Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
"METHODS" is a plural of: method. |
Date "METHODS" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Methods |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy. A method of doing some activity is a systematic or patterned way of doing that activity. So a method of doing philosophy, or a philosophical method, is a systematic or patterned way of answering philosophical questions.A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the methods that philosophers follow in tackling philosophical questions.
Of course, there is not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions. But it is possible to draw some valid generalizations about philosophical methods--as follows.
Generate doubt
Philosophy, it has been said, begins in wonder. Philosophy often begins with some simple doubts about accepted beliefs. We get the initial impulse to philosophize from the suspicion that we do not fully understand, and have not fully justified, even our most basic beliefs about the world. But philosophy absolutely does not end there. In fact, that wonder by itself hardly constitutes doing philosophy at all.
Formulate questions and problems
Another extremely important element of philosophical method is to formulate our doubts in questions to be answered or problems to be solved. The question, therefore, becomes the first weapon in a philosopher's aresenal, the first tool with which one works.
Doing philosophy is about questioning assumptions, digging for deeper understanding. Doing philosophy is about the journey, the process, as much as it is about the destination, the conclusion.
The more clearly the question or problem is stated, the easier it will be to identify critical issues, the assessement of which undergirds any genuine progress in coming to some sort of resolution.
So it is not enough simply to wonder, for example, "Do we really have free will?" If one states that problem, the problem of freedom and determinism, in such a simple way, one might be apt simply to answer, "Well of course," and leave it at that. Then one fails to do philosophy. One needs, in addition, to state as clearly as possible exactly what the source of doubt is. So in the case of freedom and determinism, one might say something like the following:
That is one way of stating the basic problem of free will and determinism. This is an example of the initial statement of a philosophical problem; it is probably enough to let us confront what seems to be a genuine problem that we would like to have solved. Some philosophers and ordinary people are apt, after explaining their puzzlement in this initial way, to dive right in and start trying to solve the problem. They immediately start giving arguments, pro and con, on different sides of the issue.
- Suppose that the universe operates according to deterministic causal laws, that is, that for everything that happens, there are some laws which made it necessary that thing, and only that thing happened. So all events are determined. Suppose also that this general principle applies to our choices. Our choices are events in, parts of, the natural world, and so we should fully expect to find a complete causal explanation of those too, explaining why we had to make those choices and no others. So all our choices are, on that accounting, determined or necessary. Nonetheless, most of us have a very keen sense that what we choose, we choose voluntarily; we could have chosen otherwise than we did choose. In short, it seems we have free will. But how is it possible, or is it possible, that our choices might be causally determined and free at the same time?
There is an admirable tendency among a relatively small number of philosophers not to be so quick, but to spend more time trying to get extremely clear on what the problem is all about. Again, the process should not be circumvented or hastily breezed through. An excellent example of such a philosopher is the Englishman G. E. Moore, who lived and worked in the first half of this century. When addressing a question such as, "Is Existence a Predicate?" Moore almost never simply said, "Yes" or "No" and defended his answer. In fact, in an article entitled "Is Existence a Predicate?" Moore begins this way: "I am not at all clear as to the meaning of this question. Mr. Kneale says that existence is not a predicate. But what does he mean by the words 'Existence is not a predicate'?"
Consider our example of freedom vs. determinism: how could the statement of the problem be clarified? According to the statement, "for everything that happens, there are some laws which made it necessary that thing, and only that thing happened." But what exactly is the sense of the word 'necessary' at work here? Or in another place, the statement reads, "We have a very distinct impression that what we choose, we choose voluntarily; we could have chosen otherwise than how we did." But what is the strength of this phrase 'could have'? The idea appears to be that it is in some sense possible for us to choose otherwise; but in what sense of "possible" is it possible?
An enquiry into the problem of freedom and determinism, or any philosophical problem, can only benefit from getting very clear about exactly what the problem is, and what the terms used to formulate the problem mean.
Enunciate a solution
Another essential part of nearly any philosophical method is to enunciate a theory, or to offer a definition or analysis, which constitutes an attempt to solve a philosophical problem. Very often, a philosophical theory by itself can be stated quite briefly, in just a sentence or two; all the surrounding philosophical text is offered by way of hedging, explanation, and argument.
Here is an example of a philosophical theory. This theory is meant to answer the question, "What actions are right?" or perhaps "What principle may we use to tell whether actions are right?" John Stuart Mill, another English philosopher, offered this answer:
So, according to Mill, the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on their consequences; if they tend to cause happiness they are (morally) right, and if they tend to cause unhappiness they are (morally) wrong.
- The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals utility, or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
Regardless of whether you agree with that, you can see at least that it answers the question; in that it does answer the question, "What actions are right?" it is the sort of perhaps-enlightening answer that we'd like from philosophers.
One might loosely interpret Mill's "greatest happiness principle" as a definition of "right action." In other words, one might regard it as saying what we really mean, or perhaps what we ought to mean, when we say that something is right. It is sometimes useful to regard philosophers as offering definitions in this way. But this is controversial; some philosophers in the twentieth century have concluded that it is impossible to formulate good definitions (or analyses) of philosophical terms. So one might say, with less controversy, that Mill has a theory or an account of right action.
Whatever the word, philosophers have been and continue to be in the business of making big generalizations about things like right action: saying what all right actions have in common, or saying what characterizes only right actions. But not all solutions to philosophical problems consist of such definitions or generalizations. Sometimes what is called for is a certain sort of explanation--not a causal explanation, but an explanation for example of how two different views, which seem to be contrary to one another, can be held at the same time, consistently. Call this a philosophical explanation.
Take the freedom and determinism problem again. What is needed is not, specifically, a definition of "free will" or of "determined action." No doubt those definitions would help in offering a solution to the problem. But the solution itself would consist of one of the three following. First, an explanation how it is that we might have free will and yet also be determined to choose what we do, in other words an explanation of how freedom and causality are compatible. Or, second, an explanation of how it is that free choices are an exception to deterministic laws. Or, third, an explanation of why it appears that we have free choices, even though we really do not. Any of these three sorts of explanations would be essential parts of a solution to the problem of freedom and determinism.
Another example illustrates the same point. There is a very difficult problem in philosophy called "problem of induction." Induction is a kind of reasoning: it is a way we get from reasons to conclusions. To work with an example, take the rising of the sun. We have experience of the sun rising every day. There has never been a day in human memory when the sun did not rise. Therefore, we say, it will rise tomorrow. This is a simple piece of reasoning, and basically we are arguing as follows: if something has been observed over and over to be a certain way, then the next time it is observed, it will be that way again. This is called inductive reasoning.
The problem of induction is basically this: how do we know that the next time we see the thing it will not be different? How do we know the sun will not rise tomorrow? The obvious first answer here is: the sun has always risen. But that just begs the next question: how do you know that tomorrow will not be the first exception? Bertrand Russell, yet another English philosopher, tells the story of a chicken who is fed every day for its life. Every day the farmer steps out to the henhouse and scatters chicken feed to the chicken. So the chicken would be very reasonable to believe that tomorrow the farmer will come and feed the chicken. But tomorrow, instead, the farmer goes out to the henhouse and wrings the chicken's neck for dinner. As Russell concludes, "More refined views as to the uniformity of nature would have been useful to the chicken."
The problem of induction is determining how we can know that the future will resemble the past. Notice that this requires perhaps a very complicated sort of explanation. A mere definition, it seems, will not do the job. Even if a definition of 'induction' would be very important in the explanation (as on the view of P. F. Strawson), the definition would not be all we needed to solve the problem.
Justify the solution
Philosophical justifications, or argumentss, are another important part of philosophical method. It is rare to find a philosopher, particularly in the Western philosophical tradition, who lacks many arguments. An argument is a set of statements, one of which (the conclusion), it is said or implied, follows from the others (the premises).
One might think of arguments as bundles of reasons--often not just a list, but logically interconnected statements--followed by the claim they are reasons for. The reasons are the premises, the claim they support is the conclusion; together they make an argument.
Philosophers are, or at least they should be, very good at giving arguments. They are constantly demanding and offering arguments for different claims they make. The reason for this is that it is only a good argument--a clear, organized, and sound statement of reasons to believe something--that will ultimately cure us of the original doubts that motivated us to take up philosophy. If one is willing to be satisfied with an answer without any good arguments, without any good supporting reasons, then--for whatever this is worth--one lacks a Western philosophical temperament. One might have the questioning nature and the doubts that lead people to do philosophy, but one does not have the argument-wielding nature that really characterizes the heart of most Western philosophy.
Here is an example of an argument. Say Rita has some doubts about religious matters, and she asks the question: "Does God really exist?" Rita's answer is, we will say, "Yes." How might Rita argue for her answer? Here is a very common, popular argument, called the argument from design:
That is called "the argument from design" or "the teleological argument" and is studied the philosophy of religion. It offers a series of interconnected reasons to believe that there does exist the sort of entity that in various religions is called "God." This sort of argument is just exactly what philosophers want from each other. To deserve our consideration, the argument does not have to be perfect. It might have some problems. In fact, it might be a very bad argument. But on the face of it, there should be something rather persuasive about it. That gives us something to analyze and learn from. So philosophers do talk quite a bit about each others' arguments.
- The universe is made up of a huge variety of things, inanimate and living, natural and artificial--from the hills and the oceans, to the houses and ships on them, from the stars and planets, to the cities and highways. All of this huge variety of things is, as scientists well know, operating in a splendid order or harmony, much like a very complicated machine, only much more complicated and well-planned than anything that we humans have ever invented. Like a machine, this order or harmony could not have just sprung into existence all on its own; like a machine, it must have had a designer. Moreover, since the universe is so complicated and well-planned, this designer must be incredibly intelligent; and since everything is so well-made for the habitation of humans (generally speaking), this designer must be very benevolent. And of course, as the creator and planner of the entire universe, this designer must be extremely powerful. So the universe must have had a designer which is incredibly intelligent, very benevolent, and extremely powerful; and this designer is what we call God. Therefore, God exists.
Philosophical criticism
Another element of philosophical method, common in the work of nearly all philosophers, is philosophical criticism. It is this that makes much philosophizing a social endeavor, and usefully so.
We offer definitions and explanations in solution to problems; we argue for those solutions; and then other people come along and, often, devastate those solutions, throw us into doubt again, and force us to come up with better solutions. This exchange and resulting revision of views is called dialectic. Dialectic (in one sense of this history-laden word) is simply philosophical conversation amongst people who do not always agree with each other about everything.
One can do this sort of harsh criticism on one's own. One does not absolutely need other people to tell one what might be wrong with one's views, especially if one is a very self-critical sort of person. But others can help greatly, especially if you share many important assumptions with the person offering the criticisms. It seems that other people are always able to think of criticisms that one has not been able to discover oneself.
This will sound obvious to anyone who has engaged in much dialectic about any subject. But this is perhaps the most disconcerting part of philosophy for young people just starting to study the subject. It is, or can be, quite different from other subjects that study general aspects of the universe, like natural science and mathematics; in those other disciplines, the experts agree about most of the fundamentals. But in philosophy, which concerns the most fundamental aspects of the universe, the experts all disagree.
Summary
Some common features of the methods that philosophers follow (and discuss when discussing philosophical method) include:
- Doubt. Notice doubts that one has about the meaning or justification of some common, everyday belief one has.
- Formulate a problem. Formulate the doubts in a philosophical problem, or question. Explain the problem very clearly and carefully.
- Offer a solution. Offer a solution to the problem: either something like a philosophical analysis or a philosophical explanation.
- Argument. Give an argument or several arguments supporting the solution.
- Dialectic. Present the solution and arguments for criticism by other philosophers, and help them judge their own.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Philosophical method."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
"The scientific method" usually refers to either a series or a collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and of the acquisition of new scientific knowledge.
Philosophers, historians and sociologists have found many ways to describe the scientific process. Often when someone describes how they think science is done, they are describing how they think science may be best or most reliably done. As a result, discussions of scientific method are frequently partisan. Indeed, there are perhaps as many methods of doing science as there are methodologists.
Introduction
The enunciation of a scientific method by Roger Bacon in the thirteenth century described a repeating cycle of observation, hypothesis, experimentation and the need for independent verification. This view, itself inspired by an arab alchemical tradition not endorsed by christian ecclesiastical authority, led to Francis Bacon (in 1620 with the New Organon) laying down some methods for identifying causation between phenomena. With these articulations, unfounded speculation and analogical arguments began to be replaced by consistent and logical methods of investigation.It is common to speak as if a single approach of this type were how scientists operate literally and all the time. Most historians, philosophers and sociologists regard this perspective as naïve, and view the actual progress of science as more complicated and haphazard. The actual course of scientific progress is inseparable from the politics and culture of science; a single, formal process cannot suffice either to explain or prescribe scientific progress.
The question of how science operates is important well beyond the academic community. In the judicial system and in policy debates, for example, a study's deviation from accepted scientific practice is grounds to reject it as "junk science." Whether strictly formularizable or not, science represents a standard of proficiency and reliability, and this is due at least in part to the way scientists work.
The idealized scientific method
The essential elements of the scientific method are traditionally described as follows:
These activities do not describe all that scientists do. This simplified method is useful for teaching, since it describes the way in which scientists often think of themselves as acting.
- Observe: Observe or read about a phenomenon.
- Hypothesize: Wonder about your observations, and invent a hypothesis, a 'guess', which could explain the phenomenon or set of facts that you have observed.
- Test
- Predict: Use the logical consequences of your hypothesis to predict observations of new phenomena or results of new measurements.
- Experiment: Perform experiments to test the accuracy of these predictions.
- Conclude: Accept or refute hypothesis
- Evaluate: Search for other possible explanations of the result until you can show that your guess was indeed the explanation, with confidence.
- Formulate new hypothesis
This idealised process is often misinterpreted as applying to scientists individually rather than to the scientific enterprize as a whole. Science is a social activity, and one scientist's theory or proposal cannot become accepted unless it has been published, peer reviewed, criticised, and finally accepted by the scientific community.
Observation
The scientific method begins with observation. Observation often demands careful measurement. It also requires the establishment of operational definitions of measurements and other relevant concepts. Definitions are not scientific hypotheses; they are not "falsifiable"; they are always true or tautological. Definitions condense a number of ideas into a single word or phrase. That being said, an observer's definition could differ significantly from commonly understood concepts of a term, and still be correct. Such a definition, however, would carry greater risk of being misunderstood. These definitions are operational in that they may differ with the context of a hypothesis, and they may be refined when the hypothesis is refined.
For example, the term "day" is useful in ordinary life and its meaning may vary with the context. (Do we mean a 24 hour period or do we mean the time between sunrise and sunset?) We don't have to define it precisely to make use of it. In many sciences it is precisely 86,400 atomic seconds. In studying the motion of the Earth, we may use two distinct operational definitions: a solar day is the time between two successive observations of the sun at the same position in the sky; a sidereal day is the time between two successive observations a specific star sky at the same position. The length of these two kinds of day differs by about four minutes.
Slight differences between operational definitions are often important, as they are needed to make experiments precise enough to distinguish subtle underlying phenomena. An example of this lies in choosing the appropriate segmentation in the statistical analysis of data. Distinctions in operational definitions can also reflect important conceptual differences: for example, mass and weight are regarded as quite different concepts in science, but the distinction is often ignored in everyday life.
Hypothesis
To explain the observation, scientists use whatever they can (their own creativity (currently not well understood), ideas from other fields, or even systematic guessing, or any other methods available) to come up with possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
In the twentieth century Karl Popper introduced the idea that a hypothesis must be falsifiable; that is, it must be capable of being demonstrated wrong. Paul Feyerabend argued against this position, providing examples of falsified scientific theories that nevertheless had a vital role in the progress of scientific understanding.
Of course, it is impossible for the scientist to be impartial, considering all known evidence, and not merely evidence which supports the hypothesis under development. But by submitting their theories for peer review, scientists can at least make it more likely that the hypotheses formed will be relevant and useful, or at least get others to agree with it.
In the extremely rare cases where no better grounds for discriminating between rival hypotheses can be found, the bias scientists almost always follow is the principle of Occam's Razor; one chooses the simplest explanation for all the available evidence.
Prediction
A hypothesis must make specific predictions; these predictions can be tested with concrete measurements to support or refute the hypothesis. For instance, Albert Einstein's General Relativity makes a few specific predictions about the structure of space-time, such as the prediction that light bends in a strong gravitational field, and the amount of bending depends in a precise way on the strength of the gravitational field. Observations made of a 1919 solar eclipse supported the hypothesis (ie, General Relativity) as against those of the other possible hypotheses which did not make such a prediction. (Later experiments confirmed this even further.)
Deductive reasoning is the way in which predictions are used to test a hypothesis.
Verification
Probably the most important aspect of scientific reasoning is verification: The results of one's experiments must be verified. Verification is the process of determining whether the hypothesis is in accord with empirical evidence, and whether it will continue to be in accord with a more generally expanded body of evidence.Ideally, the experiments performed should be fully described so that anyone can reproduce them, and many scientists should independently verify every hypothesis. Results which can be obtained from experiments performed by many are termed reproducible and are given much greater weight in evaluating hypotheses than non reproducible results.
Scientists must design their experiments carefully. For example, if the measurements are difficult to make, or subject to observer bias, one must be careful to avoid distorting the results by the experimenter's wishes. When experimenting on complex systems, one must be careful to isolate the effect being tested from other possible causes of the intended effect (this results in a controlled experiment). In testing a drug, for example, it is important to carefully test that the supposed effect of the drug is produced only by the drug itself, and not by the placebo effect or by random chance. Doctors do this with what is called a double-blind study: two groups of patients are compared, one of which receives the drug and one of which receives a placebo. No patient in either group knows whether or not they are getting the real drug; even the doctors or other personnel who interact with the patients don't know which patient is getting the drug under test and which is getting a fake drug (often sugar pills), so their knowledge can't influence the patients either.
Evaluation
Falsificationism argues that any hypothesis, no matter how respected or time-honoured, must be discarded once it is contradicted by new reliable evidence. This is of course an oversimplification, since individual scientists inevitable hold on to their pet theory long after contrary evidence has been found. This is not always a bad thing. Any theory can be made to correspond to the facts, simply by making a few adjustments – called ‘’auxiliary hypothesis’’ – so as to bring it into correspondence with the accepted observations. The choice of when to reject one theory and accept another is inevitably up to the individual scientist, rather than some methodical law.
Hence all scientific knowledge is always in a state of flux, for at any time new evidence could be present that contradicts long-held hypotheses. A classic example is the explanation of light. Isaac Newton's particle paradigm was overturned by the wave theory of light, which explained diffraction, and which was held to be incontrovertible for many decades.The wave paradigm, in turn was refuted by the discovery of the photoelectric effect. The currently held theory of light holds that photons (the 'particles' of light) are both waves and particles; experiments have been performed which demonstrate that light has both particle and wave properties.
The experiments that reject a hypothesis should be performed by many different scientists to guard against bias, mistake, misunderstanding, and fraud. Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists submit their results to a panel of fellow scientists (who may or may not know the identity of the writer) for evaluation. Scientists are rightly suspicious of results that do not go through this process; for example, the cold fusion experiments of Fleischmann and Pons were never peer reviewed -- they were announced directly to the press, before any other scientists had tried to reproduce the results or evaluate their efforts. They have not been reproduced elsewhere as yet; and the press announcement was regarded, by most nuclear physicists, as very likely wrong. Peer review may well have turned up problems and led to a closer examination of the experimental evidence Fleischmann, Pons, et al believed they had. Much embarrassment, and wasted effort worldwide, would have been avoided.
Departures from method
There are no definitive guidelines for the production of new hypotheses. The history of science is filled with stories of scientists describing a "flash of inspiration", or a hunch, which then motivated them to look for evidence to support or refute their idea. Michael Polanyi made such creativity the centrepiece of his methodology.
The anecdote that an apple falling on Isaac Newton's head inspired his theory of gravity is a popular example of this (there is no evidence that the apple fell on his head; all Newton said was that his ideas were inspired "by the fall of an apple.") Kekule's account of the inspiration for his hypothesis of the structure of the benzene-ring (dreaming of snakes biting their own tails) is better attested.
Scientists tend to look for theories that are "elegant" or "beautiful"; in contrast to the usual English use of these terms, scientists have a more specific meaning in mind. "Elegance" (or "beauty") refers to the ability of a theory to neatly explain all known facts as simply as possible, or in a manner consistent with Occam's Razor.
The Ptolemaic model of the universe suggested that the earth is the centre of a pristine, perfect universe, and all motions in such a universe must be circular. The model explained the apparent retrograde motion of the planets, by introducing epicycles. Nicolaus Copernicus' model placed the sun at the centre of planetary motion, but also assumed that the planets moved in perfect circles. It also found it necessary to make use of epicycles, and was as complex as, yet less accurate than the heliocentric model. Improvement in the accuracy of the model depended not only on developing the mathematics of elliptical orbits, but a conceptual change in the way in which motion was understood. Tycho Brahe made unprecedentedly accurate observations, but did not reject the geocentric model. It took Kepler 20 years to formulate equations which explained Tycho Brahe's observations in heliocentric terms.
Isaac Newton's System of the World unified Kepler's laws and Galileo's mechanical studies of acceleration, which re-integrated modern science into a comprehensible world model
Dogged adherence to method can be counterproductive.
History is replete with examples of accurate theories ignored by peers, and inaccurate ones propagated unduly.
Often it is the less accurate theory that eventually becomes accepted.
Annotated list of related issues
Empirical methodsParadigm change
- Empiricism
- Roger Bacon
- Francis Bacon
- Baconian method
- Empirical validation
The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements.
- Paradigm, perhaps the most abused word in English.
- Thomas Kuhn wrote influentially on the sociology of scientific revolutions in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is Kuhn's book.
- Paradigm shift.
Scientific creativity
- Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.
- David Hume was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction.
- Karl Popper offered one solution, Falsifiability
When Method goes wrong
- Michael Polanyi
- Tacit knowledge
Critique of Scientific Method
- Bad science
- Pseudoscience
- pathological science
- Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced, and even counterproductive.
- Imre Lakatos attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn.
- Scientism
See Also
Epistemology
- Bayesian logic -- Quasi-empirical methods -- Foundation ontology -- Ontology -- Philosophy of mathematics
Science policy -- Sociology of knowledge -- Science studies -- Conflicting theories
- Post-processualism is a methodological curiosity from Archaeology.
- Structuralism -- post-structuralism -- deconstruction-- post-modernism -- Latour, Bruno -- Scientism --
Collateral topics
Those interested in the scientific method can monitor changes to related pages by clicking on on Related changes in the sidebar.
External links
- An Introduction to Science: Scientific Thinking and the Scientific Method by Steven D. Schafersman.
- [1] Introduction to the Scientific Method
- The Myth of the Scientific Method by Dr. Terry Halwes
- Rational Reconstruction and Historical Reconstruction, Horus Publications
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Scientific method."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| MEANS | English | Methods for Evaluating Activities of a Structural Nature | European Union, Economics |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: METHODS |
| Specialty definitions using "METHODS": coal mining methods ♦ direction-finding methods ♦ electromagnetic methods ♦ Feeding Methods, formal methods ♦ galvanic electromagnetic methods ♦ methods analyst. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | You are free to use any methods necessary, but I want them alive (Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back; writing credit: George Lucas; Leigh Brackett) Your sense of humor is as sick as your methods, Doctor (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream; writing credit: Harlan Ellison;) You don't like my methods. You think I'm an accountant, a bean counter who's more interested in my numbers than your instincts (GoldenEye; writing credit: Ian Fleming; Michael France) Because the truth isn't what you say, it's what I saydespite the methods I am obliged to employ to get at it. (Samouraï, Le; writing credit: Jean-Pierre Melville; Georges Pellegrin) Are my methods unsound (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) | |
Lyrics | Her methods are inscrutable (SIMPLY IRRESISTIBLE; performing artist: Robert Palmer) | |
Clever | The church is looking for better methods. God is looking for better men. (references; author: unknown) Methods are many. Principles are few. Methods change often. Principles never do. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Methods of Instruction (1956) American Methods (1917) Kindergarten Methods (1901) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies |
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Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Five illustrations showing the methods of surgical treatment that may be used: lumpectomy; modified radical mastectomy; partial mastectomy (also called segmental mastectomy), radical mastectomy (also called Halsted radical mastectomy), and total (simple) mastectomy. These illustrations appeared in "What You Need to Know About Breast Cancer." See artwork WYTK-05. Credit: Jeanne Kelly (Artist). |  | A white female patient receives a lateral mammogram treatment. She is lying on her left side with the left breast compressed and she is holding her right breast out of the way so as to not block the x-ray. Note the older methods of the diagnostic procedure. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Fletcher Explains Methods to Repair Skylab I. Credit: NASA. |  | Postwar - Carl Aslakson at MacDill Field Aslakson took Shoran navigation system and used for geodetic measurements Aslakson was the first in United States to use electronic methods for geodesy. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Blowup of plaque discussing fishing methods. Credit: Fisheries. |  | Beginning of the Alaska King Crab fishery. Meat from one crab is sufficient to fill several cans. Scientists of the Fish and Wildlife Service, a forerunner of today's NMFS, showed where to catch crabs and helped develop satisfactory canning methods. King crab being shown by Captain Trafton on the ship DOROTHY. F&W - 12,476. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | A copper plant. One of the early treatment methods. A concrete trough was was filled with metal and then as the mine drainage flowed over it the mine drainage precipitated onto the metal. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Jim Turek and Eric Hutchins of NOAA discuss the soil testing methods used at the Pilgrim Trail restoration site, Plymouth County, MA. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Diagram depicting depth of water as related to angle and scope of dredge rope for operations conducted off the United States Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS . Cut 68 in: "Deep-sea exploration : A General Description of the Steamer ALBATROSS, Her Appliances and Methods," by Zera L. Tanner. 1897. NOAA Central Library Call No. VM453 .T36 1897 . Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Sigsbee Sounding Machine mounted on the stern of the United States Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS. End plate of : "Deep-sea exploration : A General Description of the Steamer Albatross, Her Appliances and Methods," by Zera L. Tanner. 1897. NOAA Central Library Call No. VM453 .T36 1897 . Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Albert Einstein | When I examined myself and my methods of thought, I came to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge. |
Charles Maurice De Talleyrand | Merit, however inconsiderable, should be sought for and rewarded. Methods are the master of masters. |
Henry George | The methods by which a trade union can alone act, are necessarily destructive; its organization is necessarily tyrannical. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | Hence all commonwealths, with the form of government established, have rules also of appointing those who are to have any share in the public authority, and settled methods of conveying the right to them: for the anarchy is much alike, to have no form of government at all; or to agree that it shall be monarchical, but to appoint no way to know or design the person that shall have the power, and be the monarch. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | It will establish rules relating to methods of proof of claims. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | And therefore I have but two methods to preserve my cow. |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | It is very natural in its methods withal, far more so than many fantastic enterprises and sentimental experiments, and hence its singular success |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Several methods of screening exist. (references) | |
Prevention and control methods unknown. (references) | ||
Better methods of platelet preservation. (references) | ||
Business | The payment methods differ from one tour operator to another. (references) | |
Harvesting methods and equipment leave tremendous amounts of waste. (references) | ||
Two payment methods exist in importing fine and specialty chemicals. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Switzerland | This action was prompted by complaints about Scientologists' methods. (references) |
Honduras | Other methods are more subtle, such as the coveted privilege to accompany the President on his official travels. (references) | |
Mongolia | The law does not prohibit proselytizing, but limits it by forbidding use of incentives, pressure, or deceptive methods to introduce religion. (references) | |
Economic History | Israel | Both methods of operation are encouraged by the GOI. (references) |
Denmark | Methods of distribution in Denmark vary with the type of product. (references) | |
El Salvador | Sales and marketing methods are still in their infancy in El Salvador. (references) | |
Human Rights | Jamaica | Officers are being trained in alternative restraint methods in order to eliminate use of the baton. (references) |
Turkey | In some cases, multiple torture methods (e.g., hanging and electric shocks) are employed at the same time. (references) | |
Germany | At times more intrusive methods, such as the use of undercover agents, are used, but they are subject to legal checks. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Bolivia | Lack of education, inefficient farming and mining methods, indigenous cultural practices, and societal biases keep the indigenous people poor. (references) |
Minorities | Vietnam | The Government admits that one of the goals of resettlement is to impel the minorities to change from traditional swidden agricultural methods to sedentary agriculture. (references) |
Political Economy | Ecuador | The police used tear gas and other methods to quell protesters. (references) |
Political Rights | Mexico | The PAN has utilized more informal methods to increase female registration. (references) |
Gambia | Procedural methods are used to restrict debate within the National Assembly. (references) | |
Trade | Portugal | The customs value of imported goods is found by a set of six methods. (references) |
Travel | Saudi Arabia | Modern Saudi Arabia has adopted many of the business methods and styles of the West, but differences remain. (references) |
Panama | Business practices and customs in Panama are a unique blend of North American methods and traditional Latin style. (references) | |
Women | Botswana | A 1999 study of rape by the police service urged police to develop improved methods of rape investigation, including the use of DNA tests in all rape cases. (references) |
Worker Rights | Czech Republic | The event brought together experts from several countries to discuss methods to combat trafficking. (references) |
Kazakhstan | Attending NGO's participated in a 1 day training session on professional methods of covering antitrafficking issues. (references) | |
Lesotho | The emphasis on traditional socialization methods to the exclusion of formal education continues the cycle of poverty for most youth. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | EXPOSTULATION, n. One of the many methods by which fools prefer to lose their friends. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Benjamin Harrison | 1889-1893 | A party success that is achieved by unfair methods or by practices that partake of revolution is hurtful and evanescent even from a party standpoint. |
William H. Taft | 1909-1913 | The commission, in studying the general influence of currency on business and of business on currency, have wisely extended their investigations in European banking and monetary methods. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | Removing the burden of expense and jealousy, which must always accrue from a keen rivalry, is one of the most effective methods of diminishing that unreasonable hysteria and misunderstanding which are the most potent means of fomenting war. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | I am asking the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor to explore jointly methods for stimulating new industries, particularly in areas with surplus agricultural labor. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | New laboratories and centers will help our schools-help them lift their standards of excellence and explore new methods of teaching. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We have created unique methods of access for neighborhood organizations to have a participating role in Federal and State government decision-making. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Let's have a census that uses the most modern scientific methods. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Thousands of dangerous killers, schooled in the methods of murder, often supported by outlaw regimes, are now spread throughout the world like ticking time bombs, set to go off without warning. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "METHODS" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "METHODS" is used about 8,944 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 100% | 8,944 | 1,069 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Air Methods Corporation |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "METHODS": Advanced Testing Methods ♦ Feeding Methods ♦ formal methods ♦ methods analyst ♦ methods for advanced group technology integrated with CAD/CAM ♦ Organisation & Methods Dept. ♦ Ray methods of healing ♦ ruthless methods ♦ teaching methods. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "METHODS": methods-time-measurement. | |
Ending with "METHODS": hand-methods, macho-methods, text-methods, video-methods. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "METHODS"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | metodikë. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | методи. (various references) | |
Chinese | 方法 (Approach, method, Modus). (various references) | |
Czech | metody. (various references) | |
Danish | metoder til fremskrivning af arbejdsmarkedstilpasningen (frarådes) (methods for forward-looking labour force management), miljøvenlige dyrkningsmetoder (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), modernisering af arbejdsmetoder (modernization of working methods), modernisering af ledelsesmetoderne (modernization of management methods), mangelen på specificitet ved de kemiske metoder,der benytter dithizon,har begunstiget anvendelsen af fysiske metoder som polarografi og spektrofotometri (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), geofysisk undersøgelse (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods, geophysical survey), Haertels metoder (Haertel methods), Haberer's metode (Haberer methods), Gruppe af kontraktansatte eksperter, der har til opgave at undersoege metoder til identifikation af bestraalede Levnedsmidler (Group of Experts under Contract responsible for studying Methods of identifying Irradiated Foodstuffs), gravimetriske metoder anvendt efter termisk cycling (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), Jaboulay's metode (Jaboulay methods), geofysisk undersøgelsesmetode (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), frankeringsmåder (methods of denoting payment of postage), FOR-ME-TOO (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), formalismer,metoder og værktøjer (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), fastsaette naermere retningslinjer for sammensaetningen af underudvalgene (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), den nuvaerende vaerdiansaettelsespraksis (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), de grundlaeggende regler og anvendelsesomraader for automatiskstyret trykluftteknik er langt mindre velundersoegt end dem for digitalstyret elektronikteknik (the basic principles and the possible applications of the technique of pneumatic automation are less familiar than those of electronic digital methods), Bell's metode til calciumionbestemmelse (Bell methods), gravimetriske metoder (gravimetric methods), Pilotprojekter til fremme af moderne handelsmetoder gennem anvendelse af ny kommerciel teknologi (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), Udvalg for tilpasning af direktiver til den tekniske Udvikling-Analysemetoder inden for tekstilsektoren (Committee for the Adaption to Technical Progress of the Directives on Methods of Textile Analysis), Tilpasningsudvalget-Maaleinstrumenter og maaletekniske kontrolmetoder (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), til at aktivere den producerende formation benytter man hydrauliske opspraekningsmetoder,idet man under hoejt tryk pumper en vaeske ned i strukturen,hvorved der dannes spraekker i denne (causing it to break-down, high fluid-pressure is applied to the rock, in hydraulic fracturing methods, used to stimulate a producing formation), skulle oliens naturlige tryk i produktionsforingsroeret falde,benyttes enten pumpemetoden eller den saakaldte injektionstrykmetode,som bestaar i,at man leder de gasarter,som er fulgt med op,tilbage (by re-injection into the reservoir of the gas produced with the oil, if the reservoir pressure falls, there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly, to restore pressure), Seki's metoder (Seki methods), Kommissionen retter henstilling om metoderne for det noedvendige samarbejde fra de andre Medlemsstaters side (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), Ranvier's metoder (Ranvier methods), af alle kendte metoder til at undersoege umetalliske indeslutninger er undersoegelsen af polerede slib i det lysoptiske metalmikroskop uden tvivl langt den hyppigst anvendte (is certainly the most widely applied, metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), Overton's metode (Overton methods), Oudin's metoder (Oudin methods), opfyldningen kan foretages manuelt, ad hydraulisk vej, med centrifugalkraft eller ved hjaelp af trykluft (high-speed belt stowing and pneumatic stowing, possible methods include hydraulic stowing), Luxembourgrapporten,som forudsaa to maader,hvorpaa offentligheden og dens repraesentanter kunne bringes i forbindelse med det politiske samarbejdes udvikling (the Luxembourg Report which provided for two methods of associating public opinion and its representatives with the development of political co-operation), sammenligning,og,hvis det maatte vaere hensigtsmaessigt,harmonisering af metoderne til indsamling og analyse af kendsgerninger (if appropriate, the comparison and, the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts). (various references) | |
Dutch | modernisering van de managementmethoden (modernization of management methods), methode van Bell (Bell methods), methode van Haertel (Haertel methods), methoden van dwarsdoorsnede onderzoek (survey methods), methoden van Ranvier (Ranvier methods), milieuvriendelijke teeltmethoden (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), modernisering van de werkmethoden (modernization of working methods), methoden voor toekomstgericht management van het arbeidspotentieel (methods for forward-looking labour force management), bijeenkomst van deskundigen belast met de voortzetting van de bestudering en de uitwerking van een algemeen aanvaardbare methode voor de vreedzame regeling van geschillen, gericht op het aanvullen van bestaande methoden (meeting of experts charged with pursuing the examination and elaboration of a generally acceptable method for peaceful settlement of disputes aimed at complementing existing methods), didaktiek (teaching methods), didactiek (teaching methods), desternalisatie (Jaboulay methods), de wijze van samenstelling van de sub-comités vaststellen (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), de tunnelmethode en de doorpersmethode bij het leggen van leidingen mogen slechts met toestemming van de opdrachtgever worden toegepast (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority), de thans toegepaste methode inzake bepaling van de douanewaarde (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), de Commissie doet aanbevelingen over de wijze waarop de overige Lid-Staten de vereiste medewerking verlenen (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), amputatio interinnomino-abdominalis (Jaboulay methods), daar chemische technieken, die gebruik maken van dithizon, onvoldoende specifiek zijn, wordt de toepassing van fysische technieken zoals polarografie en atoomabsorptie-spectrofotometrie in de hand gewerkt (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), Comité voor de aanpassing van de richtlinjen aan de vooruitgang van de techniek-Analysemethoden in de textielsector (Committee for the Adaption to Technical Progress of the Directives on Methods of Textile Analysis), formalismen,methoden en gereedschappen (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), Comite aanpassing-Meettoestellen en metrologische controlemethoden (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), gravimetrische methoden (gravimetric methods), conservering/stechniek (preservation methods), dbAlm (database on Alternative methods, dbAlm), database met betrekking tot alternatieve methoden (database on Alternative methods, dbAlm), amputatio interilio-abdominalis (Jaboulay methods), non-parametrische methoden (nonparametric methods), vullen kan met de hand,spoelend,met centrifugale kracht of blazend gebeuren (high-speed belt stowing and pneumatic stowing, possible methods include hydraulic stowing), vergelijking en, indien passend, harmonisatie van methoden voor het verzamelen en analyseren van feiten (if appropriate, the comparison and, the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts), van alle bekende methoden van het onderzoeken van niet-metallische insluitingen is bestuderen van gepolijste preparaatoppervlakken in een lichtmicroscoop zonder twijfel de meest gebruikte (is certainly the most widely applied, metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), Proefprojecten ter bevordering van moderne handelsmethoden door de toepassing van nieuwe technologie in de handel (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), Proefprojecten ter bevordering van de relaties tussen de MKB's door het invoeren van moderne managementmethoden en nieuwe technologieën in de handels- en distributiesector (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), peri-arteriële sympathectomie (Jaboulay methods), funderingstechniek (foundation techniques, foundations methods), om de produktieve laag te activeren,wordt de techniek van het hydraulisch breken toegepast,d.w.z.dat men onder hoge druk een vloeistof injecteert waardoor het gesteente wordt opengebroken (causing it to break-down, high fluid-pressure is applied to the rock, in hydraulic fracturing methods, used to stimulate a producing formation), FOR-ME-TOO (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), ijken van methoden voor risicoanalyse (benchmarking of risk assessment methods), Groep van deskundigen-contractanten voor de bestudering van identificatiemethodes voor bestraalde voedingsmiddelen (Group of Experts under Contract responsible for studying Methods of identifying Irradiated Foodstuffs), gravimetrische technieken na afloop van thermische cycli (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), wanneer de natuurlijke druk van de olie in de stijgbuis daalt,dan wordt de pompmethode gebruikt of de z.g.injectie-druk-methode die bestaat uit het weer injecteren van de gassen die spontaan zijn vrijgekomen (by re-injection into the reservoir of the gas produced with the oil, if the reservoir pressure falls, there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly, to restore pressure), geofysische exploratiemethoden (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), Administratieve Organisatie (Organisation & Methods Dept., Systems & Procedures Dept.), frankeringsmodaliteiten (methods of denoting payment of postage), operatie van Leriche (Jaboulay methods). (various references) | |
Finnish | menetelmät CAD/CAM-integroiduille ryhmätekniikoille (methods for advanced group technology integrated with CAD/CAM), postimaksun maksutavat (methods of denoting payment of postage), Pilottihankkeet pk-yritysten välisten yhteyksien edistämiseksi nykyaikaisten johtamismenetelmien ja uuden tekniikan käytön avulla kaupan ja jakelun toimialalla (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), gravimetrinen menetelmä (gravimetric method, gravimetric methods, gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles, gravimetry), geofysikaalinen tutkimusmenetelmä (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), geofysikaalinen tutkimus (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods). (various references) | |
French | méthodes de dilution (dilution methods), méthode de Bell (Bell methods), méthodes de culture compatibles avec l'environnement (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), méthodes de gestion prévisionnelle des emplois (methods for forward-looking labour force management), méthodes de Haberer (Haberer methods), méthodes de Haertel (Haertel methods), méthodes de prospection géophysique (geophysical methods), méthodes de Ranvier (Ranvier methods), méthodes de Seki (Seki methods), méthodes d'enquête (survey methods), méthodes d'exploration géophysique (geophysical methods), méthodes d'Oudin (Oudin methods), méthodes d'Overton (Overton methods), méthodes gravimétriques (gravimetric methods), modalités d'affranchissement (methods of denoting payment of postage), modernisation des méthodes de management (modernization of management methods), modernisation des méthodes de travail (modernization of working methods), méthodes non paramétriques (nonparametric methods), méthode de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), confronter et, s'il y a lieu, harmoniser les méthodes employées pour recueillir et analyser les faits (the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts), la Commission recommande les méthodes par lesquelles les autres Etats membres apportent la coopération nécessaire (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), Groupe d'Experts sur les méthodes,les normes et l'interétalonnage de la GIPME (GIPME Group of Experts on Methods Standards and Intercalibration), Groupe des experts-contractants pour l'étude des méthodes d'identification des denrées alimentaires irradiées (Group of Experts under Contract responsible for studying Methods of identifying Irradiated Foodstuffs), FOR-ME-TOO (Methods and Tools), Formalismes,méthodes et outils (Methods and Tools), fixer les modalités de composition concernant les sous-comités (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), didactique (teaching methods), découvertes,théories scientifiques et méthodes mathématiques (scientific theories and mathematical methods), le remblayage peut être manuel, hydraulique, projection ou pneumatique (possible methods include hydraulic stowing), Comite adaptation-Instruments de mesurage et methodes de controle metrologique (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), base de données sur les méthodes alternatives (database on Alternative methods), art d'améliorer les méthodes de travail (job methods training), analyste des méthodes (methods analyst), étude des mouvements (methods design), de toutes les méthodes connues pour l'étude des inclusions non métalliques l'examen métallographique, au microscope optique par réflexion, de surfaces de métaux polies, est sans aucun doute la plus largement pratiquée (metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), une grande diversité de méthodes est utilisée pour enregistrer des diagraphies de déviation:celles-ci comportent les mesures relevées par indicateurs de déviation,les mesures d'inclinaison simples,les mesures d'inclinaison multiples et les mesures d (a variety of methods are used to record directional logs;they may be classed as drift indicators), on emploie,pour "activer" la formation productrice,les méthodes de fracturation hydraulique,par envoi sous forte pression d'un liquide qui disloque la roche (in hydraulic fracturing methods), opération de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), Projets pilotes pour la promotion de méthodes commerciales modernes par la mise en oeuvre de nouvelles techniques commerciales (Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), Projets pilotes pour la promotion de relations entre les PME par la mise en oeuvre de méthodes modernes de gestion et de nouvelles technologies dans le secteur du commerce et de la distribution (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), référençage des méthodes d'évaluation des risques (benchmarking of risk assessment methods), le défaut de spécificité des méthodes chimiques utilisant la dithizone favorisa l'adoption de méthodes physiques telles que la polarographie, puis la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique (the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), rapport sur les méthodes permettant d'améliorer la coopération politique (report on methods of improving political co-operation), technique de conservation (preservation methods), ... entretenir un dialogue constructif avec les Etats-Unis d'Amérique, le Japon, le Canada et les autres partenaires commerciaux industrialisés, dans un esprit d'ouverture et en utilisant les formes les plus appropriées (using the most appropriate methods), techniques gravimétriques employées la fin de cycles thermiques (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), lorsque la pression naturelle du pétrole dans le tubing vient baisser,on utilise soit la méthode de pompage,soit la méthode dite "injection-pression" qui consiste réinjecter les gaz qui se sont spontanément échappés (there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly), les procédés de mise en place des conduites par galeries et fonçage horizontal ne peuvent être utilisés qu'avec l'accord du Maître de l'ouvrage (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority), les principes et les domaines d'application de la technique de l'automatisation pneumatique sont moins bien connus que ceux de la technique des dispositifs numériques électroniques (the basic principles and the possible applications of the technique of pneumatic automation are less familiar than those of electronic digital methods), le Rapport de Luxembourg qui prévoyait deux formes d'association de l'opinion publique et de ses représentants au développement de la coopération politique (the Luxembourg Report which provided for two methods of associating public opinion and its representatives with the development of political co-operation), réunion d'experts afin de poursuivre l'examen et l'élaboration d'une méthode généralement acceptable de règlement pacifique des différends visant compléter les méthodes existantes (meeting of experts charged with pursuing the examination and elaboration of a generally acceptable method for peaceful settlement of disputes aimed at complementing existing methods). (various references) | |
German | Methoden (modes). (various references) | |
Greek | μέθοδος του Bell (Bell methods), ρότυπα σχέδια για την προώθηση σύγχρονων εμπορικών μεθόδων μέσω της εφαρμογής νέας εμπορικής τεχνολογίας (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), οι μέθοδοι που χρησιμοποιούνται επί του παρόντος για τον καθορισμό της δασμολογητέας αξίας (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), "οκιμαστικά σχέδια για την προώθηση των σχέσεων μεταξύ των ΜΜΕ, μέσω της εφαρμογής σύγχρονων μεθόδων διαχείρισης και νέων τεχνολογιών στο (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), τυποποιήσεις,μέθοδοι και εργαλεία (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), τρόποι προπληρωμής (methods of denoting payment of postage), απ'όλες τις γνωστές μεθόδους των μη μεταλλικών εγκλεισμάτων,η μεταλλογραφική εξέταση,με οπτικό μικροσκόπιο ανάκλασης,λείων μεταλλικών επ (metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), εκσυγχρονισμός των μεθόδων εργασίας (modernization of working methods), η Eπιτροπή συνιστά τις μεθόδους για την αναγκαία συνεργασία των Kρατών μελών (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), η λιθογόμωσις δυνατόν να είναι χειρόθετος,υδραυλική η διά πεπιεσμένου αέρος (high-speed belt stowing and pneumatic stowing, possible methods include hydraulic stowing), η έλλειψη εξιδείκευσης των χημικών μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούν διθιζόνη,ενίσχυσε την υιοθέτηση μεθόδων της φυσικής,όπως η πολαρο-γραφία και (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), Eπιτροπή προσαρμογής-`Oργανα Mέτρησης και Mέθοδοι Mετρολογικού Eλέγχου (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), Οι μέθοδοι τοποθέτησης αγωγών μέσω σηράγγων ή οριζοντίων διατρήσεων,δεν μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν παρά μόνο με σύμφωνη γνώμη της αναθέτουσας (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority), μέθοδοι Haberer (Haberer methods), μέθοδοι Haertel (Haertel methods), μέθοδοι διαχείρισης της απασχόλησης βάσει προβλέψεων (methods for forward-looking labour force management), μέθοδοι του Ranvier (Ranvier methods), μέθοδοι καλλιέργειας φιλικές προς το περιβάλλον (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), μέθοδοι Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), γεωφυσικές μέθοδοι αναζήτησης (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), γεωφυσικές μέθοδοι έρευνας (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), σταθμικές τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται στο τέλος θερμικών κύκλων (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), όταν η φυσική πίεση του πετρελαίου μέσα στο ΤUBING ελαττώνεται,τότε χρησιμοποιούμε δύο βασικές μεθόδους παραγωγής του πετρελαιου:είτε τη μέθ (there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly), χρησιμοποιούμε,για να "ενεργοποιήσουμε" τον παραγωγικό μηχανισμό,τις μεθόδους της υδραυλικής ρήξεως με διοχέτευση,υπό μεγάλη πίεση,ενός υ (in hydraulic fracturing methods). (various references) | |
Hungarian | mód (device, fashion, imperative, in the extreme, manner, method, mode, modi, modus, pattern, sort, style, way). (various references) | |
Italian | metodo di Haberer (Haberer methods), metodi colturali compatibili con l'ambiente (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), metodi di gestione previsionale dei posti di lavoro (methods for forward-looking labour force management), metodi non parametrici (nonparametric methods), metodo di Haertel (Haertel methods), modalit di francatura (methods of denoting payment of postage), modernizzazione dei metodi di lavoro (modernization of working methods), metodi di prospezione geofisica (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), tra tutti i metodi noti peresaminare le inclusioni non metalliche, quello certamente più largamente applicato è l'esame di superfici polimentate usando un microscopio metallografico ottico (is certainly the most widely applied, metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), Comitato per l'adeguamento delle direttive al progresso tecnico-Metodi d'analisi nel settore dei tessili (Committee for the Adaption to Technical Progress of the Directives on Methods of Textile Analysis), Comitato per l'adeguamento-Strumenti di misurazione e metodi di controllo metrologico (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), formalismi,metodi e strumenti (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), FOR-ME-TOO (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), Gruppo degli esperti-contraenti per lo studio dei metodi d'identificazione delle derrate alimentari irradiate (Group of Experts under Contract responsible for studying Methods of identifying Irradiated Foodstuffs), i metodi praticati attualmente per la determinazione del valore in dogana (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), il confronto e, nei casi appropriati, l'armonizzazione dei metodi di raccolta e di analisi dei fatti (if appropriate, the comparison and, the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts), il difetto dispecificit dei metodi chimici che utilizzano il ditizone favori l'adozione di metodi fisici quali la polarografia, ed in seguito la spettrofotometria d'assorbimento atomico (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), il sistema a galleria e ad avanzamento con frese orizzontali puo'essere adottato dalla direzione dei lavori solo col benestare del committente (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority), la Commissione raccomanda i metodi con i quali gli altri Stati membri apportano la necessaria cooperazione (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), Progetti pilota finalizzati a promuovere le relazioni tra le PMI attraverso l'applicazione di nuove tecnologie e di moderni metodi di gestione nel settore del commercio e della distribuzione (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), tecniche gravimetriche al termine di cicli termici (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), base di dati sui metodi alternativi (database on Alternative methods, dbAlm), stabilire le modalit di composizione dei sottocomitati (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), vari metodi sono usati per la registrazione delle diagrafie di deviazione:il metodo con indicatori d'inclinazione,con rilevatori a scatto singolo,con rilevatori a scatto multiplo,e con rilevatori a scatto continuo (a variety of methods are used to record directional logs;they may be classed as drift indicators, and continuous surveys, multiple-shot surveys, single-shot surveys), riunione di esperti incaricata di continuare l'esame e l'elaborazione di un metodo generalmente accettabile per la soluzione pacifica dele controversie mirante ad integrare i metodi esistenti (meeting of experts charged with pursuing the examination and elaboration of a generally acceptable method for peaceful settlement of disputes aimed at complementing existing methods), quando non é più possibile la coltivazione del giacimento per erogazione spontanea,si ricorre sia al pompamento sia al metodo della reiniezione sotto forte pressione dei gas,che si sono spontaneamente separati dall'olio in superficie (by re-injection into the reservoir of the gas produced with the oil, if the reservoir pressure falls, there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly, to restore pressure), Progetti pilota per promuovere metodi commerciali moderni attraverso l'applicazione di nuove tecnologie commerciali (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), per "attivare" la formazione produttrice si ricorre a metodi di fratturazione idraulica,inviando a pressione elevata un liguido che frantuma la roccia (causing it to break-down, high fluid-pressure is applied to the rock, in hydraulic fracturing methods, used to stimulate a producing formation), più moderni metodi di gestione (modernization of management methods), principi e i campi di applicazione della tecnica dell' automazione pneumatica sono meno bene conosciuti di quelli della tecnica dei dispositivi numerici elettronici (the basic principles and the possible applications of the technique of pneumatic automation are less familiar than those of electronic digital methods), la ripiena puo essere a mano,idraulica,meccanica o pneumatica (high-speed belt stowing and pneumatic stowing, possible methods include hydraulic stowing). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 二様 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | によう (two flat things). (various references) | |
Korean | 방법 (manner, manners, method, Way, ways). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ethodsmay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | métodos não paramétricos (nonparametric methods), métodos de cultura compatíveis com o ambiente (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), métodos de gestão previsional dos empregos (methods for forward-looking labour force management), métodos de Haberer (Haberer methods), métodos de Haertel (Haertel methods), métodos de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), métodos de Jaboulay-Brian (Jaboulay methods), métodos de prospecção geofísica (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), métodos de Ranvier (Ranvier methods), métodos gravimétricos (gravimetric methods), modalidades de franqueamento (methods of denoting payment of postage), modalidades de franquia (methods of denoting payment of postage), modernização dos métodos de trabalho (modernization of working methods), modernização dos métodos de gestão (modernization of management methods), métodos de Seki (Seki methods), os métodos actualmente praticados para determinaçao do valor aduaneiro (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), Comité Adaptação-Instrumentos de Medição e Métodos de Controlo Metrológico (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), fixar as modalidades de composição dos subcomités (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), formalismo,métodos e ferramentas (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), FOR-ME-TOO (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), Projectos-piloto para promover as ligações entre PME através da implementação de métodos modernos de gestão e de novas tecnologias no sector do comércio e distribuição (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), Projectos-piloto para a promoção de métodos comerciais modernos através da aplicação da nova tecnologia comercial (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), operação de Jaboulay-Leriche (Jaboulay methods), operação de Jaboulay-Dufourmentel (Jaboulay methods), o entulhamento pode ser manual,hidráulico,mecânico ou pneumático (high-speed belt stowing and pneumatic stowing, possible methods include hydraulic stowing), a Comissão recomendará os métodos a empregar pelos outros Estados-membros para prestarem a cooperação necessária (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), o defeito de especificidade dos métodos químicos que utilizam a ditizona favoreceu a adopção de métodos físicos tais como a polarografia,e em seguida,a espectofotometria de absorção atómica (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), prospecção geofísica (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods, geophysical prospecting), processo por galeria:processo por escavação horizontal.Os processos de colocação das condutas por galerias e escavação horizontal só devem ser utilizados com o acordo do mestre de obras (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority). (various references) | |
Romanian | metodicã. (various references) | |
Russian | методика (method, methodics). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | metodika. (various references) | |
Spanish | métodos de H?rtel (Haertel methods), método de Bell (Bell methods), métodos de cultivo compatibles con el medio ambiente (environmentally-friendly methods of cultivation), métodos de gestión planificadora de los empleos (methods for forward-looking labour force management), métodos de Haberer (Haberer methods), métodos de Oudin (Oudin methods), métodos de Overton (Overton methods), métodos de Ranvier (Ranvier methods), métodos gravimetritos (gravimetric methods), métodos y herramientas (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), modalidades de franqueo (methods of denoting payment of postage), modernización de los métodos de gestión (modernization of management methods), modernización de los métodos de trabajo (modernization of working methods), métodos de exploración geofísicos (geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration techniques, geophysical methods), mΘtodos de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), cuando la presión natural del petróleo en la columna ascendente disminuye, se utiliza o bien el método de bombeo, o bien el método llamado de reinyección que consiste en volver a inyectar a alta presión los gases que se han separado espontáneamente (by re-injection into the reservoir of the gas produced with the oil, if the reservoir pressure falls, there are two basic methods of producing the oil:firstly by pumping the oil out;and secondly, to restore pressure), formalismos (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), establecer las modalidades de composición relativos a los subcomités (to lay down the methods of composition of the subcommittees), en los métodos de fracturación hidráulica, empleados para estimular la formación productiva, se aplica un líquido a elevada presión que fisura la roca (causing it to break-down, high fluid-pressure is applied to the rock, in hydraulic fracturing methods, used to stimulate a producing formation), FOR-ME-TOO (Formalisms, FOR-ME-TOO, Methods and Tools), de todos los métodos conocidos para el estudio de las inclusiones no metálicas, el examen metalográfico al microscopio óptico por la reflexión de las superficies de metales pulimentados, es sin duda el más utilizado (is certainly the most widely applied, metallographic examination by reflected light from polished metal surfaces using an optical microscope, of all the known methods for investigating non-metatlic inclusions), los métodos practicados actualmente en materia de determinación del valor en aduana (methods at present used in determining the value for customs purposes), Comité de Adaptación-Instrumentos de Medida y Métodos de Control Metrológico (Adaptation Committee-Measuring Instruments and Metrological Control Methods), arranque por explosivos (blasting, drill-and-fire methods, shotfiring), análisis gravimétrico al final de ciclos térmicos (gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles), en el tendido de tuberías los procedimientos de galería de avance y de perforación horizontal solamente podrán aplicarse con el permiso de la autoridad adjudicataria (tunnelling and thrust-bore methods of pipe-laying may only be employed with the permission of the awarding authority), la Comisión recomendará los métodos para la necesaria colaboración de los demás Estados miembros (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), la falta de especificidad de los métodos químicos que utilizan la ditizona favorece la adopción de métodos físicos tales como la polarografía y la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (such as polarography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lack of specificity in chemical methods employing dithizone encouraged the adoption of physical methods), Proyectos Piloto para el Fomento de Métodos Comerciales Modernos mediante la Implantación de Nuevas Técnicas Comerciales (COMM 2000, Pilot projects to promote modern commercial methods through the implementation of new commercial technology), Proyectos piloto dirigidos a fomentar los vínculos entre las PYME mediante la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías y métodos modernos de gestión de los sectores del comercio y la distribución (Pilot projects to promote links between SMEs through the implementation of modern management methods and new technologies in the commerce and distribution sector), amputación de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), para registrar la diagrafia de desviacion se emplean diversos metodos: el metodo con indicadores de desviacion, las medidas de inclinacion en multiples puntos y las medidas continuas de la inclin acion (a variety of methods are used to record directional logs;they may be classed as drift indicators, and continuous surveys, multiple-shot surveys, single-shot surveys), reunión de expertos encargada de proseguir el examen y la elaboración de un método generalmente aceptable de arreglo de controversias por medios pacíficos encaminado a complementar los métodos existentes (meeting of experts charged with pursuing the examination and elaboration of a generally acceptable method for peaceful settlement of disputes aimed at complementing existing methods), operación de Jaboulay-Dufourmentel (Jaboulay methods), operación de Jaboulay (Jaboulay methods), la comparación y armonización, cuando proceda, de los métodos de recopilación y análisis de hechos (if appropriate, the comparison and, the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts). (various references) | |
Swedish | metoder. (various references) | |
Turkmen | metodika (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | методика. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "METHODS": micromethods. (additional references) | |
| |
"METHODS" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: mathodes, methad, metho, methode, methodi, methodis, Methodo, methodus, methos, Methot, Methwold, Metodo, mithos, mujtahids, muthos. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "METHODS" (pronounced me"thudz) |
| 3 | -u d z | acids, alcids, annelids, antacids, aphids, arachnids, ballads, bicuspids, coloreds, Cupids, desmids, druids, fluids, hatreds, hundreds, hybrids, invalids, liquids, orchids, periods, pleiads, pyramids, rapids, salads, solids, undecideds. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-h-m-o-s-t" | |
-1 letter: hosted, method, modest, moshed. | |
-2 letters: demos, doest, doeth, domes, dotes, ethos, homed, homes, hosed, meths, modes, moste, motes, moths, shoed, shote, smote, those, tomes. | |
-3 letters: demo, does, dome, doms, dose, dost, dote, doth, dots, edhs, eths, hems, hest, hets, hods, hoed, hoes, home, hose, host, hots, mesh, meth, mhos, mode, mods, mosh, most. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-h-m-o-s-t" | |
+1 letter: ethmoids, headmost, smoothed. | |
+2 letters: homestead, hoteldoms, methadons, methodise, methodism, methodist, outshamed, smothered, stomached. | |
+3 letters: besmoothed, endotherms, godmothers, handsomest, homesteads, methadones, methodised, methodises, methodisms, methodists, methodizes, mistouched, outschemed, resmoothed, rhytidomes, smoothened, unsmoothed. | |
+4 letters: atmosphered, delightsome, dichotomies, dichromates, dimethoates, heathendoms, homesteaded, homesteader, hydrometers, methodising, methodistic, methyldopas, motherhoods, motherlands, mustachioed, threadworms. | |
+5 letters: admonishment, closemouthed, debouchments, demolishment, dichotomizes, endothermies, ethionamides, grandmothers, headforemost, homesteaders, homesteading, hydrometeors, micromethods, motherboards, radiochemist, thalidomides, thermostated, thunderstorm, wordsmithery. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Familiar 7. Quotations: Historic 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Translations: Modern 15. Abbreviations 16. Acronyms | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
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