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Definition: NUCLEI |
NUCLEIPlural1. Of Nucleus |
Date "NUCLEI" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1854. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Health | A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is composed of one or more protons and usually some neutrons as well. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus is called the atomic number, and determines which element the atom is (for example hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc.).Though the positively charged protons exert a repulsive electromagnetic force on each other, the distances between nuclear particles are small enough that the strong interaction (which is stronger than the electromagnetic force but decreases more rapidly with distance) predominates. (The gravitational attraction is negligible, being a factor 1036 weaker than this electromagnetic repulsion.)
See also:
The discovery of the electron was the first indication that the atom had internal structure. This structure was initially imagined according to the "raisin cookie" or "plum pudding" model, in which the small, negatively charged electrons were embedded in a large sphere containing all the positive charge. Ernest_Rutherford and Marsden, however, discovered in 1911 that alpha particles from a radium source were sometimes scattered backwards from a gold foil, which led to the acceptance of a planetary model, in which the electrons orbited a tiny nucleus in the same way that the planets orbit the sun.
- radioactivity
- nuclear fusion
- nuclear fission
- atomic number
- atomic mass
- isotope
- spectrum
A heavy nucleus can contain hundreds of nucleons (neutrons and protons), which means that to some approximation it can be treated as a classical system, rather than a quantum-mechanical one. In the resulting liquid-drop model, the nucleus has an energy which arises partly from surface tension and partly from electrical repulsion of the protons. The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of binding energy with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of nuclear fission.
Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert-Mayer. Nuclei with certain numbers of neutrons and protons (the magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126, ...) are particularly stable, because their shells are filled.
Since some nuclei are more stable than others, it follows that energy can be released by nuclear reactions. The sun is powered by nuclear fusion, in which two nuclei collide and merge to form a larger nucleus. The opposite process is fission, which powers nuclear power plants. Because the binding energy per nucleon is at a maximum for medium-mass nuclei (around iron), energy is released either by fusing light nuclei or by fissioning heavier ones.
The elements up to iron are created in a star during a series of fusion stages. First hydrogen fuses with itself to form helium, then helium fuses with itself twice to make carbon, and further fusings proceed to make heavier elements, until the series of fusions make iron which will not fuse further. If the star explodes in a supernova, the high energy neutrinos streaming from the supernova will bombard the escaping elements to form substantial portions of the elemental neuclei heavier than iron. Hence, during stellar evolution through the progression of stages in fusing succeedingly heavier elements, the death of a star in a supernova can create the elements necessary for life.
Nuclear reactions occur naturally on earth. Except in manmade conditions, such as atomic explosions, temperatures and pressures on earth are not high enough to overcome the electrical repulsion between nuclei and allow fusion. But heavy nuclei such as uranium may undergo fission and alpha decay, and beta decay can also occur. Alpha decay can be considered as an extremely asymmetric case of fission, in which one fragment is a helium nucleus (alpha particle). In beta decay, either a proton is converted into a neutron (with the emission of an antielectron and a neutrino) or a neutron is converted into a proton (emitting an electron and an antineutrino).
Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions. The heaviest of all nuclei are neutron stars. Nuclei may also be characterized by extreme shapes (like footballs) or by extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can also use artificially induced fusion at high energies to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced a phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark-gluon plasma, in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as neutrons and protons.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Atomic nucleus."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The cell nucleus is an organelle within an eukaryotic cell. Its has two main functions :
- to control chemical reactions in the cell cytoplasm
- to store information needed for when the cell divides
Structure
The nucleus, being the largest sub-cellular compartment, varies in diameter from 10 to 20 micrometres. It is surrounded by a double membrane forming the nuclear envelope, about 30 nm wide. This selectively allows molecules to enter and leave the nucleus, and separates chemical reactions taking place in cytoplasm from reactions happening within the nucleus. The outer membrane has ribosomes. The inner and outer membrane fuse at regular spaces, forming nuclear pores.
Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm - a highly viscous solid containing the chromosomes and nucleoli. Chromosones contain information encoded in DNA attached to proteins called histones and are usually arranged in to a dense network called chromatin. Nucleoli are granular structures which make ribonucleic DNA (rDNA) and assemble it with proteins.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cell nucleus."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Latin for center or core.
- In chemistry and physics, the term used to describe that collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom that carry the bulk of the atom's mass and positive charge. See atomic nucleus and nuclear physics.
- In cell biology, nucleus refers to the membrane-bound subcellular organelle found in eukaryotes, visible via microscopy, which contains, primarily, the cell's chromosomes. See cell nucleus.
- In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a central nervous system structure that is composed mainly of gray matter and mediates electrical signaling within a particular subsystem.
- In astronomy, the solid core of a comet is referred to as the comet's nucleus.
- In astronomy, the central region of a galaxy is referred as the galaxy nucleus.
- In meteorology, an ice crystal is formed around an ice nucleus.
- In meteorology, the development of a cloud droplet is based on a cloud condensation nucleus.
- Nucleus: In linguistics, this is the center part of a syllable, most often a vowel.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nucleus."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a central nervous system structure that is composed mainly of gray matter, and which acts as a hub or transit point for electrical signals in a single neural subsystem. For example, the lateral geniculate nucleus mediates signals in the vertebrate visual system.Other examples include the Raphe nucleus, which is involved in sleep, and the suprachiasmic nucleus, which controls circadian rhythm. All the nerve cell axons terminating on a nucleus tend to employ the same neurotransmitter at their synapses. As a result, the effects of certain psychoactive drugs are concentrated in particular nuclei. Morphine is believed to act via synapses of the arcuate nucleus, for example.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nucleus (neuroanatomy)."
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Entamoeba coli cyst, mature, five nuclei, chromatoid body visible. Parasite, ameba. Credit: CDC. |  | Histopathology of blastomycosis of skin. Budding cell of Blastomyces dermatitidis surrounded by neutrophils. Multiple nuclei are visible. Credit: CDC. |
 | This mature P. malariae schizont is contained within a normal sized RBC. The parasite contains 6-12 merozoites with large nuclei, and has a coarse, dark brown pigment. Credit: CDC. |  | Cresyl violet stain, used here to stain this section of cervical spinal cord, bonds well with acidic components that comprise the neuronal cytoarchitecture such as ribosomes, nuclei and nucleoli. Credit: CDC. |
 | Particle impactor to study atmospheric particulate matter; Aiken condensation nuclei counter, and Dupont humidity sensor. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | A condensation nuclei counter inside the observatory building. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | See basal ganglia, caudate nuclei. (references) | |
Droplet nuclei are tiny and may remain in the air for prolonged periods, ready to be inhaled. (references) | ||
Genes are segments of DNA, the long molecules that reside in the nuclei of your body's cells. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "NUCLEI" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 98.69% of the time. "NUCLEI" is used about 306 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 98.69% | 302 | 16,684 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.31% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 306 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "NUCLEI": Anterior Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Cerebellar Nuclei ♦ Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Lateral Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Midline Thalamic Nuclei ♦ mirror nuclei ♦ nuclei counter ♦ odd.even nuclei ♦ Posterior Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Raphe Nuclei ♦ Septal Nuclei ♦ Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Trigeminal Nuclei ♦ Ventral Thalamic Nuclei ♦ Vestibular Nuclei. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "NUCLEI": condensation-nuclei. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "NUCLEI"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 中坚力量 (Nucleus, Nucleuses). (various references) | |
Danish | nuclei tegmenti (tegmental nuclei), naar der danner sig kim i en smelte,og de vokser i en negativ temperaturgradient,opstaar der frie dendritter,d.v.s.dendritter,der ikke sidder fast paa en koldere vaeg,saaledes at varmen ledes vaek gennem smelten (the heat being evacuated by the melt, when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), nuclei arcuati (arcuate nuclei), nuclei myoleiotici (myoleiotic nuclei), nuclei nervi acustici (cochlear nuclei), nuclei nervi statoacustici (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), nuclei nervi vestibulocochlearis (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), nuclei pulvinares (pulvinar nuclei), naar denne struktur atter opvarmes,optraeder der ved en endnu ikke fuldt opklaret mekanisme rekrystallisationskim,d.v.s.at atomer fra de omgivende mosaikblokke slutter sig til kimens krystalgitter (recrystallization nuclei appear by a mechanism which is not yet clearly understood and these nuclei grow, when a structure of this kind is reheated), nuclei thalami (nuclei of thalamus), nuclei tuberales hypothalami (lateral tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus, tuberal hypothalamic nuclei), nucleus dentatus (dentate cerebellar nucleus, dentate nuclei, dentate nucleus, rhomboid body), nucleu cochlares (cochlear nuclei), nuclei originis (nuclei of origin), i praksis findes der i staal talrige fremmedkim (in practice, steels contain numerous foreign nuclei), hypothalamisk kerne (subthalamic nuclei), hjernenervernes udspringskerner (nuclei of origin), høre-og ligevægtskernerne (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), grå kerne (grey nuclei), en hoej stoebetemperatur giver faerre kim under udstoebning,da metallet er meget varmt,og den oeger ogsaa sandsynligheden for genopsmeltning af de kim,der suges tilbage i smelten (and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), de dannede metalkim vokser i bestemte retninger under dannelse af korn, der beroerer hinanden, saa snart restsmelten er stoerknet (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), de frie krystaller indeholder ofte oxidiske indeslutninger fordi disse enten har virket som faste og ved krystallisation af smelte er blevet tungere og sunket tilbunds eller fordi de,medens de sank,er blevet haengende i de forgrenede dendritter (and fell to the bottom of the ingot when their weight increased as a result ofthe metal solidifying around them, or else because the inclusions were entrapped by the branching during their fall, the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), de reagerende kerners masse (mass of the interacting nuclei), det synes som om disse kim er dele af det deformerede metal,som er mindre uregelmaessige end de omkringliggende omraader (these nuclei appear to be regions of cold-worked metal which are less distorted than the zones adjacent to them), isaer aluminiumoxid synes at vaere meget virksomt til at danne stoerkningskim (alumina, in particular, seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), disse faste kim er oftest oxider,der er krystallinske ved staalbadets temperatur (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), disse fremmedkim kan vaere af betydelig vigtighed i visse typer af specialstaal,der har tilboejelighed til at give en kraftig soejlekrystallisationszone,og som derfor er varmsproede ved blokvalsning eller som stoebegods (and which are consequently susceptible to hot short during rolling when in the form of ingots, or to cold brittleness when in the form of castings, these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), bisegmentkernet granulocyt (spectacles nuclei), vaeksten af kimene foerer til dannelsen af korn,der stoeder op til hinanden,og hvor hvert korn svarer til en kim (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), ulige-ulige kerne (odd-odd nuclei), ulige-lige kerne (odd.even nuclei), thalamuskernen (nuclei of thalamus), subcortikal kerne (subcortical nuclei), stoevtaeller (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), stoerkningen begynder med kimdannelse af faste partikler i en smelte;den skrider derefter fremad ved vaekst af disse kim,til de stoeder sammen indbyrdes i en fast struktur (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), man havde den opfattelse, at deformationen fremmede omdannelsen ved at frembringe kim for martensitten i de uregelmaessige omraader i moderfasen (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase), soelvkim (silver nuclei), kimene udvikler sig med en hastighed, der afhaenger af muligheden for bortledning af omdannelsesvarmen (the nuclei grow ata rate depending on the ability of the system to dissipate the heat of transformation), man ser heraf,at faldhastigheden af de frie krystaller er ganske stor,at dette nedfald blokerer dannelsen af soejlekrystalzonen og at denne sidste atter kan optraede i en kimfri smelte (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei, the test demonstrates that the rate of fall of the free crystals is quite high), associationskerne (association nuclei), krystallisation sker foerst ved kimdannelse og derefter ved krystalvaekst (and then by crystal growth, solidification proceeds first by the formation of nuclei), kondensationstæller (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), kondensationskimtæller (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), kondensationskernetæller (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), spejlkerner (mirror nuclei). (various references) | |
Dutch | nucleus originis (nuclei of origin), nuclei arcuati (arcuate nuclei), nuclei thalami (association nuclei, nuclei of thalamus), nucleus cerebelli (dentate cerebellar nucleus, dentate nuclei, dentate nucleus, rhomboid body), nucleus nervi statoacustici (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), nucleus reticularis tegmenti (tegmental nuclei), nucleus subthalamicus (corpus luysi, hypothalamic nucleus, subthalamic nuclei, subthalamic nucleus), nucleus dentatus (dentate cerebellar nucleus, dentate nuclei, dentate nucleus, rhomboid body), deze vaste kiemen zijn meestal oxyden die bij de temperatuur van de smelt zijn gekristalliseerd (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), deze kernen schijnen delen koudvervormd metaal te zijn die minder vervormd zijn dan de aangrenzende zones (these nuclei appear to be regions of cold-worked metal which are less distorted than the zones adjacent to them), de vrije kristallen bevatten vaak oxydische insluitsels omdat deze ofwel als vaste kiemen fungeerden en door aankristalliseren zwaarder werden en naar de bodem zakten ofwel omdat zij tijdens het zakken door vertakte dendrieten werden ingevangen (and fell to the bottom of the ingot when their weight increased as a result ofthe metal solidifying around them, or else because the inclusions were entrapped by the branching during their fall, the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), kernenteller (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), de kiemen groeien met een snelheid die afhankelijk is van de mogelijkheid om de transformatiewarmte af te voeren (the nuclei grow ata rate depending on the ability of the system to dissipate the heat of transformation), het groeien van de kiemen leidt tot het vormen van aaneengesloten korrels,waarbij iedere korrel uit één kiem is ontstaan (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), corpus dentatum (dentate cerebellar nucleus, dentate nuclei, dentate nucleus, rhomboid body), condensatiekernenteller (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), deze vreemde kiemen kunnen zeer belangrijk zijn bij vele soorten edelstaal die neigen tot het vormen van een uitgebreide zone met stengelkristallen en daardoor gevoelig zijn voor walsbrosheid bij blokvormen of voor koudbrosheid bij gietstukken (and which are consequently susceptible to hot short during rolling when in the form of ingots, or to cold brittleness when in the form of castings, these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), druppeltjes van Flügge (droplet nuclei), een hoge giettemperatuur gaat gepaard met minder kiemen in de smelt omdat het metaal zeer heet is;bovendien verhoogt dit feit de waarschijnlijkheid,dat de kiemen opnieuw smelten wanneer zij weer in de smelt komen (and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), gemakkelijk opengaande ringen (easily opening nuclei, easily opening rings), grijze kern (grey nuclei), het stollen begint met kiemvorming door vaste deeltjes in de smelt;daarna worden door het groeien van deze kiemen aaneensluitende korrels gevormd en dus een vaste stof (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), het stollen wordt ingeleid door kiemvorming,waarna hieromheen de kristallen groeien (and then by crystal growth, solidification proceeds first by the formation of nuclei), hiermee is aangetoond dat het zakken van vrije kristallen tamelijk snel geschiedt,dat de vorming van stengelkristallen stopt en dat de vorming van stengelkristallen in een kiemvrije smelt kan optreden (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei, the test demonstrates that the rate of fall of the free crystals is quite high), als men een dergelijke structuur weer verhit,ontstaan rekristallisatiekernen door een mechanisme dat nog niet volledig bekend is;deze kernen groeien,d.w.z.de atomen in de omringende blokjes ordenen zich op het kristalrooster van de kern (recrystallization nuclei appear by a mechanism which is not yet clearly understood and these nuclei grow, when a structure of this kind is reheated), in het bijzonder aluminiumoxyde schijnt zeer effectief te zijn voor het vormen van stollingskiemen (alumina, in particular, seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), zodra de smelt geheel is gestold,groeien de ontstane metaalkernen in bepaalde richtingen uit tot een hoeveelheid elkaar rakende korrels (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), massa van de reagerende kernen (mass of the interacting nuclei), oneven-evenkernen (odd.even nuclei), oneven-onevenkernen (odd-odd nuclei), plastische deformatie werdt geacht de transformatie te bevorderen doordat het in de beschadigde zones van de oorsprongelijke fase martensietkiemen zou doen ontstaan (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase), polycentrisch patroon (arrangement by multiple nuclei, multi-centered pattern), spiegelkernen (mirror nuclei), subcorticale kernen (subcortical nuclei), wanneer zich in de smelt kiemen vormen die bij een negatieve temperatuurgradiënt groeien,worden vrije dendrieten gevormd,dat zijn dendrieten die niet aan een koude wand gehecht zijn,zodat de warmte door de smelt wordt afgevoerd (the heat being evacuated by the melt, when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), in de praktijk vindt men in de diverse staalsoorten een groot aantal vreemde kernen (in practice, steels contain numerous foreign nuclei). (various references) | |
Finnish | tiivistymisydinlaskuri (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter, nuclei counter, nucleus counter), kondensaatioydinlaskuri (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), kantafaasi (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase). (various references) | |
French | noyaux d'origine (nuclei of origin), noyau réticulaire de la calotte du pédoncule (tegmental nuclei), noyaux arqués du bulbe (arcuate nuclei), noyaux cérébelleux (dentate nuclei), noyaux d'association (association nuclei), noyau gris (grey nuclei), noyaux en pince-nez (spectacles nuclei), noyaux hypothalamiques (subthalamic nuclei), noyaux impairs-pairs (odd.even nuclei), noyaux miroirs (mirror nuclei), noyaux sous-corticaux (subcortical nuclei), noyaux s'ouvrant facilement (easily opening nuclei), noyaux impairs-impairs (odd-odd nuclei), noyaux cochléaris ventral et dorsal (cochlear nuclei), il semble que ces germes soient des portions du métal écroui, moins perturbées que ses voisins (these nuclei appear to be regions of cold-worked metal which are less distorted than the zones adjacent to them), gouttelettes de Flügge (droplet nuclei), en pratique il existe dans les aciers de nombreux germes étrangers (steels contain numerous foreign nuclei), en particulier l'alumine semble très efficace pour former des germes de solidification (seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), dès la disparition du liquide les germes de métal se développent dans des directions déterminées pour donner des grains jointifs (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains), ces germes étrangers prennent une grande importance pour certaines nuances d'aciers spéciaux qui sont enclins donner une zone basaltique importante, s'accompagnant ainsi de fragilité au laminage pour les lingots, ou de fragilité froid pour les m (these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), ces germes solides sont en général des oxydes cristallisés la température du bain d'acier (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), la solidification procède par germinationde particules solides dans un liquide, puis par croissance de ces germes pour donner des grains jointifs, donc une architecture solide (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), compteur de noyaux (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), la solidification s'opère d'abord par la formation de germes, puis par la croissance des cristaux (solidification proceeds first by the formation of nuclei), le grossissement des germes aboutit la formation de grains jointifs, chaque grain correspondant un germe (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), les cristaux libres contiennent souvent des inclusions oxydées soit parce que celles-ci ont servi de germes solides et, alourdies par givrage, tombent au fond, soit parce qu'elles sont piégées en cours de route par les dendrites ramifiées (the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), lorsque les germes naissent l'intérieur du liquide et croissent en gradient de température négatif ils donnent des dendrites libres, c'est- -dire non adhérentes une paroi froide, l'évacuation de la chaleur se faisant par le liquide (when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), ébullition des noyaux (boiling of nuclei), masse des noyaux initiaux (mass of the interacting nuclei), une température de coulée élevée donne moins de germes la coulée puisque le métal est très chaud et, de plus, augmente la probabilité de leur refusion une fois réentraînés dans le liquide chaud (a high melt temperature gives fewer nuclei on teeming since the metal is very hot, and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), on a pensé que la déformation plastique favorisait la transformation en engendrant des germes de martensite dans les zones hétérogènes de la phase mère (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase), on voit ainsi que la descente des cristaux libres est assez rapide, qu'elle arrête le développement de la zone basaltique et que celle-ci peut réapparaître dans un liquide dégermé (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei), schéma polynucléaire (arrangement by multiple nuclei), lorsqu'on réchauffe une telle structure, il apparaît, par un mécanisme non encore complètement élucidé, des germes de recristallisation qui grossissent, c'est- -dire que les atomes des blocs environnants s'alignent sur le réseau Cristallographique (i.e. the atoms in the surrounding blocks line up on the crystal lattice of the nucleus, recrystallization nuclei appear by a mechanism which is not yet clearly understood and these nuclei grow). (various references) | |
German | Zellkerne (cell nuclei, nucleuses). (various references) | |
Greek | πυρήνες (pomace). (various references) | |
Hungarian | mag (berry, cicatrice, core, corn, heart, kernel, nuclear, nucleus, pip, seed, seminal, stone), lényeg (burden, elixir, entity, essence, essential, gist, inbeing, kernel, main point, main thing, matter, meat, nature, nub, nucleus, pivot, point, quiddity, substance, tenor, the long and the short), középpont (center, centre, focuse, hub, middle, midst, nucleus), atommag (atomic kernel, atomic nucleus, nucleus). (various references) | |
Italian | nuclei d'associazione (association nuclei), nuclei arciformi (arcuate nuclei), nuclei cocleari ventrali e dorsali (cochlear nuclei), nuclei del talamo (nuclei of thalamus), nuclei del tegmento (tegmental nuclei), nuclei del tuber (lateral tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus, tuberal hypothalamic nuclei), nuclei di origine (nuclei of origin), nuclei dispari-dispari (odd-odd nuclei), nuclei laterobasali del tuber (lateral tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus, tuberal hypothalamic nuclei), nuclei nervi stato-acustici (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), nuclei speculari (mirror nuclei), nucleo dentato (dentate nuclei), nuclei pari-dispari (odd.even nuclei), nuclei arcuati (arcuate nuclei), I cristalli liberi contengono spesso delle inclusioni ossidiche, o perchè queste servirono da germi e divenute più pesanti con il procedere della cristallizzazione caddero al fondo, o perché furono trattenute nella caduta da ramificazioni di dendriti (and fell to the bottom of the ingot when their weight increased as a result ofthe metal solidifying around them, or else because the inclusions were entrapped by the branching during their fall, the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), La solidificazione incomincia con la nucleazione di particelle solide in un bagno di liquido e procede con l'accrescimento di questi germi fino a dare grani a contratto tra loro, ossia una struttura solida (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), la deformazione plastica era considerata di stimolo alla trasformazione, generando nuclei di martensite nelle zone deformate della fase principale (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase), la cristallizzazione si avvia con la formazione di germi e prosegue con l'accrescimento dei cristalli (and then by crystal growth, solidification proceeds first by the formation of nuclei), i nuclei evaporino (boiling of nuclei), i germi si sviluppano con una velocit che dipende dalla possibilit di smaltire il calore di trasformazione (the nuclei grow ata rate depending on the ability of the system to dissipate the heat of transformation), massa dei nuclei agenti (mass of the interacting nuclei), gli acciai contengono in pratica numerosi germi estranei (in practice, steels contain numerous foreign nuclei), Da questo si vede che la discesa dei cristalli liberi avviene piuttosto rapidamente, che essa arresta lo sviluppo della zona colonnare e che quest'ultima puo ripresentarsi in un liquido privo di germi (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei, the test demonstrates that the rate of fall of the free crystals is quite high), Contatore del nucleo di condensazione (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), contanuclei (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), L'ossido di alluminio in particolare mostra grande efficacia nel formare germi di solidificazione (alumina, in particular, seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), misuratore di nuclei di condensazione (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), una volta solidificati gli ultimi resti di liquido, i germi metallici formatisi crescono in orientamenti determinati per dare una massa di grani a contatto tra loro (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), anelli che si aprono facilmente (easily opening nuclei, easily opening rings), Sembra che questi germi siano particelle di metallo incrudito meno distorte di quelle adiacenti (these nuclei appear to be regions of cold-worked metal which are less distorted than the zones adjacent to them), Un'elevata temperatura di colata produce meno germi nel bagno, perché il metallo è molto caldo; in più essa aumenta la probabilit che i germi fondano di nuovo quando vengono riportati nel liquido caldo (a high melt temperature gives fewer nuclei on teeming since the metal is very hot, and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), Questi germi solidi sono per la maggior parte ossidi che si sono solidificati alla temperatura del bagno liquido (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), Questi germi estranei esercitano una grande influenza in certi tipi di acciai speciali che hanno tendenza alla formazione di una densa zona di cristallizzazione colonnare accompagnata da fragilit a freddo nei getti (and which are consequently susceptible to hot short during rolling when in the form of ingots, or to cold brittleness when in the form of castings, these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), Quando si torna a riscaldare una struttura di questo tipo si formano, per un meccanismo ancora non interamente chiarito, dei germi di ricristallizzazione che si accrescono, ossia gli atomi dei blocchetti adiacenti si associanodisponendosi ordinatamente su (i.e. the atoms in the surrounding blocks line up on the crystal lattice of the nucleus, recrystallization nuclei appear by a mechanism which is not yet clearly understood and these nuclei grow, when a structure of this kind is reheated), Quando nell'interno del liquido si formano dei germi che poi crescono in un gradiente di temperatura negativo si formano delle dendriti libere, ossia dendriti che non aderiscono ad una parete fredda, per cui il calore viene portato via dal bagno (i. e. dendrites which are not attached to a cold wall, the heat being evacuated by the melt, when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), piccoli ammassi di sostanza grigia situati lungo le fibre arciformi esterne anteriori (arcuate nuclei), L'ingrossamento dei germi conduce alla formazione di grani a contatto, ciascuno dei quali corrisponde ad un germe (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains). (various references) | |
Korean | 핵 (Nuclear, Nucleus, Nucleuses). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ucleinay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | núcleo prateado (silver nuclei), núcleo cinzento (grey nuclei), núcleo dentado (dentate nuclei), núcleos de associação (association nuclei), núcleos hipotalâmicos (subthalamic nuclei), núcleos subcorticais (subcortical nuclei), núcleo de gotículas (droplet nuclei), o crescimento dos germes termina na formação de grãos ligados,cada grão correspondendo a um germe (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), os cristais livres contêm frequentemente inclusões oxidadas,ou porque foram utilizadas como germes sólidos e,tornadas mais pesadas devido solidificação de metal sua volta caiem no fundo do lingote,ou porque,ao afundarem-se,foram apanhadas pel (and fell to the bottom of the ingot when their weight increased as a result ofthe metal solidifying around them, or else because the inclusions were entrapped by the branching during their fall, the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), verifica-se assim que a descida dos cristais livres é tão rápida,que pára o desenvolvimento da zona basáltica e que esta pode reaparecer num líquido livre de germes (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei, the test demonstrates that the rate of fall of the free crystals is quite high), quando os germes nascem no interior do líquido e crescem em gradiente de temperatura negativo,originam dendrites livres,quer dizer não aderentes a uma parede fria,realizando-se a evacuação do calor pelo líquido (i. e. dendrites which are not attached to a cold wall, the heat being evacuated by the melt, when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), a alumina,em particular,parece muito eficaz para formar os germes de solidificação (alumina, in particular, seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), uma temperatura de vazamento elevada dá menos germes no vazamento visto o metal estar muito quente e,além disso,aumenta a probabilidade da refusão desses germes quando são arrastados de novo para o líquido quente (a high melt temperature gives fewer nuclei on teeming since the metal is very hot, and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), indicador de núcleos de condensação (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), granulócitos bissegmentados (spectacles nuclei), estes germes sólidos são em geral óxidos cristalizados temperatura do banho de aço (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), estes germes estranhos têm uma grande importância para certos tipos de aços especiais,que têm tendência a formar uma zona colunar importante,a qual pode dar origem a fragilidade na laminagem dos lingotes ou fragilidade a frio para as peças vazadas (and which are consequently susceptible to hot short during rolling when in the form of ingots, or to cold brittleness when in the form of castings, these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), contador de núcleos de condensação (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter, nuclei counter, nucleus counter), a solidificação começa com a germinação de partículas sólidas num líquido e prossegue com o crescimento destes germes para dar grãos ligados e portanto uma estrutura sólida (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure). (various references) | |
Spanish | núcleos arcuados (arcuate nuclei), núcleo del nervio vestibulococlear (nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve), núcleo dentado (dentate nuclei), núcleos arciformes (arcuate nuclei), núcleo de origen (nuclei of origin), núcleos cocleares ventrales y dorsales (cochlear nuclei), núcleos del tegmento mesencefálico (tegmental nuclei), núcleos grises (grey nuclei), núcleos subcorticales (subcortical nuclei), núcleos talámicos (association nuclei), núcleos tegmentarios (tegmental nuclei), núcleos tuberales (lateral tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus, tuberal hypothalamic nuclei), núcleos hipotalámicos (subthalamic nuclei), núcleo dorsomedial del hipotálamo (dorsomedial nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus, tuberal hypothalamic nuclei), contador de núcleos de condensación (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), estos núcleos extraños ejercen una gran influencia en determinados tipos de aceros especiales que tienen tendencia a la formación de una zona densa de cristalización columnar, acompañada también de fragilidad en el laminado de los lingotes o de frag (and which are consequently susceptible to hot short during rolling when in the form of ingots, or to cold brittleness when in the form of castings, these foreign nuclei can be of considerable importance in the case of certain grades of special steels which are inclined to give a large columnar zone), en particular, el aluminio parece ser muy eficaz para formar núcleos de solidificación (alumina, in particular, seems very effective in forming solidification nuclei), en la práctica, en los aceros existen numerosos núcleos extraños (in practice, steels contain numerous foreign nuclei), el engrosamiento de los núcleos conduce a la formación de granos en contacto, cada uno de los cuales corresponde a un núcleo (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), de este modo, se ve que el descenso de los cristales libres es muy rápido, que detiene el desarrollo de la zona basáltica y que ésta puede reaparecer en un líquido sin núcleos (that this precipitation blocks the development of the columnar zone and that the columnar zone can reappear in a liquid free of nuclei, the test demonstrates that the rate of fall of the free crystals is quite high), cuando los núcleos nacen en el interior del líquido y crecen con gradiente de temperatura negativa, dan dendritas libres, es decir no adheribles a una pared, efectuándose la evacuación del calor a través del líquido (i. e. dendrites which are not attached to a cold wall, the heat being evacuated by the melt, when nuclei form inside the melt and grow in a negative temperature gradient they form free dendrites), contador del núcleo de condensación (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter), estos núcleos sólidos son generalmente óxidos que cristalizan a la temperatura de fusión (these solid nuclei are generally oxides which crystallized at the temperature of the melt), cuando se recalienta una estructura de esta clase, por medio de un mecanismo todavía sin aclarar del todo se forman núcleos de recristalización, que crecen, es decir que los átomos de los bloques circundantes se alinean en la red cristalográfica del (i.e. the atoms in the surrounding blocks line up on the crystal lattice of the nucleus, recrystallization nuclei appear by a mechanism which is not yet clearly understood and these nuclei grow, when a structure of this kind is reheated), hasta que la totalidad del líquido se ha solidificado, los núcleos metálicos tienden a crecer en determinadas direcciones para dar una masa de granos en contacto entre sí (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), la solidificación comienza con la germinación de partículas sólidas en un baño de líquido y prosigue con el crecimiento de estos núcleos hasta dar granos en contacto entre sí, es decir una estructura sólida (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), la solidificación se produce en primer lugar por la formación de núcleos y después por el crecimiento de los cristales (and then by crystal growth, solidification proceeds first by the formation of nuclei), los cristales libres contienen a menudo inclusiones oxidadas, bien sea porque éstas han servido de núcleos sólidos y al hacerse más pesados al proceder a la cristalización caen al fondo, o bien porque quedan retenidas en la caída por las dendritas r (and fell to the bottom of the ingot when their weight increased as a result ofthe metal solidifying around them, or else because the inclusions were entrapped by the branching during their fall, the free crystals often contain oxidized inclusions either because the latter acted as solid nuclei), contador de núcleos (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), los nucleones hierven (boiling of nuclei), una temperatura de colada elevada da menos núcleos, ya que el metal está muy caliente y, además, aumenta la probabilidad de que fundan de nuevo al ser devueltos al líquido caliente (a high melt temperature gives fewer nuclei on teeming since the metal is very hot, and in addition it increases the probability of the nuclei being remelted once they have been reentrained in the hot liquid), parece que estos núcleos son porciones de metal trabajado en frío, que están menos distorsionados que las zonas adyacentes a ellos (these nuclei appear to be regions of cold-worked metal which are less distorted than the zones adjacent to them), se pensó que la deformación plástica favorecía la transformación por que permitía la formación de brotes de martensita en la fase principal en las zonas heterogéneas (plastic deformation was considered to stimulate the transform=tion by generating martensite nuclei in the distorted regions of the parent phase), los núcleos se desarrollan a una velocidad que depende de la posibilidad de evaluación del calor de transformación (the nuclei grow ata rate depending on the ability of the system to dissipate the heat of transformation). (various references) | |
Swedish | ursprungskärnornas massa (mass of the interacting nuclei), udda-udda kärna (odd-odd nuclei), udda-jämn kärna (odd.even nuclei), spegelkärnor (mirror nuclei), räknare för kondensationskärnor (nuclei counter, nucleus counter), partikelräknare (condensation nucleus counter, condensation-nuclei counter). (various references) | |
Thai | คำนามพหูพจน์ของ nucleus. (various references) | |
Turkish | sinir hücreleri yığınları, esaslar (alphabet, bases, rudiments), atom çekirdekleri, çekirdekler. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "NUCLEI": nuclein, nucleins. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "NUCLEI": macronuclei, micronuclei, pronuclei. (additional references) | |
| |
"NUCLEI" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: muclei, Ncpea, Neculai, nicle, nucile, nuclein, Nucleo, Nucula, Nunley, nussle, ucli. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: leucin. | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-i-l-n-u" | |
-1 letter: cline, uncle. | |
-2 letters: ceil, cine, clue, lice, lien, lieu, line, luce, lune, nice, unci. | |
-3 letters: cel, cue, ecu, ice, lei, leu, lie, lin, nil. | |
-4 letters: el, en, in, li, ne, nu, un. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-i-l-n-u" | |
+1 letter: cauline, clueing, cutline, funicle, include, leucine, leucins, linecut, nucelli, nuclein, nuclide, tunicle. | |
+2 letters: acauline, baculine, clunkier, culicine, cultigen, culverin, cupeling, cutlines, dulcinea, funicles, included, includes, leucines, linecuts, lunacies, nucleins, nucleoid, nucleoli, nuclides, pulicene, tunicles, ulcering, uncoiled, undocile, unicycle, unlicked, unsliced. | |
+3 letters: acidulent, antiulcer, calumnies, cingulate, clunkiest, colubrine, columbine, cudgeling, culicines, culminate, cultigens, culverins, cupelling, curliness, decupling, dulcineas, elocution, euclidean, euclidian, excluding, exclusion, flouncier, fluencies, inclosure, inclusive, inculcate, inculpate, incunable, incurable, inducible, influence, inoculate, insculped, interclub, involucre, jubilance, knucklier, lecturing, lemniscus, lenticule, licensure, lichenous, lucencies, lucidness, luciferin, luckiness, luminance, luminesce, lunchtime, masculine, miniscule, minuscule, neuralgic, nucleoids, nucleonic, numerical, pronuclei, reclusion, relucting, secluding, seclusion, surcingle, touchline, truckline, unclaimed, uncliched, unclipped, unethical, unicycles, unluckier, unpoliced, virulence, virulency, vulcanise, vulcanize. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Slideshow | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Anagrams 12. Bibliography |
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