Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Metastasis

Definitions: Metastasis

Metastasis

Noun

1. The spreading of a disease to another part of the body.

2. The organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "metastasis" was first used: 1577. (references)

Etymology: Metastasis \Me*tas"ta*sis\, noun; plural Metastases. [Latin expression, transition, from the Greek expression, from to place in another way; after to place.]. (Websters 1913)


Specialty Definitions: Metastasis

DomainDefinitions

Health

The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. (references)

Medicine

Spread of cancer to distant sites in the body. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Metastasis

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Metastasis (pronounced meh-TAS-ta-sis) means the spread of cancer. Cancer cells can break away from a primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. The plural is metastases (pronounced meh-TAS-ta-seez).

Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: invasion and metastasis. Invasion is the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis is the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then grow in a new focus (metastasize) in normal tissues elsewhere in the body.

Tumors are classified as being either benign or malignant depending on whether or not they can spread by local invasion and/or metastasis. Benign tumors are tumors that cannot spread by invasion or metastasis; hence they only grow locally. Malignant tumors are tumors that are capable of spreading by invasion and metastasis. By definition, the term "cancer" applies only to malignant tumors.

When patients are diagnosed with cancer, they want to know whether their disease is local or has spread to other locations.

It is its ability to spread to other tissues and organs that makes cancer a potentially life-threatening disease, so there is great interest in understanding what makes metastasis possible for a cancerous tumor.

Cancer cells may spread to lymph nodes near the primary tumor (regional lymph nodes). This is called nodal involvement, positive nodes, or regional disease. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body, distant from the primary tumor. Doctors use the term metastatic disease or distant disease to describe cancer that spreads to other organs or to lymph nodes other than those near the primary tumor.

When cancer cells spread and form a new tumor, the new tumor is called a secondary, or metastatic, tumor. The cancer cells that form the secondary tumor are like those in the original tumor. That means, for example, that if breast cancer spreads (metastasizes) to the lung, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells (not abnormal lung cells). The disease in the lung is metastatic breast cancer (not lung cancer).

Factors involved in metastasis

Metastasis is a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymph system. To do so, malignant cells break away from the primary tumor and attach to and degrade proteins that make up the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates the tumor from adjoining tissue. By degrading these proteins, cancer cells are able to breach the ECM and escape. When oral cancers metastasize, they commonly travel through the lymph system to the lymph nodes in the neck.

Cancer researchers studying the conditions necessary for cancer metastasis have discovered that one of the critical events required is the growth of a new network of blood vessels. This process of forming new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.

Tumor angiogenesis is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels that penetrates into cancerous growths, supplying nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. Tumor angiogenesis actually starts with cancerous tumor cells releasing molecules that send signals to surrounding normal host tissue. This signaling activates certain genes in the host tissue that, in turn, make proteins to encourage growth of new blood vessels.

Metastasis and primary cancer

Metastatis theoretically always coincides with a primary cancer. It is a tumor that started from a cancer cell or cells in another part of the body. However, over 10% of patients presenting to oncology units will have metastases without a primary tumour found. Studies have shown that if simple questioning does not reveal the cancer's source (coughing up blood -'probably lung', urinating blood - 'probably bladder'), complex imaging will not either. In some of these cases a primary will appear later.

The use of immunohistochemistry has permitted pathologists to give an identity to many of these metastases. Imaging of the indicated area only occasionally reveals a primary however.

Diagnosis of primary and secondary tumors

The cells in a metastatic tumor resemble those in the primary tumor. Once the cancerous tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the cell type, a doctor can usually tell whether that type of cell is normally found in the part of the body from which the tissue sample was taken.

For instance, breast cancer cells look the same whether they are found in the breast or have spread to another part of the body. So, if a tissue sample taken from a tumor in the lung contains cells that look like breast cells, the doctor determines that the lung tumor is a secondary tumor.

Metastatic cancers may be found at the same time as the primary tumor, or months or years later. When a second tumor is found in a patient who has been treated for cancer in the past, it is more often a metastasis than another primary tumor.

In about 10% of cancer patients, a secondary tumor is diagnosed, but no primary cancer can be found, in spite of extensive tests. Doctors refer to the primary tumor as unknown or occult, and the patient is said to have cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP). In rare cases (e.g. of melanoma) no primary tumor is found even on autopsy. It is therefore thought that some primary tumors can regress completely, but leave their metastases behind.

Treatments for metastatic cancer

When cancer has metastasized, it may be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, hormone therapy, surgery, or a combination of these. The choice of treatment generally depends on the type of primary cancer, the size and location of the metastasis, the patient's age and general health, and the types of treatments used previously. In patients diagnosed with CUP, it is still possible to treat the disease even when the primary tumor cannot be located.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Metastasis."

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Synonyms: Metastasis

Synonyms: metabolic process (n), metabolism (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Metastasis

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Change

Noun: change, alteration, mutation, permutation, variation, modification, modulation, inflexion, mood, qualification, innovation, metastasis, deviation, turn, evolution, revolution; diversion; break.

Inversion

Transposition, transposal, anastrophy, metastasis, hyperbaton, anastrophe, hysteron proteron, hypallage, synchysis, tmesis, parenthesis; metathesis; palindrome.

Transference

Noun: transfer, transference; translocation, elocation; displacement; metastasis, metathesis; removal; remotion, amotion; relegation; deportation, asportation; extradition, conveyance, draft, carrying, carriage; convection, conduction, contagion; transfer; (of property).

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Metastasis

English words defined with "metastasis": cancer of the liverliver cancerMetastases, metastaticRetrocession. (references)
Specialty definitions using "metastasis": Cell Adhesion MoleculesLymphatic Metastasismatrix metalloproteinaseNeoplasm Metastasis, NeoplasmsSentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, site of metastasisThrombospondin 1, Thrombospondins, Tissue-Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1. (references)

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Commercial Usage: Metastasis

DomainTitle

Books

  • Cancer Metastasis, Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Intervention, Volume 1: Biology and Treatment (reference)

  • Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Cancer Metastasis (reference)

  • Metastasis - Symposium No. 141 (reference)

  • Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 324) (reference)

  • Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Cancer Metastasis (Cancer Metastasis, 4) (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Photo Album: Metastasis

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

This illustration with and without text, titled "How Cancer Spreads" explains the process of metastasis. Once metastatic cells are attached to the basement membrane (a physical barrier that seperates tissue components), they break through with the help of an enzyme called type IV collagenase. Cancer cells then move through the blood stream enabling them to spread to other parts of the body. A secondary tumor may form at another site in the body. See artwork: GA-17. Credit: Jane Hurd (artist).

This is a schematic drawing of the stages of metastasis 1) attachment 2) local breakdown 3) locomotion 4) secondary tumor. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

Scientists have identified a protein, named autocrine motility factor (AMF), that causes cancer cells to grow "arms" or pseudopodia, enabling them to migrate to other parts of the body. Locomotion is integral to the entire process of metastasis. Credit: Susan Arnold (photographer).

  

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Metastasis

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Depending on whether or not they can spread by invasion and metastasis, tumors are classified as being either benign or malignant. (references)

Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. (references)

Absence of metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes has traditionally been considered a favorable biologic condition for patients with invasive breast cancer. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Metastasis

"Metastasis" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Metastasis" is used about 46 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)100%4650,285

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Metastasis

Expressions using "metastasis": Lymphatic Metastasis Neoplasm Metastasis site of metastasis. Additional references.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Metastasis

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

metastasis

93

angiogenesis anti antiangiogenesis biops brachytherap cancer carcinoma chemoprevention chemotherap gamma hodgkin knife leukemia lymph lymphoma melanoma metastasis myeloma node oncolog oncolog photodynamic radiotherap sarcoma stereotactic therap tumor

5

bone metastasis

27

lung metastasis

5

breast cancer metastasis

20

metastasis pulmonar

5

cancer metastasis

13

cancer metastasis review

4

brain metastasis

10

breast cancer liver metastasis

3

liver metastasis

9

brain metastasis symptom

3

prostate cancer metastasis

8

adrenal metastasis

3

cerebral metastasis

6

ablation frequency liver metastasis radio

3

colon cancer metastasis

6

breast cancer lung metastasis

2

bone breast cancer metastasis

6

brain breast cancer metastasis

2

melanoma metastasis

5

bone metastasis symptom

2

lung cancer metastasis

5

bone metastasis treatment

2

death metastasis spinal

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Metastasis

Language Translations for "metastasis"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

metastazë. (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏نمو ثانوي لورم خبيث, ‏الانبثات إنتقال علة الداء لمكان آخر. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

метастаза, метаболизъм (metabolism), промяна в душевно състояние. (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

转移 (Abalienate, shift, Shifted, shifting, Transferred, Transferring). (various references)

   

Czech

  

metastáza, promìna (change, phase, transformation, transmutation). (various references)

   

Danish

  

metastase. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

metastase. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

هجوم مرض , ناخوشی (Disease, Malady), گسترش میکرب مرض , جابجاشدن (Supplant), دگردیسی (Metamorphosis). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

etäpesäkkeiden muodostuminen (metastasis formation). (various references)

   

French

  

métastase. (various references)

   

German

  

Metastase. (various references)

   

Greek 

  

μετάστασις δι'αναρροφήσεως (aspiration metastasis), μετάσταση από εμβολιασμό (contact metastasis, metastasis caused by inoculation), μετάσταση από εμφύτευση (implantation metastasis), εγκεφαλική μετάσταση (cerebral metastasis), ασβεστώδης μετάστασις (calcareous metastasis), δημιουργία μεταστάσεων (metastasis formation). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

מטסטז", '"ול סרט י. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

anyagcsere (metabolism), áttétel (metathesis, transcript, transcription, transmission, transposal). (various references)

   

Italian

  

metastasi (seed). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

転移 (change, transference). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

て"い (change, dislocation, divine will, heavenly garment, imperial authority, imperial majesty, imperial throne, natural, providence, providential, rearrangement, transference, transposition). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

(Metastases, Transferring, transformation). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

etastasismay

   

Portuguese

  

metastase, metafísica. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

metastazã. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

метастаз. (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

metastaza. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

metástasis. (various references)

   

Swedish

  

metastas. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

metastaz, yayılma (contagion, creep, creepage, deploy, deployment, diffusion, dispersal, distribution, enlargement, expanse, expansiveness, pervasion, propagation, sprawl, spread, suffusion), başka organlara bulaşma. (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

метастаз, метаболізм (metabolism). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Metastasis

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE

metastasis. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Misspellings: Metastasis

Misspellings

"Metastasis" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: matastasis, megastasis, metastase, metastasia, metastasise, metastatis, metasteses, metastisis, metastisise. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Metastasis"

Words rhyming with "metastasis" (pronounced 'Me*tas"ta*sis'): Abiogenesis, Absis, Actinomycosis, Adenosclerosis, Adipolysis, AEsthesis, Agamogenesis, Agenesis, Agennesis, Albuminosis, Amanuensis, Amaurosis, Amitosis, Ampelopsis, Amphiarthrosis, Amphigenesis, Amylogenesis, Amylolysis, Anabasis, Anacoenosis, Anacrusis, Anadiplosis, Anaesthesis, Anagnorisis, Anamnesis, Anamorphosis, Anapophysis, Anastomosis, Anemosis, Angioneurosis, Ankylostomiasis, Antanaclasis, Anthesis, Anthracosis, Anthropomorphosis, Antimetathesis, Antiperistasis, Antiphrasis, Antiptosis, Antipyresis, Antisepsis, Antithesis, Aparithmesis, Aphaeresis, Apheresis, Aphesis, Apodosis, Aponeurosis, Apophasis, Apophysis. (additional references)

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Anagrams: Metastasis

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-a-e-i-m-s-s-s-t-t"

-1 letter: misstates.

-2 letters: etatisms, massiest, misseats, misstate, satiates, statisms.

-3 letters: amasses, etatism, miseats, misseat, missets, samites, satiate, siestas, stasima, statism, tamises, tassets, tassies, tatamis.

-4 letters: assais, assets, assist, maists, massas, masses, mattes, misate, miseat, misses, misset, samite, seisms, siesta, smites, stases, stasis, states, steams, stimes, tamest, tasses, tasset, tassie, tastes, tatami, testis, tmesis.

-5 letters: amass, amias.

 Words containing the letters "a-a-e-i-m-s-s-s-t-t"
 

+2 letters: metastasizes.

 

+3 letters: metasomatisms, mistranslates, statesmanship.

 

+4 letters: statesmanships, stationmasters.

 

+5 letters: sacramentalists.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Metastasis


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

4D 65 74 61 73 74 61 73 69 73

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

--    .    -    .-    ...    -    .-    ...    ..    ...

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01001101 01100101 01110100 01100001 01110011 01110100 01100001 01110011 01101001 01110011

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#77 &#101 &#116 &#97 &#115 &#116 &#97 &#115 &#105 &#115

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

004D 0065 0074 0061 0073 0074 0061 0073 0069 0073

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

47718667858667857585

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Commercial
5. Images: Photo Album
6. Quotations: Non-fiction
7. Usage Frequency
8. Expressions
9. Expressions: Internet
10. Translations: Modern
11. Translations: Ancient
12. Derivations
13. Rhymes
14. Anagrams
15. Orthography
16. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

 

 

 

 

Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions:
woordeboek, fjalor, ‏معجم, ‏قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary;
definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition;
vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation;
Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian;
Arabies, arabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic;
Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian;
Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, ‏الصينية, ‏لغة الصين, ‏صيني, ‏الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese;
Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech;
Deens, danisht, danishte, ‏لغة الدانمركية, ‏نوع كعك, ‏دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish;
Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, ‏هولندي, ‏اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch;
Farsi, Parsi, persiskt, Fasi, for Farsi;
Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, ‏اللغة الفنلندية, ‏فنلندية, ‏فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish;
Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, ‏فرنسي, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French;
Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏المانية, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German;
Grieks, Griek, ‏الإغريقي, ‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek;
Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew;
Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, ‏الهنغاري, ‏مجري, ‏هنغاري, ‏المجري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian;
Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, ‏شخص إيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian;
korean, ‏كوري شمالي, ‏اللغة الكورية, ‏كوري جنوبي, ‏كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean;
Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese;
Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian;
Russies, Rus, ‏الروسية, ‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian;
塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian;
Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish;
Sweeds, suedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish;
Turks, turk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish;
乌克兰, for Ukranian;