Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Nero |
NeroNoun1. Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Nero" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "the advice", "an army". |
Date "Nero" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1380. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Bible | Nero occurs only in the superscription (which is probably spurious, and is altogether omitted in the R.V.) to the Second Epistle to Timothy. He became emperor of Rome when he was about seventeen years of age (A.D. 54), and soon began to exhibit the character of a cruel tyrant and heathen debauchee. In May A.D. 64, a terrible conflagration broke out in Rome, which raged for six days and seven nights, and totally destroyed a great part of the city. The guilt of this fire was attached to him at the time, and the general verdict of history accuses him of the crime. "Hence, to suppress the rumour," says Tacitus (Annals, xv. 44), "he falsely charged with the guilt, and punished with the most exquisite tortures, the persons commonly called Christians, who are hated for their enormities. Christus, the founder of that name, was put to death as a criminal by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea, in the reign of Tiberius; but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time, broke out again, not only throughout Judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of Rome also, whither all things horrible and disgraceful flow, from all quarters, as to a common receptacle, and where they are encouraged. Accordingly, first three were seized, who confessed they were Christians. Next, on their information, a vast multitude were convicted, not so much on the charge of burning the city as of hating the human race. And in their deaths they were also made the subjects of sport; for they were covered with the hides of wild beasts and worried to death by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set fire to, and, when day declined, burned to serve for nocturnal lights. Nero offered his own gardens for that spectacle, and exhibited a Circensian game, indiscriminately mingling with the common people in the habit of a charioteer, or else standing in his chariot; whence a feeling of compassion arose toward the sufferers, though guilty and deserving to be made examples of by capital punishment, because they seemed not to be cut off for the public good, but victims to the ferocity of one man." Another Roman historian, Suetonius (Nero, xvi.), says of him: "He likewise inflicted punishments on the Christians, a sort of people who hold a new and impious superstition" (Forbes's Footsteps of St. Paul, p. 60). Nero was the emperor before whom Paul was brought on his first imprisonment at Rome, and the apostle is supposed to have suffered martyrdom during this persecution. He is repeatedly alluded to in Scripture (Acts 25:11; Phil. 1:12, 13; 4:22). He died A.D. 68. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Literature | Nero Emperor of Rome. Some say he set fire to Rome to see "how Troy would look when it was in flames;" others say he forbade the flames to be put out, and went to a high tower, where he sang verses to his lute "Upon the Burning of Old Troy." A Nero. Any bloody-minded man, relentless tyrant, or evil-doer of extra-ordinary savagery. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ahenobarbus (Nero) was the son of Agrippina the younger, 4th wife of Claudius Nero Germanicus, who had adopted (see adoption in Rome) him just before his death (which is considered the result of a manoeuvre by Agrippina and Seneca, Nero's tutor) most probably to ensure his succession.
After the start of Nero's rule, Agrippina became more favorable towards Britannicus, legitimate son of Claudius, but Britannicus was soon killed (AD 55 - it is suspected that Sextus Afranius Burrus, praefectus preatorianus and good friend of Seneca, was somehow involved in this murder), and Agrippina's power declined. Burrus and Seneca together became the most influential men in Rome, and the hypothesis has been advanced that Nero was only their man of straw.
Nero is probably better known for his private life, which has been considered immoral by the judgement of many cultures. Nero's reign, garnished with a constellation of murders and immoral behaviours of all the figures involved, is not among the brightest pages of Roman history.
The first scandal coincides with his first marriage with his step-sister Octavia, daughter of Claudius, considered incestuous; Nero later divorced her when he became fascinated by Poppaea. Poppaea, who was described as a notably beautiful woman and later married Nero, was simultaneously involved in a love affair with Marcus Salvius Otho, a good and intimate friend of Nero himself; Otho was as dissolute as Nero. The gossip about this presumed triangle is to be found in many sources (Plutarch Galba 19.2-20.2; Suetonius Otho 3.1-2; Tacitus two versions: Histories 1.13.3-4; Annals 13.45-46; and Dio Cassius 61.11.2-4). However, Poppaea became Nero's mistress in 58 and is supposed to have organised Agrippina's murder (59) with Nero's acquiescence. Otho was soon (59) sent to Lusitania as governor, and this has been interpreted as an effect of his involvement in the affair.
In 62 Burrus died and Seneca retired; Nero remained without his counselors; a few months later he married Poppaea. One theory suggests that Poppaea attempted, in those four years (58-62), to separate Nero from any of his counselors and friends; in this case, what happened to Burrus and Seneca could have been not casual.
Soon Nero found a new counselor in Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus (previously exiled by Caligula for adultery with Agrippina), who was soon appointed a praetorian praefect. One of the earliest effects of Tigellinus' advancement was the introduction of a series of treason laws; numerous of capital sentences were carried out.
In 63 Nero and Poppaea had a daughter, who died very young.
The Burning of Rome (64) is traditionally considered as Nero's work, but there is no real evidence for this. Rome was severely damaged by this fire, which started at night in densely populated areas like the Suburra, in which had been built the insulae, sort of modern condominiums on 3 or 4 floors, made of wood. Legend says Nero, quite indifferent, was playing his lyre on top of Quirinal Hill, while the town was being destroyed. But Nero blamed the Christians.
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman historian, has preserved a record of this affair. We quote the following from his Annals (XV.44):
In 65 Nero was involved in another scandal, considered more serious by contemporary society than it would be now. It was considered shameful for a Roman emperor to appear as a public entertainer, acting, singing and playing his lyre.
Quite unanimously hated by citizens, with an increasing list of political enemies, Nero started to appreciate his loneliness when in 65 he discovered the Pisonian conspiracy (named after Gaius Calpurnius Piso, who intended taking his place) and the involving of old friends like Seneca in the plot. Conspirators were forced into suicide.
In addition, Nero ordered that Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, a popular and valuable general, commit suicide because of the mere suspicion of new threats. This decision moved military commanders, locally and in the provinces, to start planning a revolution. Also at about this time, according to tradition, Nero personally ordered the crucifixion of Saint Peter and, later, the beheading of Saint Paul.
In 66 Poppaea died, supposedly by the hand of Nero himself. The emperor left for Greece, in 67, where he amused his hosts with other artistic performances, while in Rome Nymphidius (a colleague of Tigellinus, taking the place of one of the Pisonian conspirators) was collecting the support of praetorians and senators.
Back in Rome after the tournée, Nero found quite a cold atmosphere; Gaius Iulius Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, revolted, and this brought Nero to a paranoid hunt for eventual threats; in this state of mind he ordered the elimination of any patrician with suspect ideas. His (once) faithful servant Galba, governor of Iberia (Spain), was one of those dangerous nobles, so he ordered his death. Galba, lacking an alternative choice, declared his loyalty to the Roman Senate and People (SPQR), no longer recognising Nero's power. Moreover, he started organising his own campaign for the empire.
As a result, Lucius Clodius Macer, legate of the legion III Augusta in Africa, revolted and stopped sending grain to Rome. Nymphidius corrupted the imperial guard, which turned against Nero on the promise of financial reward by Galba.
The Senate deposed Nero, who committed suicide on June 6, 68. With his death, the Julio-Claudian Dynasty came to an end.
See also:
|
Preceded by: Claudius (41 - 54) |
Roman emperors |
Followed by: Galba (68 - 69) |
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nero."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
NERO | English | National Emergency Sharing Organization | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: NeroSynonyms: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (n), Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Nero |
| English words defined with "Nero": Agrippina, Agrippina the Younger ♦ Claudius, Claudius I ♦ Lucius Annaeus Seneca ♦ Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus ♦ Seneca ♦ Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Augustus. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Nero": Biberius Caldius Mero ♦ Felix, FIDDLE, Fifteen decisive Battles, Frateretto ♦ Gallio, Give the Devil his Due ♦ marciume nero, marciume nero degli acini ♦ Nero of the North, Noyades ♦ Poisoners ♦ Simon Magus, Supper of Trimalchio. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "Nero": Nero-antico. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Nero" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Finnish (genius), Italian (black, dark, dire, gloomy, sable, tanned), Portuguese (nervate), Swedish (nero). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Like Nero and Ivan the Terrible? (Little House on the Prairie; writing credit: Arthur Heinemann; John Hawkins) | |
Clever | What an artist dies with me! (references; author: Nero) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Un Fiocco nero per Deborah (1974) Il Continente nero attende ancora (1973) La Tarantola dal ventre nero (1972) Il Corsaro nero (1971) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
High Tech |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | In the Pacific Ocean during her voyage from San Francisco to Manila, 23 June - 16 August 1898. Photographed from USS Nero.Credit: NAVY. |  | At sea between San Francisco, CA, and Manila, Philippine Islands, circa June-August 1898. Photographed from USS Nero (1898-1922), her escort on the trans-Pacific voyage.Credit: NAVY. |
 | Nero.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | George Kleine presents the Cines photo drama Quo Vadis Nero sings while Rome burns.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Vid na ozero Nero s zapada s kolokol'ni Spaso-IAkovlevskago monastyria. Rostov Velikii.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Vid na Kreml' s berega ozera Nero. Rostov Velikii.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Vid na ozero Nero s kolokol'ni Vsesviatskoi tserkvi. Rostov Velikii.Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Nero | What an artist dies with me! |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | The first is, If he endeavour to overturn the government, that is, if he have a purpose and design to ruin the kingdom and commonwealth, as it is recorded of Nero, that he resolved to cut off the senate and people of Rome, lay the city waste with fire and sword, and then remove to some other place. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | Sylvie stooped and patted the invisible Nero. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | This Strongylion left nothing but two statues which put Brutus and Nero in harmony. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FIDDLE, n. An instrument to tickle human ears by friction of a horse's tail on the entrails of a cat. To Rome said Nero: "If to smoke you turn I shall not cease to fiddle while you burn." To Nero Rome replied: "Pray do your worst, 'Tis my excuse that you were fiddling first." Orm Pludge |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Nero" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 79.49% of the time. "Nero" is used about 39 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 79.49% | 31 | 62,296 |
| Noun (singular) | 17.95% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Unclassified Items | 2.56% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 39 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "Nero" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Nero | Last name | 2,000 | 6,427 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| "Nero" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "the advice", "an army". | |||
| The following table summarizes names related to "Nero." | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Related Name |
| Rayner | Male | English | N/A |
| Nero | Male | Italian | Raniero |
| Raniero | Male | Italian | Rayner |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "Nero": marciume nero ♦ marciume nero degli acini ♦ nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus ♦ Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus ♦ Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Augustus. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Nero": Nero-antico. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
nero | 17,400 |
nero burning rom | 2,093 |
nero burning | 1,218 |
ahead nero | 1,170 |
nero serial | 510 |
nero express | 481 |
nero number serial | 411 |
5.5.10.35 nero | 379 |
nero download | 365 |
nero burner | 328 |
nero burn | 326 |
nero 5.5 | 288 |
nero sdk | 246 |
free nero | 192 |
nero burning room | 188 |
nero 5 | 180 |
nero software | 177 |
nero cd burner | 152 |
nero update | 142 |
nero plugin svcd | 139 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "Nero"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | neron. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | вид черен мрамор (nero-antico). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | římský císař. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | νέρωνασ, νέρων. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | néró. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | eronay gênero de anelídeos. (various references) нерон. (various references) neron, svirep čovek. (various references) nerón. (various references) nero. (various references) กษัตริย์นีโรของกรุงโรม. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Astrocaryum. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Nero": nerol, neroli, nerolis, nerols. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "Nero": carabinero, dinero. (additional references) | |
Words containing "Nero": aneroid, aneroids, bannerol, bannerols, carabineros, congenerous, dineros, generosities, generosity, generous, generously, generousness, generousnesses, nonerotic, onerous, onerously, onerousness, onerousnesses, overgenerosities, overgenerosity, overgenerous, overgenerously, phanerogam, phanerogams, phanerophyte, phanerophytes, unerotic, ungenerosities, ungenerosity, ungenerous, ungenerously, vigneron, vignerons. (additional references) | |
| |
"Nero" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Nardo, narog, Nawroz, nearo, Neer, Neeruam, Nefo, nego, Neno, neor, nerdo, Nere, Nereo, nergo, neri, Nerio, Neroc, nerol, Nerone, nerp, neru, Netol, Nevros, nexo, Nexor, Neyra, Niehof, Niord, Nipro, Niri, niro, noro, Norov, Norroy, npro, Nri, Nsra, nuero, Nuoro, Nyiro. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| Words rhyming with "Nero" (pronounced 'Ne"ro'): Banderillero, Burro, Caballero, Campanero, Caparro, Carbonaro, Carpintero, Cero, Claro-obscuro, Cururo, Fuero, guacharo, hero, Inro, Llanero, Mero, Montero, Morro, Pederero, Pharo, Potagro, Primero, Ranchero, Sombrero, taro, Tocororo, tyro, Upokororo, Vaquero, Zero. (additional references) |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-n-o-r" | |
-1 letter: eon, ern, nor, one, ore, roe. | |
-2 letters: en, er, ne, no, oe, on, or, re. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-n-o-r" | |
+1 letter: boner, borne, crone, drone, enorm, enrol, genro, goner, heron, honer, irone, krone, loner, nerol, noter, onery, owner, prone, recon, redon, rewon, rouen, roven, rowen, senor, snore, tenor, toner, trone, zoner. | |
+2 letters: arseno, atoner, bonder, boners, bonier, bonzer, borane, boreen, bourne, broken, bronze, censor, cloner, coiner, confer, conger, conker, conner, cornea, corned, cornel, corner, cornet, crepon, crones, dehorn, dinero, downer, droned, droner, drones, enamor, encore, enduro, enrobe, enroll, enrols, enroot, erenow, eringo, eryngo, fonder, frozen, genros, goners, gorhen, govern, groyne, hereon, heroin, herons, honers, honker, horned, hornet, ignore, ironed, ironer, irones, joiner, knower, kronen, kroner, loaner, loners, longer, mentor, merino, merlon, moaner, modern, monger, moreen, morgen, neroli, nerols, nestor, neuron, nobler, nodder, nooser, norite, normed, nosher, nosier, noters, nother, onager, opener, operon, orange, orcein, orgone, orient, ornate, ornery, orpine, owners, pereon, perron, person, ponder, proven, pyrone, reason, reborn, reckon, recoin, recons, redone, redons, region, rejoin, reloan, renown, renvoi, reopen, resown, retorn, rezone, rodent, rodmen, rondel, ronnel, rotten, rouens, rowens, senhor, senior, senora, senors, sensor, sermon, snored, snorer, snores, sonder, sooner, sorned, sorner, stoner, tenors, tenour, tensor, throne, toners, tonger, tonier, tonner, torten, trones, undoer, unrobe, unrove, vendor, wonder, wonner, worsen, yonder, yonker, zoners. | |
+3 letters: acrogen, adorned, adorner, aileron, aleuron, alienor, almoner, aneroid, annoyer, anorexy, another, anymore, aproned, arenose, arenous, atoners, bandore, baronet, baronne, begroan, bethorn, bicorne, blonder, bonders, bonfire, bonkers, bonnier, boranes, boreens, borneol, bornite, bouncer, bounder, bournes, broaden, bromine, bronzed, bronzer, bronzes, browned, browner, brownie, burgeon, censors, chevron, chorine, cloners, coarsen, coenure, coenuri, coiners, coinfer, cointer, concern, concert, confers, congers, conifer, conjure, conkers, conners, conquer, convert, coreign, corneae, corneal, corneas, cornels, corners, cornets, cornfed, cornice, cornier, cornute, coronae, coronel, coroner, coronet, corvine, counter, cozener, crepons, crocein, crocine, cronies, crooned, crooner, crowned, crowner, crownet, crunode, cryogen, deboner, decrown, dehorns, dendron, dineros, donnerd, donnert, doormen, dorneck, dourine, downers, downier, droners, drowned, drowner, einkorn, eloiner, elytron, embrown, embryon, enactor, enamors, enamour, encoder, encored, encores, endorse, endower, enduros, enforce, engorge, engross, enjoyer, enrobed, enrober, enrobes, enrolls, enroots, enteron, entropy, environ, erasion, erelong, eringos, erodent, eroding, erosion, eryngos, estrone, felonry, fenuron, fermion, fondler, foramen, fordone, foreign, foreman, foremen, foreran, forerun, forfend, forgone, fortune, forwent, founder, frogmen, fronded, fronted, fronter, frontes, frounce, frowned, frowner, genitor, gorhens, governs, groaned, groaner, groined, groynes, guerdon, heroine, heroins, heronry, hoarsen, honkers, honored, honoree, honorer, hordein, hormone, hornets, hornier, horrent, hounder, hyperon, ignored, ignorer, ignores, incomer, indorse, inferno, inshore, intoner, invoker, ionizer, ionomer, ironers, ironies, ironize, joinder, joiners, joinery, jointer, journey, kerogen, knocker, knoller, knotter, knowers, ladrone, leghorn, loaners, longers, loonier, loriner, lounger, madrone, manrope, marengo, menorah, mentors, merinos, merlons, minored, moaners, moderne, moderns, moneran, moneyer, mongers, mongrel, moniker, monkery, monomer, monster, montero, moonier, moorhen, moraine, mordent, moreens, morgens, mounter, mourned, mourner, narcose, necrose, negator, negroid, negroni, nephron, nerolis, nervous, nestors, network, neuroid, neuroma, neurone, neurons, neutron, newborn, nobbier, nobbler, nodders, noisier, nonhero, nonuser, nonzero, noosers, norites, norther, noshers, notcher, noticer, nowhere, oarsmen, oestrin, oftener, onagers, oneiric, onerier, onerous, onshore, openers, operand, operant, operons, oranges, orangey, orceins, ordines, oregano, orgones, orients, orogeny, orpines, outearn, overing, overman, overmen, overnew, overran, overrun, padrone, pandore, pereion, perigon, perrons, persona, persons, phonier, pioneer, pirogen, pleuron, pointer, ponders, porcine, pornier, portend, portent, postern, pouncer, pounder, prenoon, presong, profane, progeny, proline, promine, pronate, pronely, pronged, propane, propend, propene, propine, propmen, propone, protean, protein, protend, pyrogen, pyrones, readorn, reasons, reboant, rebound, reckons, recoins, recount, recrown, redbone, redoing, redound, reendow, reenjoy, reflown, refound, refront, regions, regrown, rejoins, reloans, remount, renowns, renvois, reopens, reshone, reshown, resound, respond, retinol, reunion, rewoken, rewound, rewoven, rezoned, rezones, ripieno, rodents, rodsmen, romaine, romance, rondeau, rondels, rondure, ronnels, rontgen, rosined, roughen, rounded, roundel, rounder, routine, runover, scorned, scorner, senator, senhora, senhors, seniors, senoras, senores, sensors, sensory, sermons, serrano, shorten, signore, snooker, snooper, snoozer, snorers, snorkel, snorted, snorter, snowier, sonders, sonsier, sooners, sorbent, sordine, sorners, sounder, sponger, stentor, stoners, stonier, surgeon, swooner, tenoner, tenours, tensors, ternion, thereon, thorned, throned, thrones, tonearm, tongers, tonners, tonsure, torment, torrent, tourney, treason, tritone, trodden, tropine, trounce, unbroke, uncover, underdo, undergo, undoers, unfroze, unhorse, unrobed, unrobes, unroped, unroven, unsober, unswore, upborne, urinose, vendors, venomer, version, wagoner, whereon, wonders, wonkier, wonners, workmen, worsens, wronged, wronger, yonkers, younger, younker, zeroing. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4E 65 72 6F |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-. . .-. --- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001110 01100101 01110010 01101111 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)N e r o |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004E 0065 0072 006F |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)48718481 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Names: Frequency 14. Names: Derived from 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Abbreviations 20. Acronyms | 21. Derivations 22. Rhymes 23. Anagrams 24. Orthography | 25. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
