Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Nucleus |
NucleusNoun1. A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. 2. The positively charged dense center of an atom. 3. A small group of indispensable persons or things; "five periodicals make up the core of their publishing program". 4. (astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail. 5. Any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "nucleus" was first used: 1708. (references) |
Etymology: Nucleus \Nu"cle*us\, noun; plural English Nucleuses, from Latin expression Nuclei. [Latin expression, kernel, diminutive from nux, nucis, nut. Compare to Newel post.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Aerospace | 1. The positively charged core of an atom with which is associated practically the whole mass of the atom but only a minute part of its volume. A nucleus is composed of one or more protons and an approximately equal number of neutrons. The atomic number Z of the element indicates the number of protons in the nucleus. The mass number A of the element is the sum of the protons and neutrons.2. In biology, a definitely delineated body within a cell containing the chromosomes. (references) |
Computing | That part of a control program that is resident in main storage. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | The small, central, positively charged region of an atom. Except for the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen, which has only a proton, all atomic nuclei contain both protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the total positive charge or atomic number. This number is the same for all the atomic nuclei of a given chemical element. The total number of neutrons and protons is called the mass number. (references) |
Geography | Special minute particle on which operates the passage from atmospheric water vapour to the liquid or solid phases, or of water from the liquid to the solid phase. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A comet consists of a -- with a diameter. . of. . a few miles made of small solid particles of dust, sand, and stone in frozen gazes. . also main mass AMERI 73 7-365; cometary nucleus p. 7-368; nuclear body ENBRI 70 6-132. . Source: European Union. (references) | |
Medicine | A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. Source: European Union. (references) |
Metallurgy | Inner part of a metal object not affected by carburizing, case hardening, nitriding or any other treatment that alters the hardness or the chemical composition of the material's surface or case; first part of a phase formed under phase transformation. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Initial element of crystallization or of some other phase transformation. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mining | The central point about which matter accumulates to form a larger mass,esp. of a growing crystal or pearl. Plural: nuclei. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | Positively-charged central core of an atom, around which electrons whirl in specific orbits, in the Bohr atom model; consisting of protons and(except in the case of the hydrogen atom), of neutrons, and constituting nearly the whole of the atomic mass. Source: European Union. (references) |
Physics | The positively charged core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons (except for hydrogen), around which electrons orbit. (references) |
Space | (atomic; plural: nuclei). The small concentration of protons and neutrons, positively charged, at the center of atoms. The nuclei of atoms are positively charged and contain by far most of their mass (all but about 0.05% or less). (references) |
| The central body of a comet. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nucleus."
Synonyms: NucleusSynonyms: cell nucleus (n), core (n), core group (n), karyon (n). (additional references) |
| Synonym by domain: cometary (geography, physics). |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Cause | Rudiment. egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus, seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule, radicle, semen, sperm. |
Centrality | Core, kernel; nucleus, nucleolus; heart, pole axis, bull's eye; nave, navel; umbilicus, backbone, marrow, pith; vertebra, vertebral column; hotbed; concentration; (convergence); centralization; symmetry. |
Importance | Great thing, great point; main chance, "the be all and the end all "; cardinal point; substance, gist; (essence); sum and substance, gravamen, head and front; important part, principal part, prominent part, essential part; half the battle; sine qua non; breath of one's nostrils; (life);cream, salt, core, kernel, heart, nucleus; keynote, keystone; corner stone; trump card; (device); salient points. |
Middle | Noun: middle, midst, mediety, mean; medium, middle term; center; mid-course; mezzo termine; juste milieu; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos; nucleus, nucleolus. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Nucleus |
| English words defined with "nucleus": Parent nucleus. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "nucleus": Arcuate Nucleus ♦ Basal Nucleus of Meynert ♦ Cell Nucleus Structures, Cochlear Nucleus ♦ Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ♦ Entopeduncular Nucleus ♦ Nucleus Accumbens ♦ Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ♦ Solitary Nucleus, Supraoptic Nucleus ♦ Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal ♦ Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "nucleus": Nucleiform, Nucleoidioplasma, Nucleolus ♦ Paranucleus, Pronucleus ♦ Trinucleus. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Nucleus" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Dutch (nucleus), Latin (Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, cell nucleus, Cell Nucleus Structures, Entopeduncular Nucleus, kernel, nucleus, Solitary Nucleus). |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Proteins in the cytoplasm target and activate biochemical reactions in specific cellular components, such as the mitochondria and the nucleus. Within the nucleus, gene expression is activated and leads to new protein synthesis, which are formed on the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are transported via the Golgi complex for packaging and distribution to cellular membrane and for extracellular release. See artwork: (on disk in file).Credit: Jeannie Kelly (artist). |  | Shown is a chart of characteristics comparing normal and cancer cells' cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and chromatin. See artwork: GR-23.Credit: Pat Kenny (artist). |
 | Transmission electron micrograph of Candida species. CW - cell wall, PM - plasma membrane, M - mitochondria, V - vacuole, N - nucleus.Credit: CDC. |  | Illustration of structure of hyphal tip. er - endoplasmic reticulum, s - septum, m - mitochondrion, n - nucleus, vgs - Golgi, r - ribosome, p - plasma membrane, v - vesicles.Credit: CDC. |
 | A team of astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has discovered a "double nucleus" ...Credit: NASA. |  | A nearly perfect ring of hot, blue stars pinwheels about the yellow nucleus of an unusual ...Credit: NASA. |
 | Astronomers announced today the discovery of a double nucleus in the active galaxy Markarian ...Credit: NASA. |  | This beautiful, eerie silhouette of dark dust clouds against the glowing nucleus of the ...Credit: NASA. |
 | Image from an electron microscope of a nucleus in Culex nigripalpus infected with a baculovirus. P.Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by peggy Greb.. |  | Schematic representation of the possible influence of b-endorphin (b-EP) on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).Credit: NIAA. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Play | Caption |
 | Volt; voltage; electricity; spark; atom; beam; fire; flare; flicker; gleam; glint; glitter; glow; hint; jot; nucleus; ray; scintilla; scintillation; scrap; sparkle; spit; trace; vestige; dangerous; glitter; glint; sparkle; sparkling. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Sylvie and Bruno | Carroll, Lewis | It was in 1874, I believe, that the idea first occurred to me of making it the nucleus of a longer story. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | That was the nucleus. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | They are located on structures within the cell nucleus called chromosomes. (references) | |
Every cell in the body contains a nucleus which has 23 pairs of chromosomes. (references) | ||
Huntingtin is found everywhere in the body but only outside the cell's nucleus. (references) | ||
Business | Telecom Italia was privatized in October 1997 in compliance with legislation that required the end of the monopoly on fixed network voice transmission services beginning on January 1, 1998. The newly privatized public company had more than 1.5 million shareholders and a weak nucleus of core shareholders accounting for barely 7 percent of its capital. (references) | |
Economic History | Kenya | Opportunities exist in the development of a nucleus foundry making precision castings. (references) |
Peru | When the Spanish landed in 1531, Peru's territory was the nucleus of the highly developed Inca civilization. (references) | |
Guatemala | This group became the nucleus of the forces that were in armed insurrection against the government for the next 36 years. (references) | |
Minorities | Brazil | According to professor Sergio Adorno of the University of Sao Paulo's Nucleus for the Study of Violence, courts convict a much higher percentage of black defendants than they do whites. (references) |
Political Economy | Indonesia | Under UNTAET oversight, the nucleus of a new East Timorese government is forming, but the economy is depressed and basic services often lacking. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | REALITY, n. The dream of a mad philosopher. That which would remain in the cupel if one should assay a phantom. The nucleus of a vacuum. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | If in asserting rights or in repelling wrongs war should come upon us, our regular force should be increased to an extent proportional to the emergency, and our present small Army is a nucleus around which such force could be formed and embodied. |
Franklin Pierce | 1853-1857 | The Army as organized must be the nucleus around which in every time of need the strength of your military power, the sure bulwark of your defense--a national militia--may be readily formed into a well-disciplined and efficient organization. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Nucleus" is generally used as a noun (common) -- approximately 99.70% of the time. "Nucleus" is used about 669 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (common) | 99.7% | 667 | 9,857 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.3% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 669 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "nucleus": active galactic nucleus ♦ amygdala's central nucleus ♦ amygdaloid nucleus ♦ Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus ♦ Arcuate Nucleus ♦ atomic nucleus ♦ Basal Nucleus of Meynert ♦ Benzene nucleus ♦ Caudate Nucleus ♦ Cell Nucleus ♦ Cell Nucleus Structures ♦ central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ♦ Cochlear Nucleus ♦ comet nucleus ♦ cometary nucleus ♦ condensation nucleus counter ♦ Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ♦ Entopeduncular Nucleus ♦ fragmentation of nucleus ♦ herniation of nucleus pulposus ♦ lateral amygdala's nucleus ♦ lateral geniculate nucleus ♦ lenticular nucleus ♦ lentiform nucleus ♦ Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus ♦ Nucleus Accumbens ♦ nucleus counter ♦ nucleus herd ♦ nucleus of lateral geniculate body ♦ Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ♦ parent nucleus ♦ pontine parabrachial nucleus ♦ Red Nucleus ♦ segmentation nucleus ♦ Solitary Nucleus ♦ Subthalamic Nucleus ♦ Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ♦ Supraoptic Nucleus ♦ Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus ♦ Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "nucleus": electron-nucleus, property-nucleus, two-nucleus. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "nucleus"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaan | pit (core, kernel, pit). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | qendër nervore (nerve centre), qendër (center, centre, ganglion, heart, heartland, hub, navel, pivot, radiant, unit), qelizë (cell, cell block, cellule), bërthamë (core, pip, pit, seed, stone). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | نواة (kernel, pyrene, stone), ذرة نباتة, ذرة عنصرة, النوية. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | ядро (cell, core, inwardness, kernel, ring), център (center, centre, headquarters, hinge, hub, kingpin, navel, omphalos, pivot, pocket, seat), наченки (beginnings), зародиш (embryo, fetus, foetus, germ, seed). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 心 (core), 子 (nuclear), 中坚力量 (Nuclei, Nucleuses). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | jádro (bedrock, core, essence, guts, inside, kernel, marrow, meat, nub, nubble, pip, pith, quintessence, seed, stone, substance). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | kerne (almond, atomic nucleus, core, core area, head, kernel, magnetic core, male plug, pip, security kernel, sprue, train of powder), kærne (butter-churn, churn, churn barrel, core, kernel, pit). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | kern (atomic nucleus, bend, boss, butt, core, core area, core wood, essence, fuel element core, gist, heart, heart center, heart centre, kernel, magnetic core, multiplier, pit, pith stock, sprue, stock, web, web thickness), pit (core, fuse, grain, granule, grape seed, kernel, physical inventory taking, pip, pit, sand hole, wick), nucleus (kernel). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | nukleo, kerno (core, kernel, pit). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faeroese | kjarni (core, kernel, pit). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | مغز (Brain, Kernel, Marrow, Mind, Pate), هسته مرکزی , هسته (Atom, Kernel, Stone), لب (Bank, Brink, Cheek, Lip, Puss), اساس (Base, Basis, Bedrock, Cornerstone, Element, Fabric, Ground, Groundwork, Root). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | ydin (core, heart center, heart centre, kernel, marrow, medulla, pit, pith, security kernel), tuma (cell nucleus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | noyau (atomic nucleus, nub). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Kern (almond, atomic nucleus, center, centre, core, core wood, crux, essence, gist, grape seed, gut, heart, heart center, heart centre, heartwood, kernel, marrow, nub, pip, pit, pith, pith stock, quintessence, seed, seed value, sprue, stone, web, web thickness), Zellkern (cell nucleus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πυρήνας (atomic nucleus, core, kernel, magnetic core, multiplier, nucleus nuclei, slowing-down kernel, sprue). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | középpont (center, centre, focuse, hub, middle, midst, nuclei), atommag (atomic kernel, atomic nucleus, nuclei). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | permulaan (onset, start), inti (core, pith). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | nucleo (atomic nucleus, cell, core, core area, Executive, group, heart, kernel, magnetic core, security kernel, squad, team, unit). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 中枢 (backbone, central figure, centre, key man, mainstay, pillar, pivot), 中 (backbone, center field, center fielder, main body, mainstay). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | きか" (already published, boiler, engine, facility, feedback, flagship, gauge, hunger and cold, instrument, key, mainstay, mechanism, mirror, organ, paragon, pattern, period, quarterly, repatriation, return, returning to one'sship, term, trachea, wonderful sight, your letter), さいぼうかく, かく (angle, beautiful passage of literature, bishop, case, character, divide, each, every, kernel, status, stroke, to break, to chip, to crack, to depict, to describe, to draw, to lack, to paint, to perspire, to scratch, to sketch, to write), ""か" (basis, root and branch, root cap), '"しかく, ちゅうすう (arithmetical mean, backbone, central figure, centre, key man, mainstay, pillar, pivot), ちゅうかく (core, kernel, septum), ちゅうけ" (backbone, center field, center fielder, faithful dog, main body, mainstay). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 핵 (Nuclear, Nuclei, Nucleuses). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | cheshvean (dead centre, epicentre, orthocentre). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | nukleo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ucleusnay núcleo (center, centre, core, heart, hearth, kernel, magnetic core, multiplier, pit, resident control program, sprue, working bottom). (various references) nucleu (core, germ, kernel), germene (germ). (various references) ячейка (alveolus, cell, cellule, partition), ядро (core, hard core, hardcore, kern, kernel, pill, putting-stone), центр (center, centre, focus), косточка (drupel, ossicle), клеточное ядро, нервный центр (nerve center, nerve centre, nerve-centre), зародыш (egg, embryo, fetus, foetus, germ). (various references) nukleus, jezgro (core, kernel, pith), jedro (sail, spencer). (various references) núcleo (atomic nucleus, center, centre, core, hearth, kernel, magnetic core, multiplier, paper core, plunger, security kernel, working bottom). (various references) cellkärna, kärna (almond, atomic nucleus, churn, core, core wood, dental infundibulum, duramen, gist, grape seed, guts, heart, heart center, heart centre, heartwood, infundibulum dentis, kernel, keystone, magnetic core, marrow, meat, pip, pit, pith stock, putting-stone, sprue, stone, truewood). (various references) ใจกลาง. (various references) nüve, sinir hücreleri yığını, atom çekirdeği (atomic nucleus), öz (compact, compendious, content, core, cream, distillate, distillation, elixir, entity, epitome, essence, essential oil, extract, extraction, full, genuine, gist, goodness, guts, heartbeat, kernel, marrow, matter, meat, medulla, own, pith, pith and marrow, pulp, quick, quiddity, quintessence, self, soul, stuff, substance, substantiality, substratum, sum, whole), çekirdek (core, core memory, cystoblast, hard core, hard pan, kernel, pit, seed, stone). (various references) цzen (core). (various references) ядро горіха, ядро (ball, bullet, core, pill), центр кристалізації, центр (center, centre, midpoint, navel, pivot), кісточка плода, комірка (closet, nutshell), осередок (focus, hotbed, nursery, omphalos), зародок (corcle, dawn, egg, embryo, fetus, germ, primordium), атомне ядро. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | nucleus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "nucleus": nucleuses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "nucleus": macronucleus, micronucleus, pronucleus. (additional references) | |
Words containing "nucleus": macronucleuses, micronucleuses, pronucleuses. (additional references) | |
| |
"Nucleus" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: n'class, neucleus, nucleas, nucleids, Nucleo, nucleous, nucleuss, nuclius, nuclus. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "nucleus" (pronounced nuw"klēus) |
| 4 | -l ē u s | alias, bilious, coleus, punctilious, supercilious. |
| 3 | -ē u s | acrimonious, amphibious, aqueous, commodious, contemporaneous, copious, courteous, curious, deleterious, delirious, denarius, devious, dubious, envious, erroneous, extraneous, fastidious, felonious, furious, gaseous, glorious, gregarious, harmonious, hideous, hilarious, homogeneous, igneous, ignominious, illustrious, imperious, impervious, industrious, inglorious, injurious, insidious, instantaneous, invidious, laborious, lascivious, lugubrious, luxurious, melodious, meritorious, miscellaneous, mysterious, nefarious, notorious, oblivious, obsequious, obvious, odious, pancreas, penurious, percutaneous, precarious, previous, radius, sanctimonious, Sartorius, serious, simultaneous, spontaneous, spurious, studious, tedious, unceremonious, various, vicarious, victorious, vitreous. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-l-n-s-u-u" | |
-1 letter: uncles. | |
-2 letters: clues, luces, lunes, uncle, uncus. | |
-3 letters: cels, clue, cues, ecus, lens, luce, lues, lune, slue, sulu, ulus. | |
-4 letters: cel, cue, ecu, els, ens, leu, nus, sec, sel, sen, sue, sun, ulu, uns, use. | |
-5 letters: el, en, es, ne, nu, un, us. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-l-n-s-u-u" | |
+1 letter: nucellus. | |
+2 letters: furuncles, minuscule, nucleolus, nucleuses, succulent, unbuckles, uncouples. | |
+3 letters: minuscules, pronucleus, purulences, subnuclear, succulence, succulents, tenaculums, unclutters, uncouplers, uncrumples, unluckiest. | |
+4 letters: cutaneously, incredulous, luxuriances, musclebound, succulences, succulently, truculences, tuberculins, turbulences, turnbuckles, uncalloused, uncrushable, unluckiness, unmasculine, unscheduled, ventriculus. | |
+5 letters: contumelious, fraudulences, furunculoses, glaucousness, glucuronides, incestuously, lusciousness, macronucleus, micronucleus, monocultures, pronucleuses, ranunculuses, truculencies, turbulencies, unsuccessful, untouchables, vinicultures. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4E 75 63 6C 65 75 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-. ..- -.-. .-.. . ..- ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001110 01110101 01100011 01101100 01100101 01110101 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)N u c l e u s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004E 0075 0063 006C 0065 0075 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)48876978718785 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Sounds 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Translations: Ancient 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Orthography 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
