, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | الإيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, إيطالي, شخص إيطالي, италиански език, италиански, италианец, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italský, italština, ital, italiener, italialainen, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, olasz, italiano, 이탈리아, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, italianã, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, italiensk, italienska, italienare, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка |
Japanese Kanji | 辭典 , 辞典 , 字引 , 辞林 , 字書 , ディーゼル電気車 , 言海 , 辞彙 , 辞書 , 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , 翻訳 | japonez, يابانية, ياباني, اليابانية, اللغة اليابانية, японски език, японци, японски, 日語 , 日语, 日本 , 日文 , 倭 , japonský, japanilainen, Japonais, japaner, japanisch, ιαπωνικόσ, Ιάπωνας· "ιαπωνέζος, ιάπωνεσ, ιάπων, ιαπωνικά, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", 일본, japonês, japonezã, японский, японец, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, japansk, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець, người Nhật bản tiếng Nhật bản |
Japanese Katakana | じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, へい"ういどう, やくじゅつ, トランスレーション , やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, ほ"やくしょ | japonez, يابانية, ياباني, اليابانية, اللغة اليابانية, японски език, японци, японски, 日語 , 日语, 日本 , 日文 , 倭 , japonský, japanilainen, Japonais, japaner, japanisch, ιαπωνικόσ, Ιάπωνας· "ιαπωνέζος, ιάπωνεσ, ιάπων, ιαπωνικά, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", 일본, japonês, japonezã, японский, японец, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, japansk, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець, người Nhật bản tiếng Nhật bản |
Korean | 사 , 의, 번역 | korean, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري شمالي, كوري, корейски език, корейски, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejec, korejština, korejský, Koreaans, coréen, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτικοσ, κορεάτησ, koreai, 한국, coréia, a língua coreana, limba coreeanã, coreean, кореец, корейский, korejski, korejski jezik, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên |
Portuguese | dicionário, definição, tradução | portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски, португалски език, португалец, 葡萄牙語 , 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙语, portugalský, portugiser, portugalilainen, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalac, portugalski, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, португальський, португальська мова, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha |
Romanian | dicţionar, definiţie, determinare, definire, translaţie, traducere, tãlmãcire | rumun, румънски език, румънски, румънец, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, romanialainen, Roumain, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, romeno, român, румынский, румын, rumunski jezik, rumunski, rumano, rumänsk, румунський, румунка, румунська мова, румун |
Russian | словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение | روسي, اللغة الروسية, الروسية, руски език, руски, руснак, 俄語 , 俄文 , 俄语, ruština, ruský, russer, venäläinen, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, orosz, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, русский, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, ryss, Rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga |
Serbo-Croatian | leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenje | 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, 西班牙語 , 西班牙文 , 西班牙语, španìlský, španìlština, Spaans, espanjalainen, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, spanyol, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, espanhol, spaniol, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, испанский, španski, španski jezik, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова |
Swedish | ordbok, lexikon, översättning | suedez, اللغة السويدية, шведски, шведски език, швед, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, ruotsalainen, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển |
Turkish | sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme | turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, турски език, турски, 土耳其語 , 土耳其, turecký, tureètina, turkkilainen, turque, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, török, turcesc, turc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ |
Ukrainian | словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення | ukrainisht, ukrainas, أوكراني أحد أبناء أوكرانيا, الأوكراني, украинец, украински език, 乌克兰, ukrajinec, ukrajinština, ukrajinský, ukrajinka, Oekraïens, ukrainalainen, ukrainien, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ukrán, ucraino, ucraniano, ucrainean, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukrainare, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець, người U-kren tiếng U-kren |
Vietnamese | có tính chất sách vở, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích | vietnamisht, vietnamez, виетнамски език, виетнамски, 越南語 , 越南语, 越南 , vietnamec, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamština, vietnameser, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, vietnamesin, vietnamesisch, vietnamese, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", 트남, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, vietnam, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, الإنجليزية, الأنكليزي, إنكليزي, ترجمة إنكليزية, اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, 英语, 英國 , 英文 , 英 , 英語 , anglicky, englantia, englantilainen, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, angol, inglese, 영국, inglês, englezesc, английский, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, engelsk, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Photo Album | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Names: Company Usage 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Translations: Ancient 12. Abbreviations | 13. Acronyms 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Orthography 18. Bibliography |
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