Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Niobium |
NiobiumNoun1. A soft gray ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | Chemical element:atomic number 41. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A shiny, white, soft, and ductile metallic element. Symbol, Nb (niobium) or Cb (columbium). The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Many chemical societies and government organizations refer to it as niobium, but most metallurgists, metals societies, and commercial producers still refer to the metal as columbium. Found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Used as an alloying agent in carbon and alloy steels, in nonferrous metals, and in superconductive magnets. Syn:columbium. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, Symbol, Number | Niobium, Nb, 41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | Transition metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 5, 5 , d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 8570 kg/m3, 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | grey metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 92.90638 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 145 (198) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 137 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Kr]4d4d4 5s1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 5, 3 (mildly acidic) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Cubic body centered | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | solid (__) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 2750 K (4491 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 5017 K (8571 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 10.83 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 696.6 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 26.4 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 0.0755 Pa at 2741 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound | 3480 m/s at 293.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1.6 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 265 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | 6.93 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 53.7 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 652.1 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 1380 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 2416 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 3700 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5th ionization potential | 4877 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6th ionization potential | 9847 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7th ionization potential | 12100 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
When it is processed at even moderate temperatures niobium must be placed in a protective atmosphere. The metal begins to oxidize in air at 200 ° C and its oxidation states are +2, +3, +5.
Columbium was the name originally given to this element by Hatchet but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) officially adopted "niobium" as the name for element 41 in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by the official IUPAC name but most leading metallurgists, metal societies, and most leading American commercial producers still refer to the metal by the original "columbium."
Notable Characteristics
Niobium is a shiny grey, ductile metal that takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods. Niobium's chemical properties are almost identical to the chemical properties of tantalum, which appears below niobium in the periodic table.Applications
Niobium has a number of uses: it is a component of some stainless steels and an alloy of other nonferrous metals. These alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction. Other uses;
Niobium becomes a superconductor when lowered to cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors, 9.3 K. In addition, it is one of the three elemental superconductors that are Type II (the others being vanadium and technetium), meaning it remains a superconductor when subjected to high magnetic fields. Niobium-tin and niobium-titanium alloys are used as wires for superconducting magnets capable of producing exceedingly strong magnetic fields.History
Niobium (Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus) was discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett found niobium in columbite ore that was sent to England in the 1750s by John Winthrop who was the first governor of Connecticut. There was a considerable amount of confusion about the difference between the closely-related niobium and tantalum that wasn't resolved until 1846 by Heinrich Rose and Charles Marignac who rediscovered the element. Since Rose was unaware of Hatchett's work he gave the element a different name, niobium. In 1864 Christian Blomstrand was the first to prepare the metal. He did this by reducing niobium chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. Occurrence
The element is never found as a free element but does occur in niobite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2)O6]), niobite-tantalite [(Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2)O6], pyrochlore (NaCaNbNb2O6F), and euxenite [(Y, Ca, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6]. Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks) and as a constituent of pyrochlore. Brazil and Canada are the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates and extensive ore reserves are also in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, and in Russia.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring niobium is composed of one stable isotope (Nb-93). The most stable radioisotopes are Nb-92 with a half life of 34.7 million years, Nb-94 (half life: 20300 years), and Nb-91 with a half life of 680 years. There is also a meta state at 0.031 mega electron volts whose half life is 16.13 years. Twenty three other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half lives that are less than two hours except Nb-95 (35 days), Nb-96 (23.4 hours) and Nb-90 (14.6 hours). The primary decay mode before the stable Nb-93 is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission with some neutron emission occurring in the first mode of the two mode decay of Nb-104, 109 and 110.
Precautions
Niobium containing compounds are relatively rarely encountered by most people but many are highly toxic and should be treated with care. Metallic niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and also can be a fire hazard. Niobium has no biological role.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Niobium."
Synonym: NiobiumSynonym: atomic number 41 (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Niobium |
| English words defined with "niobium": Columbic, columbite, columbium ♦ Eschynite, Euxenite ♦ niobite ♦ Pelopium. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "niobium": beryllides ♦ ferrous metals ♦ niobium nitride. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "niobium": Niobate. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Niobium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Czech (nb), Dutch (niobium), Swedish (niobium). |
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Brazil | Brazil is a major producer of several minerals, especially iron ore, gold, bauxite, kaolin, manganese, phosphate rock and niobium. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Niobium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Niobium" is used about 5 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 5 | 157,705 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "niobium": niobium-titanium. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
niobium | 59 |
niobium jewelry | 5 |
6 gauge niobium | 5 |
niobium oxide | 3 |
niobium wire | 3 |
niobium body jewelry | 3 |
niobium oxidation silicide | 2 |
niobium barbell | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "niobium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | niob. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | ниобий. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | é"Œ (copper, Cupric), 鈮 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | niob, for at undgaa interkrystallinsk korrosion bindes kulstoffet ved tilsaetning af stoffer,der danner legerede karbider:niob,tantal eller titan,saaledes at udskillelse af chromkarbider under en kortvarig opvarmning,f.eks.langs en svejsesoem,undertrykkes (so that no chromium carbide will be precipitated during short time heating, tantalum or titanium are added to the steel. These metals form alloy carbides with the carbon, to prevent intercrystalline corrosion). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | niobium. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | niobo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | niobiumin pentoksidi (niobium pentoxide). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | niobium, pour éviter la corrosion intercristalline, on combine le carbone en ajoutant des éléments aptes à donner des carbures alliés, niobium et tantale ou titane, en sorte que la précipitation de carbure de chrome soit supprimée lors d'un chauffage de cou, colombium. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Niob. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | νιόβιο. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | nióbium. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | niobio. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | ナパーム弾 (big-headed, caller ID, closest to pin, egotist, knee, knee-high socks, knee-length, knowledge, knowledge engineering, licence plate, NAFTA, Namibia, Nanking, Napa Valley, napalm bomb, naphtha, Naphthalin, napkin, Naples, napoleon, napolitain, narcism, Narcisse, narcissism, narcissist, narcist, narodniki, narration, narrator, narrow silhouette, narrow-band, narrowcasting, National Leaque, navigator, Navstar, near pin, near-miss, neat, need, needle, needs, Nicaragua, nice, Nichrome, Nielsen, nonsense, nonsense comedy, nourish, nourishing cream, nourishment, number, number display, number eight, number one, number plate, numbering, numbering machine, nymphe, stuck-up person). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ニオブ . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | iobiumnay nono lugar, nióbio (nip). (various references) ниобий. (various references) niobijum. (various references) niobio. (various references) niobium, niob. (various references) ніобій. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "niobium": niobiums. (additional references) | |
| |
"Niobium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: anobium, Nebiu, negotium, Neubau, Nibbio, Nicodim, nimbyism, Niobe, nixonian, Nobuku, nusbaum. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "niobium" (pronounced nī'ō"bēum) |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, compendium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, geranium, gonium, gymnasium, hafnium, harmonium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, idiom, indium, iridium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, magnesium, medium, millennium, minium, moratorium, myocardium, nephridium, neptunium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, palladium, pandemonium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, Plasmodium, plutonium, podium, polonium, potassium, premium, presidium, promethium, protium, psyllium, radium, requiem, rhodium, selenium, sodium, stadium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tedium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, zirconium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "b-i-i-m-n-o-u" | |
-1 letter: ionium. | |
-2 letters: imino, nimbi, onium. | |
-3 letters: mini, muni, muon, numb, umbo. | |
-4 letters: bin, bio, bum, bun, ion, mib, mob, mon, mun, nib, nim, nob, nom, nub, obi. | |
-5 letters: bi, bo, in, mi, mo, mu, no, nu, om, on, um, un. | |
| Words containing the letters "b-i-i-m-n-o-u" | |
+1 letter: niobiums. | |
+3 letters: bituminous, submission. | |
+4 letters: cumulonimbi, misdoubting, moribundity, outclimbing, sublimation, submissions, submunition, unambitious. | |
+5 letters: automobiling, connubialism, disemboguing, misbuttoning, multibillion, resubmission, sublimations, submunitions, umbilication, unmodifiable. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4E 69 6F 62 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references)-. .. --- -... .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001110 01101001 01101111 01100010 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)N i o b i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004E 0069 006F 0062 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)48758168758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Rhymes 12. Anagrams | 13. Orthography 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
