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Peter

Specialty Definition: Peter

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Specialty Definition: First Epistle of Peter

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the Bible New Testament. The author identifies himself in the opening verse as "Peter, an apostle of Jesus", but modern scholars are sceptical that the apostle Peter wrote it himself due to the cultured style of the Greek. One theory is that it was written by Silvanus, who is mentioned towards the end (5:12) of the epistle. In the following verse the author includes greetings from "the church in Babylon", which may be an early use of this Christian title for Rome. If that is its true origin, then that fact would strengthen the case that it was actually written by Peter, and perhaps was written around AD 60. If Silvanus himself wrote this work, then it could have been written much later, but because bishop Polycarp alludes to this letter, it was written before the mid-2nd century. Some scholars reject both Peter and Silvanus as authors, and date its composition during the reign of the emperor Domitian (AD 81 - 91).

This epistle is addressed to "the strangers scattered abroad", i.e., to the Jews of the Dispersion (the Diaspora) in a five of the provinces of Asia Minor, listed in the order in which they would naturally occur to one writing from Babylon on the Euphrates. He counsels (1) to steadfastness and perseverance under persecution (1-2:10); (2) to the practical duties of a holy life (2:11-3:13); (3) he adduces the example of Christ and other motives to patience and holiness (3:14-4:19); and (4) concludes with counsels to pastors and people (ch. 5).

Its object is to confirm its readers in the doctrines they had already been taught. Peter has been called "the apostle of hope," because this epistle abounds with words of comfort and encouragement fitted to sustain a "lively hope." It contains about thirty-five references to the Old Testament.

This article uses text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "First Epistle of Peter."

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Peter Brown

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter Brown (born July 11, 1953) is the co-founder and the singer of a disco band called Paper Doll.

He signed with the label Drive Records for the album A Fantasy Love Affair (recorded in 1976). It was issued in September 1977 and hit the charts with the single "Do You Wanna Get Funky With Me?" in the winter; "For Your Love" and "Dance With Me" both charted in 1978.

His next albums were Stargazer (1979); Back to the Front (1983); Snap (1984). After a long hiatus, he put out Chasing Fireflies in 1989.

Discography

Solo Period (1976-1991):

• 1977 - A Fantasy Love Affair
• 1979 - Stargazer
• 1983 - Back to the Front
• 1984 - Snap
• 1990 - Chasing Fireflies

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter Brown."

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Peter Gansevoort

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter Gansevoort (1749-1812) was a Colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War who withstood St. Ledger's siege of Fort Stanwix in 1777.

Early life

He was born on July 17, 1749 into the Dutch aristocracy of Albany, New York. His father Harman (1712-1801) represented the third generation in America, while his mother, Magdalena Douw Gansevoort (1718-1796) was connected with the Van Rensselaer family. His family had been in Albany since 1660 hen it was the Dutch colony of Fort Orange, and Harmen owned a brewery and farms. His younger brother Leonard was more active politically, serving in the state assembly and senate, as well as the Continental Congress.

As the American Revolution grew closer, Peter joined the Albany militia. While he lacked the experience many older officers, he was a tactful and persuasive leader. Even at his young age, he was over six feet tall, and had a commanding presence. This, along with his family connections, earned him a Lieutenant's rank.

Invasion of Canada (1775-1776)

He joined the Continental Army and was made a Major on June 30, 1775 and served as a field commander in the 2nd New York regiment. Gooje Van Schaick was nominally Colonel, he had raised the regiment and served as its commander from Albany. Lt. Colonel Peter Yates was the primary field commander, but remained as post commander of Fort George when Major Gansevoort led much of the regiment north with Montgomery's forces for the Invasion of Canada.

Peter led his men during the siege of the Fort at St. Johns, today known by its French name of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. In late October, to improve the effect of the siege, Montgomery sent Gansevoort down the river to seize Fort Chambly. At Chambly, they captured over 120 barrels of needed gunpowder and a huge mortar which they nicknamed the Old Sow. They also took about 100 prisoners of the Welch Fusilier garrison and their young Captain, John Andrè. Montgomery used it to the Old Sow to open fire on St. Johns, which was compelled to surrender on November 2, 1775. He took part in the capture of Montreal, although he became ill during that attack. He started on the advance to Quebec, but by the time the force reached Three Rivers he was being carried on a stretcher.

Gansevoort returned to Montreal, and spent the winter as one of the sick with the occupation force. By the spring of 1776 the invasion fell apart at Quebec; Montgomery had been killed, and Benedict Arnold was wounded. Major Gansevoort had recovered to the point where he led the remaining New York forces south in a fighting withdrawal that stopped the British advance at Lake Champlain. As recognition, in June of 1776 he was put in command at Fort George.

Siege of Fort Stanwix

Main article: Fort Stanwix.

In November he was made a full Colonel and given command of the 3rd New York Regiment. which he recruited and trained in early 1777. Lt. Colonel Marinus Willett became his 2nd in command. His area of responsibility was extended from the Hudson River valley and Fort Edward and Fort George, along the Mohawk River Valley to Fort Oswego in the northwest. This was to be the axis of Colonel Barry St. Ledger's attack during the Saratoga Campaign.

The 3rd New York did not have the men and equipment to extend that far, even with the support of local militia units. He conceded Fort Oswego to the British, and elected to defend Fort Stanwix (near modern Rome, New York). The fort had been abandoned after the French and Indian War. Gansevoort and Willett restored the fort and strengthened its defenses. The hurriedly set up a garrison, getting the last boatload of supplies into the Fort under fire from St. Ledger's advance force.

Gansevoort with about 750 men held the fort which was now strong enough to resist a simple assault. St. Ledger arrived on August 2 with about 860 mixed troops and 1000 Indians and the siege began. The American force refused to be intimidated, and Peter led a spirited defense. He held for three weeks, in spite of the failure of General Nicholas Herkimer's relief at the Battle of Oriskany. While St. Ledger was occupied during that battle, he ordered Willett to make a sortie which destroyed much of the British supplies. Abandoned by his Indians, the siege was broken on August 22, and Benedict Arnold arrived as relief on the 24th.

He received the grateful thanks of the Congress, as John Adams noted that "Gansevoort has proven that is possible to hold a fort."

1778-1781

Gansevoort eventually turn Fort Stanwix over to a garrison of the 1st New York. He moved his headquarters to hi new command at Fort Saratoga (near modern Schuylerville, New York. He led the his regiment in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779. He had another bout of illness that winter (1779-1780) and returned home for a while, but by July of 1780 he was back with the 3rd at West Point. He was assigned to command the New York Brigade, and reestablished his headquarters at Fort Sarratoga.

In the reorganization and downsizing of the New York Line in 1781, Gansevoort was left with no assignment. in the Continental Army. He returned home and became Brigadier General of the Albany County Militia.

After the revolution

Peter continued to make his home in Albany where he operated the family brewery. He expanded his farms, adding grist mills and a lumber mill, in the area that eventually became Gansevoort, New York. He served for a while as sheriff of Albany County, as a commissioner of Indian affairs, and continued his support of the military in the militia and as a quartermaster.

Peter had married Catherine (Katy) Van Schaik on January 12, 1778 in her family's home at Albany. She was the daughter of Wessel and Maria Van Schaik, and her brother Goose had been Peter's commander and Colonel in 1775. Over the years, they had at least three children; Peter Jr., Leonard, and Maria. Leonard's son Guert Gansevoort had a distinguished naval career that spanned 45 years. Maria married Alan Melville in 1814, and their son was the author Herman Melville.

In 1809, he was made a Brigadier General in the United States Army and commanded the Northern Department. In 1811 he was called on to preside over the court-martial of General James Wilkinson who was charged as an accomplice in Aaron Burr's western conspiracy. Wilkinson was found not guilty, and the court adjourned on Christmas Day. Hurrying back to his family, Peter's old illness returned, and he never recovered. He died at home in Albany on July 2, 1812.

Further Reading

• Alice P. Kenney; The Gansevoorts of Albany; 1979, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.
• Alice P. Kenney; Stubborn for Liberty: The Dutch in New York; 1975, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0815601131. (1989 Paperback: ISBN 0815624824)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter Gansevoort."

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Peter I of Castile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter "the Cruel," king of Castile (1333-1369), (in Spanish, Pedro I) son of Alfonso XI and Maria, daughter of Alphonso IV of Portugal, was born in 1333.

He earned for himself the reputation of monstrous cruelty which is indicated by the accepted title. In later ages, when the royal authority was thoroughly established, there was a reaction in Peter's favour, and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as El Justiciero, the executor of justice. Apologists were found to say that he had only killed men who themselves would not submit to the law or respect the rights of others. There is this amount of foundation for the plea, that the chronicler Lopez de Ayala, who fought against him, has confessed that the king's fall was regretted by the merchants and traders, who enjoyed security under his rule. Peter began to reign at the age of sixteen, and found himself subjected to the control of his mother and her favourites.

He was immoral, and unfaithful to his wife, as his father had been. But Alphonso XI did not imprison his wife, or cause her to be murdered. Peter certainly did the first, and there can be little doubt that he did the second. He had not even the excuse that he was passionately in love with his mistress, Maria de Padilla; for, at a time when he asserted that he was married to her, and when he was undoubtedly married to Blanche of Bourbon, he went through the form of marriage with a lady of the family of Castro, who bore him a son, and then deserted her. Maria de Padilla was only the one lady of his harem of whom he never became quite tired.

At first he was controlled by his mother, but emancipated himself with the encouragement of the minister Albuquerque and became attached to Maria de Padilla. Maria turned him against Albuquerque. In 1354 the king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying Blanche of Bourbon, but deserted her at once. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and in effect imprisoned. The dissensions of the party which was striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from Toro, where he was under observation, to Segovia.

From 1356 to 1366 he was master, and was engaged in continual wars with Aragon, in which he showed neither ability nor daring. It was during this period that he perpetrated the series of murders which made him odious. He confided in nobody save the Jews, who were his tax-gatherers, or the Mahommedan guard he had about him. The profound hatred of the Christians for the Jews and Mudejares, or Mahommedans settled among them, dates from the years in which they were the agents of his unbridled tyranny. In 1366 he was assailed by his bastard brother Henry of Trastamara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, and fled the kingdom without daring to give battle. Almost his last act in Spain was to murder Suero, the archbishop of Santiago, and the dean, Peralvarez.

Peter now took refuge with the Black Prince, by whom he was restored in the following year. But he disgusted his ally by his faithlessness and ferocity. The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left Spain. When thrown on his own resources, Peter was soon overthrown by his brother Henry, with the aid of Bertrand du Guesclin and a body of French free companions. He was murdered by Henry in du Guesclin's tent on March 23, 1369. His daughters by Maria de Padilla, Constance and Isabella, were respectively married to John of Gaunt and Edmund of Langley, sons of Edward III, king of England.

The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the Chronicle of the Chancellor Pero Lopez de Ayala (Madrid 1779-1780). A brilliantly written Life is that by Prosper Mârimee, Hist. de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille (Paris, 1848).

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

Preceded by: Alfonso XI of Castile

List of Castilian monarchs

Followed by: Henry II of Castile

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter I of Castile."

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Peter I of Portugal

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Pedro I of Portugal, king of Portugal (in English, Peter I), also known as Pedro the Cruel, was born in April 8 1320 and died in January 18 1367. He was the son of Afonso IV of Portugal by his wife, princess Beatrice of Castile. Pedro I succeeded his father in 1357.

Pedro is chiefly known for his love of Ines de Castro, the Hispanic maidservant that his father had killed in 1355. Pedro certainly led at least two revolts against his father before acceeding to the throne. Once he was king he announced that he had married Ines de Castro in secret and that she, despite dead, was Queen of Portugal. This fact is based only in the king's word.

As King, Pedro was a surprising success. True he brutally murdered the killers of Ines de Castro, but he also persecuted felons of all classes, and instituted reforms to free the Portuguese Crown and Church from Papal intervention. His wife, Constanza, had been a Castilian princess, and it was for this reason, Pedro joined an Aragonese invasion of Castile-Leon.

Pedro's marriages and descendants

• First wife: Branca, princess of Castile (divorced)
• Second wife: Constance, princess of Castile (1320-1349)
  • Luís (1340)
  • Maria, princess of Portugal (1342-1367), married to Ferdinand, prince of Aragon
  • Fernando, king of Portugal (1345-1383)
• Ines de Castro (third wife?) (1320-killed, 1355)
  • Beatrice, princess of Portugal (1347-1381)
  • João, prince of Portugal (1349-1387)
  • Dinis, prince of Portugal (1354-1397)
• Teresa Lourenço
  • João I, king of Portugal (1357-1433)

Preceded by: Afonso IV

List of Portuguese monarchs

Succeeded by: D. Fernando

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter I of Portugal."

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Peter I of Russia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter I "The Great" (May 30, (O.S.) = June 9, 1672 (N.S.) - January 28, (O.S.) = February 8, 1725) (N.S.), Tsar of Russia (from 1682) and first Emperor of the Russian Empire (1721-25), is still acclaimed as one of the greatest leaders his country ever had.

He was acclaimed Tsar of Russia in 1682, alongside his half-brother Ivan, but for the first seven years of their reign, their sister Sophia held the reins as regent. In 1689, Peter and his supporters forced Sophia to resign as regent and enter a convent. Peter and Ivan then shared the throne amicably until Ivan, an invalid, died in 1696.

Peter was an extremely tall (six foot seven inches) and powerful man. His gangly legs and arms prevented him from being handsome, however.

Early in his reign, Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernising Russia. Heavily influenced by his western advisors, Peter reorganised the Russian Army along European lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority.

In 1697 Peter put his new army to the test for the first time, defeating the Crimean Tatars of the Ottoman Empire and seizing the Black Sea ports of Azov and Taganrog. This campaign marked the first successful military offensive by a Russian army on foreign soil in centuries, and established Russia as a more serious player in European politics.

In an effort to move his people away from Asiatic customs, Peter imposed a tax on beards starting on September 5, 1698; All men except priests and peasants, were required to pay a tax of one hundred rubles a year and the commoners had to pay one kopek each. This was seen by many as an attack on religion.

In 1698-99, Peter travelled to western Europe, where he spent time at the courts of many of the powerful leaders of the time, and studied shipbuilding in Amsterdam and Deptford (London), working as a labourer in the yards of the Dutch East India Company. Although his reception was friendly in his travels, he still was not taken seriously as an equal of the great crowneded heads of Europe.

After returning to Russia and wiping out a rebellion of the Streltsy, the Russian imperial guard, Peter declared war on Sweden, which had seized Russian territory on the Baltic Sea more than 50 years before. This was an affront to Peter and a major obstacle to his dream of Russia as a sea power. But the war would prove long and difficult. Sweden was the dominant military power of eastern Europe and was led by the young but brilliant King Charles XII of Sweden, who was to prove to be a worthy adversary for Peter.

Russia turned out to be ill-prepared to fight the well-trained Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the Battle of Narva in 1700. Charles then took the offensive against Peter and his ally, King Augustus II of Poland. For the next eight years, Swedes ravaged Poland and Saxony, finally forcing Augustus off the Polish throne. Finally, in 1708, Charles invaded Russia seeking to capture Moscow and depose Peter.

Peter, in the meantime, had waged a successful campaign in the Baltic against lesser Swedish commanders, gaining modern Estonia and the mouth of the Neva River, where he founded the great city of St. Petersburg in 1704. Confident he could beat Peter at leisure, Charles ignored these campaigns.

After crossing into Russia in 1708, Charles defeated Peter at Golovchin (July 3, 1708) but then suffered his first defeat at the Battle of Lesnaya (September 28, 1708), when Peter crushed the left wing of the Swedish army moving down from Riga to join Charles's main army. Because of this defeat, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow. Refusing to retreat into Poland or back to Swedish territory, Charles instead invaded the Ukraine.

Peter skillfully withdrew southward, destroying anything of value that could assist the Swedes, who were hopelessly cut off from resupply. The Swedish army suffered greatly in the bitterly cold winter of 1708-09, but resumed the Ukrainian campaign in the summer of 1709, hoping to finally bring Peter to battle.

When Charles resumed the campaign, he found Peter much more aggressive, and the battle which both men wanted took place on June 27, 1709, at Poltava. Peter's years of work on improving the Russian army paid off, and he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedes, causing close to 10,000 casualties and soon capturing most of what remained of Charles' army. Charles fled to the neutral Ottoman Empire, where he tried to convince the Sultan Ahmed III to help him in a renewed campaign.

Peter foolishly attacked the Ottomans in 1711 and suffered a severe defeat. In the ensuing peace treaty he had to give back the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697, but the Sultan didn't join forces with Charles XII. In fact, he expelled his Swedish guest from the empire in 1714.

Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of Livonia (the northern half of modern Latvia, and southern Estonia) and then drove the Swedes back into Finland. Still, Charles refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. In 1721, the Treaty of Nystad ended what became known as the Great Northern War, and restored the Baltic coast to Russia all the way to its border with Finland (then part of Sweden).

Later that year, the Russian Senate granted Peter the title of Emperor, and he was quickly recognised as such by the rulers of Poland, Prussia and Sweden. In 1724, he had his second wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress. The imperial couple had been together since 1703, when Peter met her at the home of his best friend, Aleksandr Menshikov (1673-1729); then known as Martha Skavronskaya, the 20-year-old former peasant and servant was Menshikov's mistress. She soon became Peter's lover. They married in 1712, she took the name Catherine, and bore the emperor several children, both before and after their marriage. Upon Peter's death in 1725, she succeeded him as Catherine I of Russia and died two years later.

Preceded by: Feodor III of Russia

List of Russian tsars

Succeeded by: Catherine I of Russia

Preceded by: Frederick I of Sweden

List of Estonian rulers List of Livonian rulers

Succeeded by: Catherine I of Russia

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter I of Russia."

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Peter I of Savoy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter I (d. 1078) ruled jointly with his brother Amedeo from 1060 to 1078

Married Agnes of Poitiers, no children

Preceded by: Oddone

House of Savoy

Succeeded by: Amedeo II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter I of Savoy."

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Peter II of Yugoslavia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter II (6 September 1923 - 3 November 1970) was the last King of Yugoslavia. He was the son of Alexander I and Princess Mary of Romania.

Peter II (Petar II), of the Karadjordjevic dynasty, succeeded in 1934 after the assassination while on a state visit to France of his father, King Alexander I, under a regency headed by his father's cousin, Prince Pavle. 18 years old King Peter participated in a British-supported coup d'état on March 27th, 1941, opposing the Regent's signing the Tripartite Pact.

Although King Peter and his advisors opposed Nazi-Germany, they also feared that if Hitler attacked Yugoslavia, Britain was not in any real position to help. For the safety of the country, they declared that Yugoslavia would adhere to the Tripartite Pact.

Postponing Operation Barbarossa Germany simultaneously attacked Yugoslavia and Greece. From April 6th, Luftwaffe pounded Belgrade to the ground for three days and three nights. German ground troops moved in, and Yugoslavia capitulated on April 17th. King Petar fled the country following the German invasion.

He married Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, in London 1944.

King Peter was deposed after World War II by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly on November 29th, 1945, while still in exile. He died in Denver, Colorado on 3 November 1970. He is interred at Libertyville, Illinois, the only European monarch buried on American soil.

His son, Crown Prince Alexander is pretender to the Serbian throne.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter II of Yugoslavia."

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Peter III of Aragon

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter III of Aragon (1239 - November 11, 1285), surnamed the Great, was the king of Aragon and Valencia and count of Barcelona from 1276 to 1285. He became Peter I of Sicily from 1276. He married in 1262 to Constance, heiress and daughter of Manfred of Sicily.

Peter leaved Aragon to his eldest son Alfonso III of Aragon, and Sicily to his second son James I of Sicily.

Preceded by: James I of Aragon	List of Aragonese monarchs	Followed by: Alfonso III of Aragon
	Monarchs of Naples and Sicily	Followed by: James I of Sicily

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter III of Aragon."

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Peter III of Russia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter III (February 21, 1728 - July 17, 1762) (Russian name Pyotr III Fyodorovitch (Петр III Федорович)) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. He was mentally weak and very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader. He was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, who succeeded him to the throne as Catherine II.

Peter was born in Kiel. His parents were Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna, a daughter of Emperor Peter the Great of Russia and his second wife, Catherine I (a former Latvian peasant, Martha Skavronskaya). In 1739, Peter's father died, and he became Duke of Holstein-Gottorp as Karl Peter Ulrich. Two years later, Karl Peter Ulrich's aunt Elizabeth, became Empress of Russia, and brought Peter from Germany to Russia and proclaimed him her heir. She arranged for Peter to marry Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, who formally converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Ekaterina Feodorovna, or Catherine. The marriage was not a happy one, and Catherine took numerous lovers, as did her husband.

In foreign affairs, Peter favoured Prussia in many respects: after he gained the throne in 1762, he withdrew from the Seven Years' War and made peace with Prussia on terms that were somewhat unfavorable for Russia. He formed an alliance with Prussia and planned an unpopular war against Denmark in order to restore Schleswig to his Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. He also attempted to force the Russian Orthodox Church to adopt Lutheran practices.

Catherine, along with her lover Grigori Orlov, planned to overthrow Peter. He was arrested and forced to sign his own abdication; Catherine became Empress with wide popular support. Shortly thereafter, Peter was killed while in custody. While Catherine did not punish the responsible guards, doubts remain as to whether she ordered the murder.

In December , 1796, Petr's son the Emeror paul arranged for his remains to be exhumed and then reburied with full honours in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul fortress, St. Petersburg.

Preceded by: Elizabeth

List of Russian Tsars

Succeeded by: Catherine II (Catherine the Great)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter III of Russia."

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Peter Muhlenberg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter Muhlenberg Statue
U.S. Capitol

John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg (1746-1807) was a Clergyman, a Major General of the Continental Army, and a United States Senator and Congressman from Pennsylvania. He was born to Anna and Henry Muhlenberg in Trappe on October 1, 1746.

Peter received a classical education from the Academy of Philadelphia. Then, following his father's example, he studied at the University at Halle in Germany from 1763 to 1766. He also served briefly in the German dragoons before returning to Philadelphia. He was ordained in 1778 and headed a Lutheran congregation in Bedminster, New Jersey before moving to Woodstock, Virginia. He visited England in 1772 and was ordained in the Anglican Church. Besides his new congregation, he led the Committee of Safety for Dunmore County, Virgina. He was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1774.

Military career

Toward the end of 1775 he was authorized to raise and command as its Colonel the Eighth Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army. After Washington personally asked him to accept this task, he agreed. On January 21st, 1776 Rev. Muhlenberg started the services in the Anglican church in Woodstock as usual. For the sermon, he took his text from the third chapter Ecclesiastes, which starts with "To every thing there is a season...". When he got to the eighth verse, he declaimed "...a time of war, and a time of peace,... and this is the time of war". He removed his clerical robe to reveal his Colonel's uniform. The next day he led out 300 men from the county to form the nucleus of the Eighth Virginia. The unit was first posted to the South, to defend the coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

In early 1777, the Eighth was sent north to join Washington's main army. Muhlenberg was made a Brigadier General of the Virginia Line, and commanded that Brigade in Nathaniel Greene's division at Valley Forge. Peter saw service in the Battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After Monmouth, most of the Virginia Line was sent to the far south, while General Muhlenberg was assigned to head up the defense of Virginia using mainly militia units.

At the Battle of Yorktown he led the first brigade of Lafayette's Light Infantry division. His brigade was made up of units drawn from Massachusetts (10 companies), Connecticut (5 companies], New Hampshire (5 companies), and 1 company each from Rhode Island and New Jersey. They held the right flank, and manned the two trenches built to move American cannons closer to Cornwallis defenses.

At the end of the war (1783), he was brevetted to Major General and settled in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

Political career

After the war he was elected to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania in 1784, and was Vice-President of Pennsylvania from 1785 to 1788. He was elected to the first U. S. Congress (1789-1791) by the entire state of Pennsylvania as an at-large representative. (His brother Frederick was the Speaker for that same Congress.) He later served in Congress from 1793 to 1795 and 1799-1801 for the 1st district. He entered the U. S. Senate in January of 1801, but resigned on June 30th of that same year. President Jefferson appointed him the supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania in 1781 and customs collector for Philadelphia in 1802. He served in the later post until his death on October 1, 1807. He died in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and is buried at the Lutheran Church in Trappe.

External link

• His Congressional Biography

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter Muhlenberg."

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Peter of Alexandria

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter of Alexandria was a Patriarch of Alexandria (300 - 311). He is revered as a saint by both the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church.

The Coptic church believes that Peter was given by his parents to patriarch Theonas to be brought up as a priest, as had Samuel in the Old Testament. He rose through the orders, first becoming a reader, then a deacon, then a priest. On his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. Eusebius states he was patriarch for 13 years (Historia Ecclesiatica VII.32).

The years in which Peter fell during the most terrible persecution Christianity was subjected to, that of Roman Emperor Diocletian, which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years.

During his imprisonment, he and bishop Meletius of Lycopolis fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered a sacrifice or surrendered scriptures to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leneincy while Meletius held firmly the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be rebaptised. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was Arius.

One of the acts celebrated in Peter's life was that he calmed the populace of Alexandria before his execution, who were at the point of rioting to save his life. He was executed on November 25, 311. Because he is believed to be the last one to lose his life for the faith in the Diocletian Persecutions, he is referred to in church history "The seal of the Martyrs".

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter of Alexandria."

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Peter Phillips

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter Phillips could mean

• Peter Mark Andrew Phillips, the son of Anne, Princess Royal
• Peter Phillips the director of Project Censored

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter Phillips."

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Peter the Fuller

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter (surnamed Fullo, "the Fuller"), was intruding Patriarch of Antioch (471 - 488), and Monophysite. he received his surname from his former trade as a fuller of cloth. Tillemont (Empereurs, tome vi. p. 404) considers that Peter was originally a member of the convent of the Acoimetae, which he places in Bithynia on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus, and being expelled thence for his behavior and heretical doctrine, passed over to Constantinople, where he courted persons of influence, through whom he was introduced to Zeno, the son-in-law of Leo and future emperor, whose favor he secured, obtaining through him the chief place in the church of St. Bassa, at Chalcedon. Here his Monothphysite beliefs quickly became apparent, resulting with his flight to Zeno, who was then setting out for Antioch as commander of the East.

Arriving at Antioch AD 463, Peter greatly desired the patriarchal throne, then filled by Martyrius. He quickly befriended the populace, with whom he raised suspicions against Martyrius as a concealed Nestorian, thus causing Martyrius' tumultuous expulsion and his own election to the throne. Theodorus Lector dates this to 469 or 470. When established as patriarch, Peter at once declared himself openly against the Council of Chalcedon, and added to the Trisagion the words "Who wast crucified for us," which he imposed as a test upon all in his patriarchate, anathematizing those who declined to accept it. According to the Synodicon, he summoned a council at Antioch to give synodical authority to this novel clause (Labbe, iv. 1009). The deposed Martyrius went to Constantinople to complain to the emperor Leo, by whom, through the influence of the patriarch Gennadius, he was courteously received; a council of bishops found in his favor, and his restoration was decreed (Theodorus Lector p. 554). But despite the imperial authority, Peter's personal influence, supported by the favour of Zeno, was so great in Antioch that Martyrius's position was rendered intolerable and he soon left Antioch, abandoning his throne again to the intruder. Leo was naturally indignant at this audacious disregard of his commands, and he despatched an imperial decree for the deposition of Peter and his banishment to the Oasis (Labbe, iv. 1082).

According to Theodorus Lector, Peter fled, and Julian was unanimously elected bishop in his place (471), holding the see until Peter's third restoration by Basiliscus in 476 (Theophanes p. 99). During the interval Peter dwelt at Constantinople, in retirement in the monastery of the Acoimetae, allowed to reside there in return for a pledge that he would not create further disturbances (Theophanes p.104). During the short reign of the usurper Basiliscus (Oct. 475-June 477) the fortunes of Peter revived. Under the influence of his wife, Basiliscus declared for the Monophysites, recalled Timothy Aelurus, Patriarch of Alexandria, from exile, and by his persuasion issued an encyclical letter to the bishops calling them to anathematize the decrees of Chalcedon (Evagr. H. E. iii. 4). Peter gladly complied, and was rewarded by a third restoration to the see of Antioch, 476 (ib. 5). Julian was deposed, dying not long after.

On his restoration Peter enforced the addition to the Trisagion, and behaved with great violence to the orthodox party, crushing all opposition by an appeal to the mob, whom he had gained control over. Once established on the patriarchal throne, he was not slow to stretch its privileges to the widest extent, ordaining bishops and metropolitans for all Syria. The fall of Basiliscus brought the ruin of all who had supported him and been promoted by him, and Peter was one of the first to fall. In 485 for the last time Peter was replaced on his throne by Zeno on his signing the Henoticon (Theophanes p.115; Theodorus Lector p. 569; Evagr. H. E. iii. 16). He at once resumed his career of violence, expelling orthodox bishops who refused to sign the Henoticon and performing uncanonical ordinations, especially that of the notorious Xenaias (Philoxenus) to the see of Hierapolis (Theophanes p.115). He was condemned and anathematized by a synod of 42 Western bishops at Rome 485, and excommunicated. He retained, however, the patriarchate at Antioch till his death in 488 (or according to Theophanes, 490 or 491). One of his last acts was the unsuccessful revival of the claim of the see of Antioch to the obedience of Cyprus as part of the patriarchate, which the Council of Ephesus had removed from Antioch's supervision in 431.

This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter the Fuller."

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Peter, Utah

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Peter is a town located in Cache County, Utah. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 230.

Geography

Peter is located at 41°45'39" North, 111°59'3" West (41.760838, -111.984191)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 58.0 km² (22.4 mi²). 55.8 km² (21.5 mi²) of it is land and 2.2 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.84% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 230 people, 69 households, and 60 families residing in the town. The population density is 4.1/km² (10.7/mi²). There are 71 housing units at an average density of 1.3/km² (3.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 69 households out of which 52.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 13.0% are non-families. 11.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.33 and the average family size is 3.62. In the town the population is spread out with 38.7% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 107.4 males. The median income for a household in the town is $61,250, and the median income for a family is $66,250. Males have a median income of $51,964 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $17,850. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Peter, Utah."

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Saint Peter

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Saint Peter (died c. 67) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. His original name was Simon, but he was given the nickname of Peter, which means rock or stone in Greek (Petros). Saint Paul generally called him Cephas, which is the Aramaic equivalent of the nickname.

Before becoming a disciple of Jesus, Simon (i.e., Peter) was a fisherman. The following account is according to the Gospel of Luke: Simon first met Jesus when Jesus got into his boat to use it to preach to a crowd that had gathered on the shore of the Lake of Gennesaret. After he was done preaching, Jesus asked Simon to take the boat out to deep water to catch fish. Simon expressed doubt that they would catch any fish because they had been fishing all the previous night and had caught nothing. But they did catch huge numbers of fish that day after all, and Simon was ashamed that he had doubted Jesus. However, Jesus called him to be a disciple, saying "Do not be afraid; from now on it is people you will be catching."

According to the Gospels, Simon was the first person to profess faith that Jesus was the son of God, and the event precipitated his renaming to "Peter". The Gospel of Matthew relates that Jesus asked his disciples who they thought he was, and that when Simon answered, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God", Jesus said, "Simon son of Jonah, you are a blessed man! Because it was not human agency that revealed this to you, but my Father in heaven. So now I say to you: you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my community... I will give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven: whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven."

The Gospels also state that Jesus correctly foretold that Peter would deny him three times after Jesus' arrest. Again according to the Gospel of Matthew, on the evening before Good Friday, Jesus predicted to his disciples that they would "fall away" from him that night. Peter replied, "Even if all fall away from you, I will never fall away." Jesus answered, "In truth I tell you, this very night, before the cock crows, you will have denied me three times." The Gospel then relates that Peter did, indeed, deny knowing Jesus after Jesus had been arrested, in order to avoid being arrested himself. He then heard a cock crow, and remembered what Jesus had said, and wept.

The 21st chapter of the Gospel of John indicates that Peter was martyred by crucifixion, and Clement of Rome, c. 95, placed his death in the time of Nero. Later traditions hold that the Romans crucified him upside-down (by his request; he did not want to equate himself with Jesus). On the way to his execution, it is said, he encountered Jesus and asked: Domine, Quo Vadis? ("Lord, where are you going?"). Other versions of this story claim that this occurred as Peter was fleeing Rome to avoid his execution; the encounter caused him to turn back.

The New Testament includes two letters ascribed to Peter: the First Epistle of Peter and the Second Epistle of Peter. Based on the quality of the Greek, many scholars doubt that the apostle Peter actually penned those letters, but opinions are divided as to whether they were composed by his secretary (amanuensis) or by a follower after this death.

In later tradition, Peter is considered the first bishop of Antioch and later bishop of Rome. The Roman Catholic Church makes use of his position as first bishop of Rome, and Jesus' statement that Peter was the rock upon which he would build his community, in the case for papal primacy. He was succeeded by Pope Linus (67-76).

List of popes

Succeeded by: Pope Linus

See also: St. Peter's Basilica, Quo vadis, The Big Fisherman

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint Peter."

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Synonyms within Context: Peter

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Image Slideshow: Peter

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Photo Album: Peter

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Paul Grim (sitting) and George Peter working on heat probe package OCEANOGRAPHER around the world cruise. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		A good chain dredge haul on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Dr. Peter Rona looks on, Boatswain Bill Sanders in yellow hardhat Operations on the RESEARCHER. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	The floating cross at the mouth of the trap. Excluding the statuette of St. Peter, the patron saint of fishermen, which is traditionally always the same, each Rais places his own images of saints. The cross serves the functional purpose of helping the fishermen read the currents. Slack water is the most desirable time to start the fishing operation. Credit: Fisheries.		Mrs. Boyno, a Lapp woman, married to the late Peter Bals, an Alaskan immigrant. Credit: Fisheries.
	Peter Clark of Tampa Baywatch, left, addresses volunteers at the staging area before the workers depart to begin the clean-up. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.		Tampa Baywatch and NOAA staff observe the progress at the restoration site. The two staff are Peter Clark of Tampa Baywatch and John Iliff of NOAA. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.
	Figure 12. Hydra sounder, made by Mr. Gibbs and colleagues on the HMS HYDRA during the 1868 Indian Ocean expedition commanded by Captain Peter F. Shortland. Some of the first deep soundings in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were made with this instrument rigged for use with a Hodge accumulator. Among the important soundings was one of over 3400 meters at 31.05 S Lat and 12.25E Long. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		Figure 36. Current meter invented by Jacob Peter Jacobsen in 1909. Left: view of the assembled unit. Right from top to bottom: bubble levels; sample bucket. This instrument was used by Jacobsen for many years. He first tested it in the Grand Belt from the vessel THOR in 1909. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Secretary of Defense William Cohen presides over the U.S. Special Operations Command change of command ceremony, Oct. 27, near MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. Gen. Charles Holland (right) took the reigns of the unified command from Army Gen. Peter Schoomaker.		Biologist Peter Cooke explains the use of a transmission electron microscope to honor students (L-R) Conor Davis, Anne Hoffman, and Andrew Shieh. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer..
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Peter
 

"Pine" by Peter E. Leonard Commentary: "Pine tree. Free to use for any purpose, however I would appreciate credit for the photo. ©2003 Peter E. Leonard."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Peter".

Play	Caption
	Lots of complex synthesized work similar to an early Peter Gabriel style.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Peter

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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