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Definition: Pharaoh |
PharaohNoun1. The title of the ancient Egyptian kings. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Pharaoh" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "that disperses", "that spoils". |
Date "Pharaoh" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Bible | Pharaoh the official title borne by the Egyptian kings down to the time when that country was conquered by the Greeks. (See EGYPT.) The name is a compound, as some think, of the words Ra, the "sun" or "sun-god," and the article phe, "the," prefixed; hence phera, "the sun," or "the sun-god." But others, perhaps more correctly, think the name derived from Perao, "the great house" = his majesty = in Turkish, "the Sublime Porte." (1.) The Pharaoh who was on the throne when Abram went down into Egypt (Gen. 12:10-20) was probably one of the Hyksos, or "shepherd kings." The Egyptians called the nomad tribes of Syria Shasu, "plunderers," their king or chief Hyk, and hence the name of those invaders who conquered the native kings and established a strong government, with Zoan or Tanis as their capital. They were of Semitic origin, and of kindred blood accordingly with Abram. They were probably driven forward by the pressure of the Hittites. The name they bear on the monuments is "Mentiu." (2.) The Pharaoh of Joseph's days (Gen. 41) was probably Apopi, or Apopis, the last of the Hyksos kings. To the old native Egyptians, who were an African race, shepherds were "an abomination;" but to the Hyksos kings these Asiatic shepherds who now appeared with Jacob at their head were congenial, and being akin to their own race, had a warm welcome (Gen. 47:5, 6). Some argue that Joseph came to Egypt in the reign of Thothmes III., long after the expulsion of the Hyksos, and that his influence is to be seen in the rise and progress of the religious revolution in the direction of monotheism which characterized the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The wife of Amenophis III., of that dynasty, was a Semite. Is this singular fact to be explained from the presence of some of Joseph's kindred at the Egyptian court? Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: the land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell" (Gen. 47:5, 6). (3.) The "new king who knew not Joseph" (Ex. 1:8-22) has been generally supposed to have been Aahmes I., or Amosis, as he is called by Josephus. Recent discoveries, however, have led to the conclusion that Seti was the "new king." For about seventy years the Hebrews in Egypt were under the powerful protection of Joseph. After his death their condition was probably very slowly and gradually changed. The invaders, the Hyksos, who for some five centuries had been masters of Egypt, were driven out, and the old dynasty restored. The Israelites now began to be looked down upon. They began to be afflicted and tyrannized over. In process of time a change appears to have taken place in the government of Egypt. A new dynasty, the Nineteenth, as it is called, came into power under Seti I., who was its founder. He associated with him in his government his son, Rameses II., when he was yet young, probably ten or twelve years of age. Note, Professor Maspero, keeper of the museum of Bulak, near Cairo, had his attention in 1870 directed to the fact that scarabs, i.e., stone and metal imitations of the beetle (symbols of immortality), originally worn as amulets by royal personages, which were evidently genuine relics of the time of the ancient Pharaohs, were being sold at Thebes and different places along the Nile. This led him to suspect that some hitherto undiscovered burial-place of the Pharaohs had been opened, and that these and other relics, now secretly sold, were a part of the treasure found there. For a long time he failed, with all his ingenuity, to find the source of these rare treasures. At length one of those in the secret volunteered to give information regarding this burial-place. The result was that a party was conducted in 1881 to Dier el-Bahari, near Thebes, when the wonderful discovery was made of thirty-six mummies of kings, queens, princes, and high priests hidden away in a cavern prepared for them, where they had lain undisturbed for thirty centuries. "The temple of Deir el-Bahari stands in the middle of a natural amphitheatre of cliffs, which is only one of a number of smaller amphitheatres into which the limestone mountains of the tombs are broken up. In the wall of rock separating this basin from the one next to it some ancient Egyptian engineers had constructed the hiding-place, whose secret had been kept for nearly three thousand years." The exploring party being guided to the place, found behind a great rock a shaft 6 feet square and about 40 feet deep, sunk into the limestone. At the bottom of this a passage led westward for 25 feet, and then turned sharply northward into the very heart of the mountain, where in a chamber 23 feet by 13, and 6 feet in height, they came upon the wonderful treasures of antiquity. The mummies were all carefully secured and brought down to Bulak, where they were deposited in the royal museum, which has now been removed to Ghizeh. Among the most notable of the ancient kings of Egypt thus discovered were Thothmes III., Seti I., and Rameses II. Thothmes III. was the most distinguished monarch of the brilliant Eighteenth Dynasty. When this mummy was unwound "once more, after an interval of thirty-six centuries, human eyes gazed on the features of the man who had conquered Syria and Cyprus and Ethiopia, and had raised Egypt to the highest pinnacle of her power. The spectacle, however, was of brief duration. The remains proved to be in so fragile a state that there was only time to take a hasty photograph, and then the features crumbled to pieces and vanished like an apparition, and so passed away from human view for ever." "It seems strange that though the body of this man," who overran Palestine with his armies two hundred years before the birth of Moses, "mouldered to dust, the flowers with which it had been wreathed were so wonderfully preserved that even their colour could be distinguished" (Manning's Land of the Pharaohs). Seti I. (his throne name Merenptah), the father of Rameses II., was a great and successful warrior, also a great builder. The mummy of this Pharaoh, when unrolled, brought to view "the most beautiful mummy head ever seen within the walls of the museum. The sculptors of Thebes and Abydos did not flatter this Pharaoh when they gave him that delicate, sweet, and smiling profile which is the admiration of travellers. After a lapse of thirty-two centuries, the mummy retains the same expression which characterized the features of the living man. Most remarkable of all, when compared with the mummy of Rameses II., is the striking resemblance between the father and the son. Seti I. is, as it were, the idealized type of Rameses II. He must have died at an advanced age. The head is shaven, the eyebrows are white, the condition of the body points to considerably more than threescore years of life, thus confirming the opinions of the learned, who have attributed a long reign to this king." (4.) Rameses II., the son of Seti I., is probably the Pharaoh of the Oppression. During his forty years' residence at the court of Egypt, Moses must have known this ruler well. During his sojourn in Midian, however, Rameses died, after a reign of sixty-seven years, and his body embalmed and laid in the royal sepulchre in the Valley of the Tombs of Kings beside that of his father. Like the other mummies found hidden in the cave of Deir el-Bahari, it had been for some reason removed from its original tomb, and probably carried from place to place till finally deposited in the cave where it was so recently discovered. In 1886, the mummy of this king, the "great Rameses," the "Sesostris" of the Greeks, was unwound, and showed the body of what must have been a robust old man. The features revealed to view are thus described by Maspero: "The head is long and small in proportion to the body. The top of the skull is quite bare. On the temple there are a few sparse hairs, but at the poll the hair is quite thick, forming smooth, straight locks about two inches in length. White at the time of death, they have been dyed a light yellow by the spices used in embalmment. The forehead is low and narrow; the brow-ridge prominent; the eye-brows are thick and white; the eyes are small and close together; the nose is long, thin, arched like the noses of the Bourbons; the temples are sunk; the cheek-bones very prominent; the ears round, standing far out from the head, and pierced, like those of a woman, for the wearing of earrings; the jaw-bone is massive and strong; the chin very prominent; the mouth small, but thick-lipped; the teeth worn and very brittle, but white and well preserved. The moustache and beard are thin. They seem to have been kept shaven during life, but were probably allowed to grow during the king's last illness, or they may have grown after death. The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows, but are harsh and bristly, and a tenth of an inch in length. The skin is of an earthy-brown, streaked with black. Finally, it may be said, the face of the mummy gives a fair idea of the face of the living king. The expression is unintellectual, perhaps slightly animal; but even under the somewhat grotesque disguise of mummification there is plainly to be seen an air of sovereign majesty, of resolve, and of pride." Both on his father's and his mother's side it has been pretty clearly shown that Rameses had Chaldean or Mesopotamian blood in his veins to such a degree that he might be called an Assyrian. This fact is thought to throw light on Isa. 52:4. (5.) The Pharaoh of the Exodus was probably Menephtah I., the fourteenth and eldest surviving son of Rameses II. He resided at Zoan, where he had the various interviews with Moses and Aaron recorded in the book of Exodus. His mummy was not among those found at Deir el-Bahari. It is still a question, however, whether Seti II. or his father Menephtah was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Some think the balance of evidence to be in favour of the former, whose reign it is known began peacefully, but came to a sudden and disastrous end. The "Harris papyrus," found at Medinet-Abou in Upper Egypt in 1856, a state document written by Rameses III., the second king of the Twentieth Dynasty, gives at length an account of a great exodus from Egypt, followed by wide-spread confusion and anarchy. This, there is great reason to believe, was the Hebrew exodus, with which the Nineteenth Dynasty of the Pharaohs came to an end. This period of anarchy was brought to a close by Setnekht, the founder of the Twentieth Dynasty. "In the spring of 1896, Professor Flinders Petrie discovered, among the ruins of the temple of Menephtah at Thebes, a large granite stela, on which is engraved a hymn of victory commemorating the defeat of Libyan invaders who had overrun the Delta. At the end other victories of Menephtah are glanced at, and it is said that 'the Israelites (I-s-y-r-a-e-l-u) are minished (?) so that they have no seed.' Menephtah was son and successor of Rameses II., the builder of Pithom, and Egyptian scholars have long seen in him the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The Exodus is also placed in his reign by the Egyptian legend of the event preserved by the historian Manetho. In the inscription the name of the Israelites has no determinative of 'country' or 'district' attached to it, as is the case with all the other names (Canaan, Ashkelon, Gezer, Khar or Southern Palestine, etc.) mentioned along with it, and it would therefore appear that at the time the hymn was composed, the Israelites had already been lost to the sight of the Egyptians in the desert. At all events they must have had as yet no fixed home or district of their own. We may therefore see in the reference to them the Pharaoh's version of the Exodus, the disasters which befell the Egyptians being naturally passed over in silence, and only the destruction of the 'men children' of the Israelites being recorded. The statement of the Egyptian poet is a remarkable parallel to Ex. 1:10-22." (6.) The Pharaoh of 1 Kings 11:18-22. (7.) So, king of Egypt (2 Kings 17:4). (8.) The Pharaoh of 1 Chr. 4:18. (9.) Pharaoh, whose daughter Solomon married (1 Kings 3:1; 7:8). (10.) Pharaoh, in whom Hezekiah put his trust in his war against Sennacherib (2 Kings 18:21). (11.) The Pharaoh by whom Josiah was defeated and slain at Megiddo (2 Chr. 35:20-24; 2 Kings 23:29, 30). (See NECHO.) (12.) Pharaoh-hophra, who in vain sought to relieve Jerusalem when it was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar (q.v.), 2 Kings 25:1-4; comp. Jer. 37:5-8; Ezek. 17:11-13. (See ZEDEKIAH.). Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Biographical Satire | PHARAOH, of Egypt. Benefactor of Moses and Joseph. Was also the father of Pharaoh's daughter. Built a few pyramids, cigarette factories, and made a handsome mummy. Source: Who was Who: 5000BC - 1914. |
Literature | Pharaoh (2 syl.). The king. It is the Coptic article P and the word oure (king). There are eleven of this title mentioned in Holy Scripture:- I. Before Solomon's time. (1) The Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham (Gen. xii. 25). (2) The good Pharaoh who advanced Joseph (Gen. xli.). (3) The Pharaoh who `knew not Joseph" (Exod. i. 8). (4) The Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea (Exod. siv. 28); said to be Menephthes or Meneptah, son of Rameses II. (5) The Pharaoh that protected Hadad (1 Kings xi. 19). (6) The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon married (1 Kings iii. 1; ix. 16). Ii. After Solomon's time. (7) Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against Rehoboam (1. Kings xiv. 25, 26). (8) Pharaoh Shabakok, or "So," with whom Hoshea made an alliance (2 Kings xvii. 4). (9) The Pharaoh that made a leagua with Hezekiah against Sennacherib, called Tirbakah (2 Kings xviii. 20; xix. 9). (10) Pharaoh Necho, who warred against Josiah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.). (11) Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zedekiah (Jer. xliv. 30); said to be Apries, who was strangled B.C. 570. (See King.) After Solomon's time the titular word Pharaoh is joined to a proper name. Iii. Other Pharaohs of historic note. (1) Cheops or Suphis I. (Dynasty IV.), who built the great pyramid. (2) Cephrenes or Suphis II., his brother, who built the second pyramid. (3) Mencheres, his successor, who built the most beautiful pyramid of the three. (4) Memnon or A-menophis III. (Dynasty XVIII.), whose musical statue is so celebrated. (5) Sethos I., the Great (Dynasty XIX.), whose tomb was discovered by Belzoni. (6) Sethos II., called Proteus (Dynasty XIX.), who detained Helen and Paris in Egypt. (7) Phuoris or Thuoris, who sent aid to Priam in the siege of Troy. (8) Rampsinitus or Rameses Neter, the miser (Dynasty XX.), mentioned by Herodotos. (9) Osorthon IV. or Osorkon (Dynasty XXIII.), the Egyptian Hercules. Pharaoh in Dryden's satire of Absalom and Achitophel, means Louis XIV. of France. "If Pharaoh's doubtful succour he [Charles II.] should use, A foreign aid would more incense the Jews [English nation]." Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Slang in 1811 | PHARAOH. Strong malt liquor. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Pharaoh is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. See History of Egypt. See also monarch. The term derives from the words pr-o, meaning Great House. It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.
NB: the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. What is presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one. See also: Egyptian chronology, Conventional Egyptian chronology.
Name Comments Dates Tiu - ? Thesh - ? Hsekiu - ? Wazner - c. 3050 ?
Name Comments Dates Ro - ? "Scorpion of Egypt" - c. 3150 Narmer - c. 3050
Name Comments Dates Hor-Aha Menes in earlier lists c. 3050 BCE Djer - 57 years Merneith Regent for Djet - Djet - - Den - 14 to 20 years Anedjib - 26 years Semerkhet - 9 to 18 years Qa'a - 2916 ?-2890
Name Comments Dates Hotepsekhemwy - 2890- ? Raneb - 39 years Nynetjer - 47 years Seth-Peribsen - 17 years Khasekhemy - ? -2686
Name Comments Dates Sanakhte - 2686-2668 Djoser Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep 2668-2649 Sekhemkhet - 2649-2643 Khaba - 2643-2637 Huni - 2637-2613
Name Comments Dates Sneferu Built two pyramids, incl. the "bent pyramid" 2613-2589 Khufu (Cheops) Commissioned one of the Great Pyramids at Giza 2589-2566 Djedefre - 2566-2558 Khafre (Chephren) - 2558-2532 Menkaure (Mycerinus) - 2532-2504 Shepseskaf - 2504-2500 Dedefptah - 2500-2498
Name Comments Dates Userkaf - 2498-2491 Sahure - 2487-2477 Neferirkare Kakai - 2477-2467 Shepseskare Isi - 2467-2460 Neferefre - 2460-2453 Nyuserre Ini - 2453-2422 Menkauhor Kaiu - 2422-2414 Djedkare Isesi - 2414-2375 Unas - 2375-2345
Name Comments Dates Teti - 2345-2333 Userkare - 2333-2332 Pepi I Meryre - 2332-2283 Merenre Nemtyemsaf - 2283-2278 Pepi II Neferkare - 2278-2184 Merenre Antyemsaf II - 2184 Netjerykare - 2184-2183 Menkare - 2183-2181
Name Comments Dates Neferkare I - 2181- ? Neferkare Neby - ? Djedure Shemai - ? Neferkare Khendu - ? Neferkamin - ? Nykare - ? Neferkare Tereru - ? Neferkahor - ? -2173
Name Comments Dates Wadjkare Pepysonbe - 2173-2169 Neferkamin Anu - 2169-2167 Qakare Ibi - 2167-2163 Neferkare II - 2163-2162 Neferkauhor Kapuibi - 2162-2161 Neferirkare - 2161-2160
Name Comments Dates Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I) - 2160- ? --- - ? Neferkare III - ? Nebkaure (Acthoes II) - ? Setut - ? --- - ? Mery--- - ? --- - ? H--- - ? --- - ? --- - ? --- - ? User--- - ? -2130
Tenth Dynasty
The X Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Upper Egypt.
Name Comments Dates Meryhathor - 2130- ? Neferkare IV - ? Wankare (Acthoes III) - ? Merykare - ? --- - ? -2040
Eleventh Dynasty
The XI Dynasty was a local group with roots in Lower Egypt.
Name Comments Dates Intef I - 2134-2117 Intef II - 2117-2069 Intef III - 2069-2060 Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins. 2060-2010 Sankhkare Mentuhotep II - 2010-1998 Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III - 1997-1991
Name Comments Dates Amenemhet I - 1991-1962 Senusret I(Sesostris I) - 1971-1926 Amenemhet II - 1929-1895 Senusret II(Sesostris II) - 1897-1878 Senusret III(Sesostris III) - 1878-1841 Amenemhet III - 1842-1797 Amenemhet IV - 1798-1786 Sobeknefru A rare female ruler. 1785-1782
Name Comments Dates Sobkhotep I - 1786- ? (5+ yrs.) Senbuef - 3 or more yrs. Sehetepibre - c. 1770-1769 Ameny Intef IV (Amenemhet V) - ? -1760 Amu Sihornerjheryotef - ? Renseneb - 4 mo. in c. 1760 Hor - c. 1760 Sobekhotep II (Amenemhet VI) - c. 1750 Ugaf - 2 years Senusret IV - ? Khendjer - 4 yrs, incl. c. 1747 Semenkhkare - ? Sobekemsaf I - ? Sobekhotep III -td> c. 1745 Neferhotep I - 1741-1730 Sobekhotep IV - 1730-1720 Merneferre Ai - c. 1720 Neferhotep II - ? Dudimose I - c. 1674 Dudimose II - ? Senebmiu - ? Mentuhotep V - ? Senaayeb - ?
Fourteenth Dynasty
The XIV Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris).
Name Comments Dates Nehesy - c. 1705 Khakherewre - ? Nebefawre - c. 1704 Sehebre - ? Merdjefare - c. 1699 Sewadjkare - ? Nebdjefare - c. 1694 Webenre - ? ? - ? ---djefare - ? ---webenre - c. 1690 The source provides an additional 25 names, some fragmented, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
Name Comments Dates Sheshi Ruled either 1 or 3 years 1674- ? Yakubher - 8 years Khyan - ? Apepi I - 40 years or more Apepi II - ? Khamudy - ? -1567
Name Comments Dates Anather - 1663- ? Yakobaam - ? Some sources include as many as six more names (Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III)) - none are attested to elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.
Seventeenth Dynasty
The XVII Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt.
Name Comments Dates Rehotep - 1650- ? Intef V the Elder - 3 years Intef VI - ? Sobekemsaf II - 16 years Thuty - 1 year Mentuhotep VI - 1 year Nebiryerawet I - 6 years Nebiryerawet II - ? Semenmedjatre - ? Seuserenre - 12 years Shedwast - ? Intef VII - 3 or more years Senakhtenre - ? Tao I the Elder - c. 1633 Tao II the Brave - c. 1574 Kamose - 1573-1570
Name Comments Dates Ahmose, Ahmosis I Successor to Kamose, above. 1570-1546 Amenhotep I - 1551-1524 Djehutymes I (Tuthmosis I) - 1525-1518 Djehutymes II (Tuthmosis II) - 1518-1504 Djehutymes III (Tuthmosis III) - 1503-1450 Hatshepsut A rare female ruler 1498-1483 Amenhotep II - 1453-1419 Djehutymes IV (Tuthmosis IV) - 1419-1386 Amenhotep III - 1386-1349 Amenhotep IV Akhnaten Founder of brief period of monotheism Aten 1350-1334 Smenkhkare - 1336-1334 Tutankhamun - 1334-1325 Kheperkheprure Ai - 1325-1321 Horemheb Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun 1321-1293
Name Comments Dates Rameses I - 1293-1291 Seti I - 1291-1278 Rameses II the Great The ruler usually associated with Moses 1279-1212 Merneptah - 1212-1202 Amenemses - 1202-1199 Seti II - 1199-1193 Merneptah Siptah - 1193-1187 Twosret A rare female ruler 1187-1185
Name Comments Dates Setnakhte - 1185-1182 Rameses III - 1182-1151 Rameses IV - 1151-1145 Rameses V - 1145-1141 Rameses VI - 1141-1133 Rameses VII - 1133-1126 Rameses VIII - 1126 Rameses IX - 1126-1108 Rameses X - 1108-1098 Rameses XI - 1098-1070
Name Comments Dates Herihor - 1080-1074 Piankh - 1074-1070 Pinedjem I - 1070-1045 Masaherta - 1045-992 Nesbanebdjed II - 992-990 Pinedjem II - 990-969 Pasebakhaennuit III - 969-945
Name Comments Dates Nesbanebdjed I - 1069-1043 Amenemnisu - 1043-1039 Pasebakhaenniut I - 1039-991 Amenemope - 993-984 Osorkon the Elder - 984-978 Siamun - 978-959 Pasebakhaenniut II - 959-945
Twenty-Second Dynasty
The pharaohs of the XXII Dynasty were Libyans.
Name Comments Dates Sheshonq I - 945-924 Osorkon II - 924-889 Sheshonq II - 890-890/889 Takelot I - 889-874 Harsiese A rebel, at Thebes 870-860 Osorkon II - 874-850 Takelot II - 850-825 Sheshonq III - 825-773 Pami - 773-767 Sheshonk IV - 767-730 Osorkon IV - 730-715
Twenty-Third Dynasty
The XXIII Dynasty was a local group, of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis.
Name Comments Dates Pedibastet - 818-793 Sheshonq - 792-787 Osorkon III - 787-759 Takelot III - 764-757 Rudamon - 757-754 Iuput - 764-715
Name Comments Dates Inamunnifnebu - 800-790 ? - 790-775 Niumateped - 775-750 Titaru - 758-750 Ker - 750-745 Rudamon - 745-740 Ankhor - 740-731 Tefnakht - 731-727
Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
The XXIV was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais).
Name Comments Dates Tefnakhte - 727-720 Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) - 720-715 Necho I - ?
LATE KINGDOM
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
Nubians invaded and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the XXV Dynasty.
Piankhi - 730-716 Shabaka - 716-702 Shebitku - 702-690 Taharqa - 690-664 Tanutamun died 653 664-656 They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).
Name Comments Dates Psamtik I - 664-610 Necho II615-612 - 610-595 Psamtik II - 595-589 Wahibre - 589-570 Ahmose II - 570-526 Psamtik III - 526-525
Name Comments Dates Amyrteos - 404-399
Name Comments Dates Nefaarud I - 399-393 Psammuthes - 393 Hakor (Achoris) - 393-380 Nefaarud II - 380
Name Comments Dates Nekhtnebef - 380-362 Djedhor - 362-360 Nakhthoreb - 360-343
Persians and Greeks
- Egypt once more under Persian rule (Artaxerxes III 343-338)
- A Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt under Khabbabash 338-335.
- A third Persian takeover (Darius III), 335-332.
- Macedon conquers Persia, and Egypt:
- Alexander III the Great – from 332 BC to 323 BC.
- Philip III Arrhidaeus – from 323 BC to 317 BC.
- Alexander IV of Macedon – alone from 317 BC to 309 BC.
Ptolemaic Dynasty
Name Comments Dates Ptolemy I Soter - 305-282 Ptolemy II Philadelphos - 285-246 Ptolemy III Euergetes - 246-222 Ptolemy IV Philopator - 222-205 Ptolemy V Epiphanes Upper Egypt in revolt 207-186 205-180 Ptolemy VI Philometor died 145 180-164 Ptolemy VII Euergetes died 116 170-164 Ptolemy VI Philometor Egypt to Seleucids 164-163. P. VI restored 163-145 Ptolemy VIII Neos Philopator - 145 Ptolemy VII Euergetes Restored 145-116 Ptolemy IX Soter died 80 116-110 Ptolemy X Alexander died 88 110-109 Ptolemy IX Soter Restored 109-107 Ptolemy X Alexander Restored 107-88 Ptolemy IX Soter Restored again 88-80 Ptolemy XI Alexander - 80 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos died 51 80-58 Berenice IV - 58-55 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Restored 55-51 Cleopatra VII Kills her brother to take control, marries Mark Anthony and then they both kill themselves 7 years later 51-30 Ptolemy XIII - 51-47 Ptolemy XIV - 47-44 Ptolemy XV Caesarion - 44-30
Rome
Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.
External links
- Tutankhamun: Pictures
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pharaoh."
Crosswords: Pharaoh |
| English words defined with "Pharaoh": Egypt, Egyptian Empire ♦ Pharaon ♦ Tutankhamen. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Pharaoh": Busiris ♦ Chushan-rishathaim ♦ Frog ♦ HUMMING LIQUOR ♦ Jannes, JOSEPH ♦ Kingly Titles ♦ MOSES ♦ Pharaoh who Knew not Joseph, Pharaoh who made Joseph his Viceroy, Pharaoh's Daughter, Pharaoh's daughters, Pithom, Plague ♦ Royal Titles ♦ Tahpenes ♦ Zaphnath-paaneah. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "Pharaoh": Faro. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I am the morning and evening star, I am Pharaoh! (The Prince of Egypt; writing credit: Ken Harsha; Carole Holliday) In three days, Pharaoh will bring you back to the palace, a free man. (Joseph: King of Dreams; writing credit: Eugenia Bostwick-Singer; Raymond Singer) Command them to kneel before Pharaoh. (The Ten Commandments; writing credit: J.H. Ingraham; A.E. Southon) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
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| "Niagara Falls - Pharaoh Egypt" by George Shemtov Commentary: "Niagara Falls - Pharaoh Egypt ." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Egypt | In 525 B.C., Cambyses, the son of Cyrus the Great, led a Persian invasion force that dethroned the last pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty. (references) |
Egypt | The Great Pyramid, the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu (also known as Cheops), is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FROG, n. A reptile with edible legs. The first mention of frogs in profane literature is in Homer's narrative of the war between them and the mice. Skeptical persons have doubted Homer's authorship of the work, but the learned, ingenious and industrious Dr. Schliemann has set the question forever at rest by uncovering the bones of the slain frogs. One of the forms of moral suasion by which Pharaoh was besought to favor the Israelities was a plague of frogs, but Pharaoh, who liked them fricasees, remarked, with truly oriental stoicism, that he could stand it as long as the frogs and the Jews could; so the programme was changed. The frog is a diligent songster, having a good voice but no ear. The libretto of his favorite opera, as written by Aristophanes, is brief, simple and effective -- "brekekex-koax"; the music is apparently by that eminent composer, Richard Wagner. Horses have a frog in each hoof -- a thoughtful provision of nature, enabling them to shine in a hurdle race. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Pharaoh" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 61.25% of the time. "Pharaoh" is used about 80 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 61.25% | 49 | 48,677 |
| Noun (proper) | 38.75% | 31 | 62,296 |
| Total | 100.00% | 80 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "Pharaoh": pharaoh ant. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Pharaoh": pharaoh-style. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "Pharaoh"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | faraon. (various references) | |
Arabic | فرعون. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | фараон. (various references) | |
Danish | faraomyre (pharaoh ant). (various references) | |
Dutch | faraomier (pharaoh ant). (various references) | |
Farsi | فرعون , نوعی ابجوقوی . (various references) | |
Finnish | farao. (various references) | |
French | pharaon. (various references) | |
German | pharaon. (various references) | |
Greek | φαραώ (faro). (various references) | |
Hebrew | פרעה. (various references) | |
Hungarian | fáraó (faro). (various references) | |
Indonesian | firaun (tyrant). (various references) | |
Italian | faraone (faro). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | araohphay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | faraó (faro). (various references) | |
Romanian | faraon (faro). (various references) | |
Russian | фараон (faro). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | faraon. (various references) | |
Spanish | faraón (faro). (various references) | |
Swedish | farao (faro). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | фараон (faro). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | vua Ai cập. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Monomorium pharaonis, pharao, pharaone, pharaonem, pharaoni, pharaonis. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Genesis Chapter 41, Verse 33 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Nun oun skeyai anqrwpon fronimon kai suneton kai katasthson auton epi ghV aiguptou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Nunc ergo provideat rex virum sapientem et industrium et praeficiat eum terrae Aegypti |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Now thanne puruey the kyng a wise man and a redi, and bifore maak hym to the loond of Egipte, |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Now therfore let Pharao provyde for a man of vnderstondynge and wysdome and sett him over the lande of Egipte. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And now let Pharaoh make search for a man of wisdom and good sense, and put him in authority over the land of Egypt. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Genesis Chapter 41, Verse 33 |
| Cebuano | Busa, mangita karon si Faraon ug usa ka tawo nga buotan ug makinaadmanon, ug igabutang siya sa ibabaw sa yuta sa Egipto. |
| Croatian | Zato neka faraon izabere sposobna i mudra èovjeka te ga postavi nad zemljom egipatskom. |
| Danish | Men nu skulde Farao udse sig en indsigtsfuld og klog Mand og sætte ham over Ægypten, |
| Dutch | Zo zie nu Farao naar een verstandigen en wijzen man, en zette hem over het land van Egypte. |
| Finnish | Nyt valitkoon siis farao ymmärtäväisen ja taitavan miehen ja asettakoon hänet Egyptin hallitusmieheksi. |
| French | Maintenant, que Pharaon choisisse un homme intelligent et sage, et qu`il le mette à la tête du pays d`Égypte. |
| German | Nun sehe Pharao nach einem verständigen und weisen Mann, den er über Ägyptenland setze, |
| Haitian Creole | ¶ Koulye a, se pou farawon an chwazi yon moun ki gen lespri ak bon konprann pou l' mete l' chèf sou tout peyi Lejip la. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Karena itu, sebaiknya Tuanku memilih seorang yang cerdas dan bijaksana dan memberinya kuasa untuk mengatur negeri ini. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka sekarangpun baiklah kiranya Firaun mencahari seorang yang budiman lagi dengan bijaksananya, serta mengangkat akan dia supaya diperintahkannya negeri Mesir. |
| Italian | Ora il faraone pensi a trovare un uomo intelligente e saggio e lo metta a capo del paese d'Egitto. |
| Maori | ¶ Na reira, me titiro e Parao tetahi tangata mihio, whai whakaaro, kia tukua e ia nga tikanga o te whenua o Ihipa ki a ia. |
| Norwegian | Nu skulde Farao utse sig en forstandig og vis mann og sette ham over Egyptens land! |
| Rumanian | Acum, Faraon sq aleagq un om priceput wi knyelept, wi sq -l punq kn fruntea yqrii Egiptului. |
| Swedish | Må nu alltså Farao utse en förståndig och vis man, som han kan sätta över Egyptens land. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Pharaoh": pharaohs. (additional references) | |
| |
"Pharaoh" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Bharatha, Gharah, Gharaib, pahari, paharoh, Phadraig, phaorah, Phara, pharao, pharaohh, pharaos, Pharmakon, Pharo, pharoah, pharoh, pharro, Phayao, shiraho. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "Pharaoh" (pronounced fe"rō or fā"rō) |
| 4 | f e" r ō | Faro. |
| 3 | -e" r ō | aero, bolero, bracero, Caballero, embarcadero, marrow, Montero, narrow, sombrero, sparrow, Taro, Yarrow. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-h-h-o-p-r" | |
-2 letters: horah. | |
-3 letters: haar, haha, harp, hoar, hora, opah, para, prao, proa. | |
-4 letters: aah, aha, hah, hao, hap, hop, oar, ora, pah, par, poh, pro, rah, rap, rho. | |
-5 letters: aa, ah, ar, ha, ho, oh, op, or, pa. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-h-h-o-p-r" | |
+1 letter: pharaohs. | |
+2 letters: haphtarot, parashoth. | |
+3 letters: haphtaroth, parashioth. | |
+4 letters: arthropathy, hagiography, shadowgraph. | |
+5 letters: hagiographer, hagiographic, phosphaturia, shadowgraphs, shadowgraphy. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Digital Art 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Translations: Ancient | 13. Bible Trace 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
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