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Definition: Medicine |
MedicineNoun1. The branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques. 2. Something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease. 3. The learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries; "he studied medicine at Harvard". 4. Punishment for one's actions; "you have to face the music"; "take your medicine". Verb1. Treat medicinally, treat with medicine. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "medicine" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
Etymology: Medicine \Med"i*cine\, noun. [Latin medicina (scilicet ars), from medicinus medical, from medicus: compare to French m['e]decine. See Medical.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | MEDICINE, n. A stone flung down the Bowery to kill a dog in Broadway. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of medicine, if pleasant to the taste, a trouble will come to you, but in a short time it will work for your good; but if you take disgusting medicine, you will suffer a protracted illness or some deep sorrow or loss will overcome you. To give medicine to others, denotes that you will work to injure some one who trusted you. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Literature | Medicine in alchemy, was that agent which brought about the transmutation of metals, or renewed old age; the philosopher's stone, and the elixir of life. "How much unlike art thou, Mark Antony! Yet, coming from him, that great medicine hath With his tinct gilded thee." Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra. l. 5. Father of Medicine. Aretæos of Capadocia, who lived at the close of the first and beginning of the second century, and Hippocrates of Cos (B.C. 460-357) are both so called. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
History of Medicine
Western medicine
- Ancient medicine
Hippocrates
- Important figures
- Claudius Galen of Pergamum
- Herophilus
- Erasistratus
- Pedanius Dioscorides
- Medieval medicine
- Paracelsus
- Vesalius
- Girolamo Fracastoro
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Hans von Gersdorff
- Early Muslim medicine
- Avicenna
- Ibn Nafis
- Rhazes
- Renaissance and Enlightenment medicine
- Realdo Colombo, anatomist and surgeon who contributed to understanding of lesser circulation
- William Harvey describes blood circulation
- John Hunter, surgeon
- Percivall Pott, surgeon
- Sir Thomas Browne physician and introducer of words into the English language (medical-pathology-hallucination-veterinarian etc.)
- 19th Century medicine
- Edward Jenner, the pioneer of vaccination
- Louis Pasteur, microbiologist
- Abraham Colles, surgeon and anatomist
- Modern medicine
- Sir William Osler
- Christiaan Barnard, heart transplant pioneer
- Museums & Collections of Health & Medicine
- the London Museums of Health & Medicine
- Psychiatry
Eastern medicine
- Ayurvedic medicine
- Charaka
- Sushruta
- Vagbhata Elder
- Vagbhata Younger
- Madhav
- Chinese medicine
General Introduction
Western medicine
Medicine is currently defined as the science of disease prevention, diagnosis, alleviation and cure. However the Greek pharmakos means both remedy and poison, indicating a more equivocal attitude in the past.All human societies have medical beliefs - birth, death, disease and cure are explained in some manner. Historically, throughout the world illness has often been attributed to witchcraft and the will of the gods, ideas that still retain some power, even in 'modern' societies, with faith-healing and shrines still common.
As socities developed in Europe and Asia belief systems were replaced with a different natural system. The Greeks, from Hippocrates, developed a humoral medicine system where treatment was to restore the balance of humours within the body. Similar views were espoused in China and in India.
From the ideas developed in Greece, through Galen until the Renaissance the main thrust of medicine was the maintenance of health by control of diet and hygiene. Anatomical knowledge was limited and there were few surgical or other cures, doctors relied on a good relation with patients and dealt with minor ailments and soothing chronic conditions while epidemic diseases grew out of urbanization and domestication and then raged across the civilized world.
This idea of personalised medicine was challenged in Europe by the rise of experimental investigation, principally in dissection, examining bodies in a manner alien to other cultures. The work of individuals like Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey challenged accepted folklore with scientific evidence. Understanding and diagnosis improved but with little direct benefit to health. Few effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine, folklore cures and almost or actually poisonous metal-based compounds were popular treatments, if useless.
Medicine was aided in the 18th century and beyond by advances in chemistry and laboratory techniques and equipment, old ideas of infectious disease epidemiology were replaced with bacteriology (Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur), and for the first time actual cures were developed for certain endemic infectious diseases. However the decline in the most lethal diseases was more due to improvements in public health and nutrition than to medicine. It was not until the 20th century that there was a true breakthrough in medicine, with great advances in pharmacology and surgery.
Modern western medicine, despite the hypochondria of western society, is uniquely effective and widespread compared with all other medical forms. It is notably secular and material, indifferent to ideas of the supernatural or the spirit and concentrating on the body to determine causes and cures. The harsh scientific nature of modern medicine is the pinnacle of a very narrow concern, a particular aspect of the human condition has been exulted at the cost of considerable social disquiet, as evinced by anti-vivisectionism, eugenics, 18th and 19th century concerns about body-snatching and attacks at doctors for 'playing god' in the 20th century. And the capabilities of modern medicine have done little to improve the lot of poorer countries.
Ayurveda
Āyurveda, the Vedic system of medicine, views health as harmony between body, mind and spirit. Its two most famous texts belong to the schools of Charaka and Sushruta. According to Charaka, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort. Sushruta defines the purpose of medicine to cure the diseases of the sick, protect the healthy, and to prolong life.
Āyurveda speaks of eight branches: kāyāchikitsā (internal medicine), shalyachikitsā (surgery including anatomy), shālākyachikitsā (eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases), kaumārabhritya (pediatrics), bhūtavidyā (psychiatry, or demonology), and agada tantra (toxicology), rasāyana (science of rejuvenation), and vājīkarana (the science of fertility).
Apart from learning these, the student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distillation, operative skills, cooking, horticulture, metallurgy, sugar manufacture, pharmacy, analysis and separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and preparation of alkalis. The teaching of various subjects was done during the instruction of relevant clinical subjects. For example, teaching of anatomy was a part of the teaching of surgery, embryology was a part of training in pediatrics and obstetrics, and the knowledge of physiology and pathology was interwoven in the teaching of all the clinical disciplines.
At the closing of the initiation, the guru gave a solemn address to the students where the guru directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and vegetarianism. The student was to strive with all his being for the health of the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was to dress modestly and avoid strong drink. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. In the home of the patient he was to be courteous and modest, directing all attention to the patient's welfare. He was not to divulge any knowledge about the patient and his family. If the patient was incurable, he was to keep this to himself if it was likely to harm the patient or others.
The normal length of the student's training appears to have been seven years. Before graduation, the student was to pass a test. But the physician was to continue to learn through texts, direct observation (pratyaksha), and through inference (anumāna). In addition, the vaidyas attended meetings where knowledge was exchanged. The doctors were also enjoined to gain knowledge of unusual remedies from hillsmen, herdsmen, and forest-dwellers.
See also: Timeline of medicine and medical technology.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of medicine."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Class R: Medicine is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class R.
- R -- Medicine (General)
- RA-- Public aspects of medicine
- RB-- Pathology
- RC-- Internal medicine
- RD-- Surgery
- RE-- Ophthalmology
- RF-- Otorhinolaryngology
- RG-- Gynecology and obstetrics
- RJ-- Pediatrics
- RK-- Dentistry
- RL-- Dermatology
- RM-- Therapeutics. Pharmacology
- RS-- Pharmacy and materia medica
- RT-- Nursing
- RV-- Botanic, Thomsonian, and eclectic medicine
- RX-- Homeopathy
- RZ-- Other systems of medicine
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Library of Congress Classification:Class R -- Medicine."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A medication is a drug or substance taken to reduce symptoms or cure an illness or medical condition. Medications are generally divided into two groups - 'over the counter' medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without a prescription, and 'prescription-only', which must be prescribed by a doctor. Most over-the-counter medication is generally considered to be safe enough that the average person will not kill themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed.
Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies. Such drugs may be patented, whereby the company demonstrates it has created a novel compound and holds the sole rights to production or licensing of that compound for a limited period of time (usually 20 years). Medications that are not patented are called generic drugs.
Common medications
- Anti-diabetic drugs
- Asthma medication
- Cough medicine
- Diarrhoea relief medicine (Loperamide)
- Nasal spray (Xylometazoline)
External links
- http://www.rxlist.com Medication list or Vademecum
- http://www.theacpa.org/resources/ACPAdrugsupplement2003.pdf American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA) 2003 Medication Supplement
- Prescription Desk Reference, Prescription Drug Information:
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Medication."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This article is about medical science. For substances that treat patients, see drug, medication and pharmacologyIn the context of the anthropology of religion, see Religious Science Practitioner, Church of Christ Scientist, (Christian Science), and medicine (shamanism) for objects with supernatural power and/or the supernatural power that such items possess. A note to contributors: This article is about medicine in general. Please consider adding your contributions about medical topics to individual articles rather than this page (many are linked below, and there are more on the List of medical topics), and please think twice before adding more links here - otherwise this article could easily degenerate into an unreadable list of links.
Medicine is an area of human knowledge concerned with restoring health. It is, in the broadest sense of the term, the science and practice of the prevention and curing of human diseases, and other ailments of the human body or mind. However, it is often used only to refer to those matters dealt with by academically trained physicians and surgeons. There are many traditional and modern methods and schools of healing which are usually not considered to be part of medicine in a strict sense (see health science for an overview).Medicine has two aspects: both as an area of knowledge (a science), and as an application of that knowledge (the medical professions). Evidence-based medicine is an attempt to link these two aspects through the use of the scientific method and techniques derived from safety engineering.
The various specialized branches of the science of medicine correspond to equally specialized medical professions dealing with particular organs or diseases. It may therefore be difficult to distinguish clearly between the science and the profession.
History of medicine
History of medicine -- Timeline of medicine and medical technology Museums & Collections of Health & Medicine
Medical sciences and medical professions
Medicine has both its foundational sciences, and specialized branches dealing with particular organs or diseases. The foundational sciences of medicine frequently overlap with other areas of science (such as veterinary science, biology or chemistry).
The primary medical professions are those of physicians and surgeons. Both professions have many specializations and subspecializations (see below). Dentistry and clinical psychology are separate from medicine in a strict sense, but are both medical fields by the wider definition of the term.
There are also many allied health professions (AHPs): pharmacy, physiotherapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, dietetics and bioengineering.
Basic, supplementary and related sciences
- Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
- Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
- Bioethics is a field of study which concerns the relationship between biology, science, medicine and ethics, philosophy and theology.
- Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.
- Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells.
- Embryology is the study of the early development of organisms.
- Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.
- Public health
- Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance.
- Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemistry.
- Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in human, for example.
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Neuroscience is a comprehensive term for those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain.
- Pathology is the study of disease - the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.
- Anatomical pathology -- Biochemical pathology -- Forensic Pathology
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions.
- Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body.
- Toxicology is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.
Diagnostic and imaging specialties
- Clinical biochemistry
- Clinical microbiology is concerned with the in vitro diagnosis of pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
- Radiology is concerned with imaging of the human body, e.g. by x-ray, x-ray computed tomography, ultrasonography and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography.
- Interventional radiology
- Nuclear Medicine In nuclear medicine, radioactive substances are used for in vivo and in vitro diagnostics. Another field of nuclear medicine is radiation therapy, i.e. the therapeutic use of radioactive substances as well as other sources of ionizing radiation.
Disciplines of clinical medicine
- Anesthesiology is the clinical discipline concerned with providing anesthesia as well as the field of research associated with it.
- Dermatology is concerned with the skin and its diseases.
- Emergency Medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies.
- General practice or family medicine or primary care
- Intensive care medicine is concerned with the therapy of patients with serious and life-threatening disease or injury. Intensive care medicine employs invasive diagnostic techniques and (temporary) replacement of organ functions by technical means.
- Internal medicine is concerned with diseases of inner organs and systemic dieseases, i.e. such that affect the body as a whole. There are several subdisciplines of internal medicine:
- Cardiology is concerned with the heart and cardiovascular system and their diseases.
- Gastroenterology is concerned with the organs of digestion.
- Endocrinology is concerned with the endocrine system, i.e. endocrine glands and hormones.
- Haematology or hematology is concerned with the blood and its diseases.
- Infectiology is concerned with the study, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
- Nephrology is concerned with diseases of the kidneys.
- Oncology is devoted to the study, diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other malignant diseases.
- Pneumology is concerned with diseases of the lungs.
- Rheumatology is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.
- Neurology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system diseases.
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs.
- Ophthalmology deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment.
- Otolaryngology or otorhinolaryngology or ENT (ear-nose-throat) medicine is a branch of medicine that specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose and throat disorders.
- Pediatrics or paediatrics is devoted to the care of infants and children.
- Preventive Medicine
- Community Health Care -- Occupational Medicine
- Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders.
- Psychotherapy -- Clinical psychology
- Surgical specialties
- There are many medical disciplines that employ operative treatment. Some of these are highly specialized and are often not considered subdisciplines of surgery, although their naming might suggest so.
- General surgery
- Abdominal surgery -- Vascular surgery -- Endoscopic surgery or Minimally invasive surgery -- Laparoscopic surgery (keyhole surgery)
- Cardiothoracic surgery is the surgical specialty that is concerned with the organs of the chest, including the lungs, the heart, and major blood vessels.
- Neurosurgery is concerned with the operative tratment of diseases of the nervous system.
- Maxillofacial surgery -- Oral surgery
- Orthopedic surgery -- Trauma surgery or Traumatology
- Pediatric surgery
- Plastic surgery includes aesthetic surgery (operations that are done for other than medical purposes) as well as reconstructive surgery (operations to restore function and/or appearance after traumatic or operative mutilation).
- Transfusion medicine is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components.
- Urology focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the male reproductive system.
Teaching of medicine
Medical training is long and grueling, involving several years of university study followed by several more years of residential practice at a hospital. Most medical students spend some time as an intern -- a medical apprenticeship -- supervised by other, more experienced doctors. Entry to a medical degree in some countries (such as the United States) requires the completion of another degree first, while in other countries (such as the United Kingdom) medical training can be commenced as an undergraduate degree immediately after secondary education.
The name of the medical degree gained at the end varies: some countries (e.g. the US) call it 'Doctor of Medicine' (abbreviated 'M.D.'), while others (e.g. Australia, Pakistan) call it 'Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (Chirurgie)' (a double degree, frequently abbreviated 'M.B.B.S' or 'M.B.B.Ch.'). In either case graduates of a medical degree may call themselves doctor. In many countries, a doctorate of medicine is not a PhD which requires original research, but is like a doctorate in law (J.D.) or theology (Th.D.).
A graduate can then enter general practice and become a general practitioner; or they can specialise in any one of a number of medical fields, and become a specialist; or they can become a surgeon. No matter what they choose, even more training is involved.
Legal restrictions
In most countries, it is prohibited to practice medicine without a proper degree in that field and doctors must be licensed by a medical board or some other equivalent organization. This is meant as a safeguard against charlatans. Occasionally, this has been seen as an obstacle to proponents of alternative medicines or faith healing.
Institutions in medicine
Clinic -- Hospital -- Hospice
Related topics
Nursing -- Midwifery -- Dentistry -- Alternative medicine -- Chinese medicine -- Sanitary professions -- Healthcare system -- medical equipment -- Nutrition science
See also
Big killers -- Rare diseases
Entries not yet sorted
Medical Informatics -- Medical Computer Science -- Pain therapy -- Palliative care -- Reproduction medicine -- Sanitation -- Nosology -- Telemedicine -- eHealth -- Consumer Health Informatics -- Telehealth -- Aerospace Medicine -- Physiatry and Rehabiliation medicine -- Forensic medicine -- AndrologySource: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Medicine."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In shamanistic religions, a medicine is some magical object or ceremony, such as a medicine bag, that is used to control and direct supernatural forces. The term medicine also refers to the magical potential of the object or ceremony which is used for these purposes. Among the North American Indians, a medicine man or medicine woman is someone who professes to have skills at manipulating supernatural forces and uses these skills to cure sickness, drive away evil spirits, and regulate the weather.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Medicine (shamanism)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is a list of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine:
- 1901 Emil Adolf von Behring
- for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria
- 1902 Ronald Ross
- for research on malaria
- 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen
- for his light treatment of lupus vulgaris
- 1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
- for work on the physiology of the digestive system
- 1905 Robert Koch
- for discovering the cause of tuberculosis
- 1906 Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- for research on the nervous system
- 1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
- for research into protozoa causing disease
- 1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
- for study of the immune system
- 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher
- for work on the thyroid gland
- 1910 Albrecht Kossel
- for research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids
- 1911 Allvar Gullstrand
- for research on the image formation by the lens of the eye
- 1912 Alexis Carrel
- for work on suture of blood vessels and transplantation
- 1913 Charles Robert Richet
- for the discovery of anaphylaxis
- 1914 Robert Bárány
- for research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
- 1919 Jules Bordet
- for discovery of the complement in the immune system
- 1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh
- for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion
- 1922 Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
- for research on muscles, especially their generation of heat and the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism
- 1923 Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod
- for the discovery of insulin
- 1924 Willem Einthoven
- for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
- 1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
- for elucidating Spiroptera carcinoma and artificially inducing cancer in an animal.
- 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
- for healing general paralysis by infection with malaria
- 1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
- for work on typhus
- 1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- for discovery of various vitamins
- 1930 Karl Landsteiner
- for discovery of human blood types
- 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg
- for research on cytochromes in cellular respiration
- 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
- for work on the function of neurons, including the fact that stronger stimuli result in a higher frequency of nerve impulses
- 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan
- for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity
- 1934 George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
- for discovering liver therapy for anaemia
- 1935 Hans Spemann
- for the discovery of organizing centers in the early development of organisms
- 1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi
- for work on transmission of nerve impulses via neurotransmitters
- 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt
- for the description of vitamin C and the discovery that oxygen combines with hydrogen in cellular respiration
- 1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans
- for showing how blood pressure and oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain
- 1939 Gerhard Domagk
- for the discovery of the sulphonamide Prontosil, the first drug effective against bacterial infections
- 1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
- for the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure
- 1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
- for the discovery of different types of nerve fibers
- 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey
- for the discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases
- 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller
- for the discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays
- 1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa, née Radnitz Cori, Bernardo Alberto Houssay
- for the discovery on how glycogen is converted to glucose in the body, and for the effects of hypophysis hormones on sugar metabolism
- 1948 Paul Hermann Müller
- for the discovery of the insecticide DDT
- 1949 Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
- Hess for mapping the various functions of the midbrain; Moniz for discovering the therapeutic effect of lobotomy
- 1950 Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench
- for the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and function
- 1951 Max Theiler
- for developing a vaccine for yellow fever
- 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman
- for discovering the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis: streptomycin
- 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
- Krebs for the discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; Lipman for discovery and research on coenzyme A
- 1954 John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
- for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube
- 1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
- for research on enzymes and their actions, especially oxydizing enzymes
- 1956 André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
- for showing how to insert a catheter into the heart and studying various heart diseases
- 1957 Daniel Bovet
- for discovering synthetic drugs such as antihistamines that block the action of biological amines
- 1958 George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
- for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism
- 1959 Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
- for the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA
- 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar
- for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self
- 1961 Georg von Békésy
- for elucidating the cochlea of the ear
- 1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
- for discovering the molecular structure of DNA
- 1963 Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
- for describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves
- 1964 Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
- for research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
- 1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
- for discovering messenger RNA, ribosomes, and the genes controlling the expression of other genes
- 1966 Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
- Rous for the discovery of viruses that induce tumours; Huggins for the discovery of the treatment of prostate cancer with hormones
- 1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
- for describing the different types of light-sensitive cells in the eye and how light interacts with them
- 1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
- for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis
- 1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
- for work on the replication mechanicsm and genetics of viruses
- 1970 Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
- for work on neurotransmitters
- 1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr
- for discovery of the action of hormones, especially epinephrine, via second messengers
- 1972 Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
- for descovering the chemical structure of antibodies
- 1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
- for the study of social animal behavior, especially the explanation of the "dance language" of bees and how young birds become fixated on their mother
- 1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
- for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells
- 1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
- for describing how tumor viruses act on the genetical material of the cell
- 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek
- Blumberg for the discovery of a virus causing hepatitis; Gajdusek for describing the disease kuru caused by cannibalism
- 1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
- Guillemin and Schally for work on peptide hormones produced in the brain; Yalow for creating the Yalow-Berson method to measure minute amounts of peptide hormones using antibodies
- 1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
- for the discovery of restriction enzymes which are instrumental in molecular biology
- 1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
- for developing computer assisted tomography
- 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
- for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self
- 1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
- Sperry for research on the cerebral hemispheres; Hubel and Wiesel for work on the processing of visual information in the brain
- 1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
- for the discovery of prostaglandins
- 1983 Barbara McClintock
- for discovery of mobile genetic elements or transposons in maize
- 1984 Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
- for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies
- 1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
- for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
- 1986 Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
- for discovering growth factors
- 1987 Susumu Tonegawa
- for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically
- 1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
- Black for the development of beta blockers and histamine-2 receptor blocker; Elion and Hitchings for the development of drugs used in the treatment of cancer and the suppression of transplantation rejection; Hitchings for the development of various antibiotics
- 1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
- for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes
- 1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
- for work on organ and cell transplantation
- 1991 Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
- for developing techniques which show that ion channels exist in the cell membrane and which allow to study their properties
- 1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
- for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes
- 1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
- for the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence
- 1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
- for the discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells
- 1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
- for the discovery of the genes involved in the developmental program of the fruit fly, the homeobox genes
- 1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- for describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells.
- 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
- for the discovery of prions, infectious protein particles
- 1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
- for discovery of the signalling properties of nitric oxide
- 1999 Günter Blobel
- for the discovery that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell
- 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R Kandel
- Carlsson for proving that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Alzheimer's disease; Greengard for showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32; Kandel for describing how short-term and long-term memory is formed on the molecular level
- 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Paul M. Nurse
- for the discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle
- 2002 Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
- for establishing the precise order in which cells in the worm C. elegans divide and die, and for elucidating the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis
- 2003 Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield
- for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
Source: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/index.html
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
MEDICINE | English | Medical literature on line | Computing, Information |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: MedicineSynonyms: medical specialty (n), medicament (n), medication (n), medicinal drug (n), music (n), practice of medicine (n), medicate (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Remedy | Prevention, preventative medicine, immunization, inoculation, vaccination, vaccine, shot, booster, gamma globulin. |
Noun: remedy, help, cure, redress; medicine, medicament; diagnosis, medical examination; medical treatment; surgery; preventive medicine. | |
Medicine, physic, Galenicals, simples, drug, pharmaceutical, prescription, potion, draught, dose, pill, bolus, injection, infusion, drip, suppository, electuary; linctus, lincture; medicament; pharmacon. | |
Sorcerer | Warlock, charmer, exorcist, mage; cunning man, medicine man; Shaman, figure flinger, ecstatica; medium, clairvoyant, fortune teller; mesmerist; deus ex machina; soothsayer. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | All right, but apart from the sanitation, medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, the fresh water system and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us (Life of Brian; writing credit: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.) Greg's in medicine too. (Meet the Parents; writing credit: Greg Glienna; Mary Ruth Clarke) There is no medicine for what I have (Con Air; writing credit: Scott Rosenberg) And, by the way, there is somebody in Springfield who's been practicing medicine without a license (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) He's going out into freezing cold to find a dog he doesn't like to bring medicine back to a town that doesn't like him (Balto; writing credit: David Cohen; Elana Lesser) | |
Lyrics | Bad, bad medicine (Bad Medicine; performing artist: Bon Jovi) Took some medicine (Crybaby; performing artist: Mariah Carey) You're my medicine open up and let me in (Sexual Healing; performing artist: MARVIN GAYE) Whereupon he switched to the field of medicine in which field he also won renown as the inventor of gargling (In Old Mexico; performing artist: Tom Lehrer) | |
Clever | A husband is the medicine that cures all the ills of girlhood. (references; author: unknown) Sleeping on the job: Boy, that cold medicine I took last night just won’t wear off. (references; author: unknown) 40% of all people who come to a party in your home do this? Snoop in your medicine cabinet. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Medicine Ball Caravan (1971) Army Medicine in Vietnam (1970) Medicine Man (1963) The March of Medicine (1958) Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend (1957) | |
Song Titles | Medicine Man (performing artist: Manfred Mann) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is located on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. The photograph was taken of NLM's east side with Lister Hill behind the library with the cherry blossoms in the foreground. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |  | A librarian at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) is using an IBM computer to access PDQ. The Physicians Data Query was designed by the National Cancer Institute to help physicians obtain information about the most up-to-date protocols, physicians, and clinics treating cancer patients. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | Photograph of cover of 1992 Institute of Medicine Report, Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Credit: CDC. |  | Definition of Emerging Infections by Institute of Medicine. . Credit: CDC. |
 | Dr. Maillard collecting salps at the surface. He was the professor of chemistry at the School of Medicine at Paris and the professor of chemical biology at the School of Medicine of Algiers. Plate VI, print 16. In: "Results of the Scientific Campaigns of the Prince of Monaco." Vol. 89. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Petroglyphs near Medicine Lodge Creek, Hyattville, Wyoming. Credit: Unknown. |
 | Advertisements for Edison's Polyform Medicine;{22.100/1}. |  | Medicine - Military - Equipment : Ambulance Company No. 10, equipment. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Peculiar Medicine : [Hood's Sarsaparilla]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | The medicine for our crime ills. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Medicine botle" by vares Commentary: "Medicine botle." | "Medicine woes" by Loretta Humble Commentary: "Picture posed to illustrate an article on the high cost of prescription drugs. Not the best technically, but maybe you can fix it." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
B.c. Forbes | A dose of adversity is often as needful as a dose of medicine. |
Carolus Linnaeus | To live by medicine is to live horribly. |
Henry Ward Beecher | To array a man's will against his sickness is the supreme art of medicine. |
Hippocrates | Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there also is love of humanity. |
Karl Marx | Medicine heals doubts as well as diseases. |
Seneca | It is medicine, not scenery, for which a sick man must go searching. |
Thomas Szasz | Psychiatric expert testimony: mendacity masquerading as medicine. |
William Shakespeare | The miserable have no other medicine but only hope. |
| By medicine life may be prolonged, yet death will seize the doctor too. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | But I fear Medicine stands on a different footing |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | Hester repelled the offered medicine, at the same time gazing with strongly marked apprehension into his face |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Joly was studying medicine. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Brother Michael was standing at the door of the infirmary and from the door of the dark cabinet on his right came a smell like medicine. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | She took the lantern and went out, and in a moment she came back with a bottle half full of black medicine. |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | After having taken medicine, and fasted for three days, all the fire in the town is extinguished |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Institute of Medicine. (references) | |
Postgraduate Medicine. (references) | ||
Medicine or drug therapy. (references) | ||
Business | Chemical medicines play very important role in medicine production. (references) | |
The new Medicine Act will need to update the current legislation relating to medicinal packaging. (references) | ||
Of these doctors, 17% are trained in TCM, 62% in western medicine, and 20% in western medical paramedics. (references) | ||
Children | Iraq | There were widespread reports that food and medicine that could have been made available to the general public, including children, were stockpiled in warehouses or diverted for the personal use of some government officials. (references) |
Zimbabwe | Indigenous African churches that combine elements of established Christian beliefs with some beliefs based on traditional African culture and religion generally accept polygyny and the marriage of girls at young ages; they also generally approve of healing only through prayer and oppose science-based medicine including the vaccination of children. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Ghana | Church members consistently have refused immunizations on the grounds that their faith forbids the use of orthodox medicine. (references) |
Economic History | Algeria | Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. (references) |
Libya | Licenses were required for all transactions, except food and medicine. (references) | |
Iraq | Imports--$13.8 billion: agricultural commodities, medicine, machinery. (references) | |
Human Rights | Yemen | Inmates depend on relatives for food and medicine. (references) |
Kenya | There is little access to health care and medicine. (references) | |
Russia | Some regions offer assistance in the form of food, clothing, and medicine. (references) | |
Minorities | France | A number of court cases have been initiated against the Church of Scientology, generally by former members who have sued the Church for fraud and sometimes for the practice of medicine without a license, and some cases have been brought under the Data Privacy Act. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | The rooms of two priests and a medicine storeroom were searched. (references) |
KUWAIT | Periodically, Kuwait cracks down on the re-export of subsidized imports such as food and medicine. (references) | |
Trade | Nicaragua | Products must be packaged for retail distribution and the dose of the medicine listed. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Restrictions on individual professions also are in force, such as who can practice law, medicine, accounting and financial services, and other similar professions. (references) | |
Moldova | The Ministry of Agriculture and Food licenses the import of poisons, chemical and biological products for plants, and the instruments and apparatus for veterinary medicine. (references) | |
Travel | Maldives | Medical facilities are limited and some medicine may be unavailable. (references) |
Uae | The test must be conducted in the UAE by the Preventive Medicine Unit of the UAE Ministry of Health. (references) | |
Pakistan | This facility is valid for a period of three years from the date the medicine is registered with the Ministry of Health. (references) | |
Women | Hong Kong | Women are entering professional fields, including law and medicine, in greater numbers. (references) |
Egypt | Women have employment opportunities in government, medicine, law, academia, the arts, and business. (references) | |
Colombia | Between January and August, the Institute for Forensic Medicine reported 19,066 cases of spousal abuse. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Russia | The decline in the incidence of nonpayment of wages since the August 1998 currency crisis continued; however, the nonpayment of wages continued to be the most widespread abuse of the Labor Code, especially for workers in the education, medicine, and coal sectors. (references) |
Honduras | A monthly increase of $10 (150 lempiras) was retroactive to October 1, 2000, and an additional monthly increase of $13.33 (200 lempiras) took effect on February 1. This agreement excluded workers in the nonexport agricultural sector, who instead received a monthly wage increase of $10 (150 lempiras) as of February 1. Under this agreement, workers earning between $140 (2,100 lempiras) and $400 (6,000 lempiras) per month received an additional wage increase of $23.33 (350 lempiras) as of April 1. This wage increase excluded: workers receiving a salary increase equivalent to, or greater than, $23.33 (350 lempiras) through either an individual contract or a collective bargaining agreement taking effect 3 months prior to April 1; those paid by piecework or based on productivity; microenterprises, agricultural firms, or ranches employing 15 or fewer workers; and workers in medicine or petroleum product sales whose profit margins are regulated by the Government. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | MUMMY, n. An ancient Egyptian, formerly in universal use among modern civilized nations as medicine, and now engaged in supplying art with an excellent pigment. He is handy, too, in museums in gratifying the vulgar curiosity that serves to distinguish man from the lower animals. By means of the Mummy, mankind, it is said, Attests to the gods its respect for the dead. We plunder his tomb, be he sinner or saint, Distil him for physic and grind him for paint, Exhibit for money his poor, shrunken frame, And with levity flock to the scene of the shame. O, tell me, ye gods, for the use of my rhyme: For respecting the dead what's the limit of time? Scopas Brune |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Weil | There's a quite a movement now of veterinarians practicing natural medicine, alternative medicine. You can track this through Internet. Most communities have veterinarians doing this. |
Ann Richards | What you have to do, if you're going to send any medicine to Cuba, you have to qualify and register with the Department of Commerce in what is a rather complex registration procedure. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Our goal is to match the achievements of our medicine to the afflictions of our people. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Realize that the doctor's fight against socialized medicine is your fight. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Lifesaving drugs are an indispensable part of modern medicine. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Medicine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 93.50% of the time. "Medicine" is used about 2,504 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 93.5% | 2,342 | 3,798 |
| Noun (proper) | 4.47% | 112 | 30,646 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.2% | 30 | 63,341 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.76% | 19 | 80,337 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.04% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Noun (common) | 0.04% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,504 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "medicine" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Medicine | Last name | 200 | 39,902 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "medicine". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Irpeel | N/A | Biblical | Medicine |
| Rephael | N/A | Biblical | The physic or medicine of God |
| Rephaiah | N/A | Biblical | Medicine or refreshment of the Lord |
| Riphath | N/A | Biblical | Medicine |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "medicine": administer a medicine ♦ administer medicine to smb. ♦ Adolescent Medicine ♦ Advanced Informatics in Medicine in Europe ♦ Aerospace Medicine ♦ alternative medicine ♦ Anthroposophical medicine ♦ Asian medicine ♦ Astrologic medicine ♦ aviation medicine ♦ bachelor of Medicine ♦ Behavioral Medicine ♦ BEYOND MEDICINE ♦ Bibliography of Medicine ♦ botanical medicine ♦ Buddhist Medicine ♦ Chinese herbal medicine ♦ Chinese medicine ♦ Classical Indian medicine ♦ Clinical medicine ♦ cold medicine ♦ Community Medicine ♦ complementary and alternative medicine ♦ complementary medicine ♦ Coyote Medicine ♦ critical care medicine ♦ Defensive Medicine ♦ dental medicine ♦ doctor of Dental Medicine ♦ doctor of medicine ♦ Eagle Medicine ♦ Emergency Medicine ♦ Environmental Medicine ♦ Epidermic administration of medicine ♦ Evidence-Based Medicine ♦ faculty of medicine ♦ family medicine chest ♦ folk medicine ♦ forensic medicine ♦ general medicine ♦ give smb. a dose of his own medicine ♦ group medicine ♦ healing medicine ♦ Herbal Medicine ♦ Holistic medicine ♦ Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) ♦ Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ♦ Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine ♦ Institutes of medicine ♦ intensive care medicine ♦ internal medicine ♦ Korean medicine ♦ legal medicine ♦ medicine bag ♦ medicine ball ♦ Medicine Bow ♦ medicine box ♦ medicine cabinet ♦ Medicine Cards ♦ medicine chest ♦ Medicine Chests ♦ medicine dance ♦ medicine dropper ♦ medicine glass ♦ Medicine Lake ♦ Medicine Lodge ♦ medicine man ♦ Medicine Park ♦ medicine seal ♦ Military Medicine ♦ Mind&Body Medicine ♦ National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ♦ Natural Medicine Path ♦ Naval Medicine ♦ Nuclear Medicine ♦ Occult medicine ♦ Occupational Medicine ♦ Oral Medicine ♦ Osteopathic Medicine ♦ patent medicine ♦ pediatric medicine ♦ pharmacological medicine ♦ Physical Medicine ♦ practice medicine ♦ practice of medicine ♦ practise medicine ♦ prescription medicine ♦ preventative medicine ♦ Preventive Medicine ♦ profess medicine ♦ proprietary medicine ♦ Psionic medicine ♦ psychical medicine ♦ psychological medicine ♦ Psychosomatic Medicine ♦ qualify for medicine ♦ read medicine ♦ rehabilitative medicine ♦ Religion and Medicine ♦ Reproductive Medicine ♦ school of medicine. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "medicine": medicine-bag, medicine-ball, medicine-chest, medicine-man, medicine-men, medicine-shop, medicine-woman. | |
Ending with "medicine": folk-medicine, genetic-medicine, mudwater-medicine, psycho-medicine. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
medicine | 8,968 | medicine hat | 289 |
alternative medicine | 2,266 | sport medicine | 278 |
herbal medicine | 2,234 | medicine ball | 270 |
new england journal of medicine | 1,613 | medicine wheel | 247 |
pet medicine | 1,115 | internal medicine job | 245 |
medicine cabinet | 930 | pain medicine | 241 |
veterinary medicine | 823 | american journal of medicine | 225 |
prescription medicine | 804 | american college of sports medicine | 224 |
energy medicine | 803 | emergency medicine | 218 |
cat medicine | 665 | allergy medicine | 216 |
dog medicine | 660 | medicine hat news | 209 |
baylor college of medicine | 583 | institute of medicine | 204 |
sports medicine | 566 | osteopathic medicine | 185 |
natural medicine | 556 | forensic medicine | 178 |
holistic medicine | 506 | medicine dictionary | 176 |
chinese medicine | 486 | traditional chinese medicine | 172 |
nuclear medicine | 455 | annals of internal medicine | 162 |
internal medicine | 443 | medicine shoppe | 157 |
national library of medicine | 409 | preventive medicine | 155 |
homeopathic medicine | 297 | dr quinn medicine woman | 152 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "medicine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | medisyne (drug, pharmaceutical), artseny (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Albanian | mjekim (cure, medicament, medication, treatment), mjekësi (physic), magji (bewitchment, black magic, cantrip, conjuration, enchantment, glamor, glamour, hex, incantation, magic, necromancy, pishogue, sorcery, spell, witchcraft, witchery, wizardry), ilaç (cure, drug, healer, medicament, medicines, physic, potion, prescription, remedy, troche), bar (bar, brasserie, cure, drug, gin mill, grass, herb, herbage, local, medicament, pasturage, pasture, physic, pub, saloon). (various references) | |
Arabic | قوة سحرية (wizardry), علم الطب, عالج (address, cover, cure, deal, debug, doctor, dose, fix, handle, heal, manage, pack, process, rectify, remedy, treat), طب, شراب مسكر (boose, booze, brandy, champagne, drink, drinking, inebriant, intoxicant, nappy, peg, pot, rum), دواء (drug, medicament, medication, remedy), داوى (cure, heal, medicate, remedy). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | фетиш (fetich, fetiche, fetish, obi), терапевтика (therapeutics), терапия (therapeutics, therapy), талисман (amulet, charm, mascot, phylactery, talisman), муска (amulet, fetish, mascot), медицина (physic), лекарство (cure, drug, medicament, remedy), лек (airy, bland, cool, cure, cushy, easy, expedite, facile, fairy, flimsy, gentle, gossamer, gossamery, gradual, lambent, lenient, light, lightsome, lightweight, mild, mobile, potty, quiet, remedy, skyey, slick, slight, snap, soft, subtle, tenuous, unsound, unsubstantial). (various references) | |
Catalan | medecina (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Chinese | 醫藥 , 醫學 (medical science, study of medicine), 醫 (doctor, medical, to cure, to treat), 藥物 (drug, medicaments, medication, pharmaceuticals), 藥劑 , 藥品 (drug, medicaments), 藥 (cure, drug), 葯 (drug), 医学. (various references) | |
Czech | medicína, podávat léky, lékařství, lék (antidote, cure, drug, medicament, remedy), léèit (cure, heal, medicate, nurse, physic, treat). (various references) | |
Danish | medikament (drug, medicament, pharmaceutical), medicin (drug, pharmaceutical), lægemiddel (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Dutch | geneesmiddel (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Esperanto | medikamento (drug, pharmaceutical), medicino (practice of medicine), medicinaĵo (drug, pharmaceutical), kuracilo (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Faeroese | læknafrøði (practice of medicine). (various references) | |
Farsi | پزشکی (Medic), علم طب , طب (Physic), دوا (Medicament), دارو (Cure, Drug, Medication, Remedy). (various references) | |
Finnish | lääke (drug, pharmaceutical, remedy). (various references) | |
French | médicament (medicament). (various references) | |
Frisian | medisyn (drug, pharmaceutical), medikamint (drug, pharmaceutical), doktersguod (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
German | Medizin (medicines, practice of medicine), Arznei (drug, medicament, pharmaceutical, remedy), Medikament (drug, medicament, medication, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Greek | ιατρική (human medicine), φάρμακο (drug, medicament, medication, remedy). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תרופה (cure, drug, healing, medicament, officinal, remedy), אסותא (bless you), גהות (hygiene), גהה (cure, remedy), רפואה (cure, drug, healing, remedy), סם (drug, narcotic, poison, toxin). (various references) | |
Hungarian | orvosság (doctor's stuff, drug, fix, medicament, mixture, pharmaceutical, remedy), orvostudomány (physic), gyógyszer (drug, medicament, medication, neurotic, oral administration of a drug, pharmaceutical, pill, remedy). (various references) | |
Icelandic | læknisfræði (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Indonesian | obat (cure, drug, medicament, potion, remedy), dadah. (various references) | |
Irish | leighis. (various references) | |
Italian | medicina (drug, medicament, remedy). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 薬剤 (drug), 薬 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | くすり, ざい (dose, drug, fortune, riches), いがく (medical science), いやく (breach of contract, default, free translation, liberal translation), いじゅつ (healing art), い (cure, depending on, doctor, greatness, healing, lean on, quenching, rest against, stomach, the healing art, twelfth sign of the Chinese zodiac, well), やくざい (drug), やくひん (chemical), やくじ (drugs). (various references) | |
Korean | 약 (Drug). (various references) | |
Malay | obat (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Manx | jough lheeys (dose, draught of medicine). (various references) | |
Norwegian | medisin (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Papago | siwani (chief medicine man). (various references) | |
Papiamen | remedi (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | edicinemay.(various references) | |
Polish | medycyna (practice of medicine), lekarstwo (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Portuguese | medicina (leech craft, physic, practice of medicine), remédio (cure, curing, drug, medicament, pharmaceutical, physic, redress, relief, remedy, salve). (various references) | |
Romanian | medicament (drug, medicament, pharmaceutical, physic), doctorie (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Russian | лекарство (cure, decongestant, drug, medicament, physic, preparation, remedy). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | medicina (physic), lek (cure, drug, medicament, remedy). (various references) | |
Spanish | medicina (doctor, dose, drug, medicament, mixture, pharmaceutical), medicamento (drug, medicament, pharmaceutical, physic). (various references) | |
Sranan | dresi (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Swahili | dawa (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Swedish | medicin (drug, medication, pharmaceutical, physic), läkemedel (curative, drug, medicament, medicines, pharmaceutical, pharmaceuticals, remedy). (various references) | |
Tagalog | gamót (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Thai | การปฏิบัติแบบเดียวกับที่เคยกระทำกับผู้อื่น (มักเป็นสิ่งไม่ดี) (dose of one's own medicine). (various references) | |
Turkish | tıp (aesculapian, medico-, physic), sihirbazlık (devilry, magic, witchcraft, wizardry), ilaçla tedavi etmek (medicate), ilaç vermek (administer a medicine, drug, medicate, physic), ilaç (ball, curative, cure, drug, medicament, physic, pill, remedy), doktorluk (doctoral, physic, profession of a doctor), büyü (charm, enchantment, fascination, glamor, glamour, hex, hoodoo, incantation, magic, maya, romance, sorcery, sortilege, spell, the black art, voodoo, witchcraft, witchery). (various references) | |
Turkmen | medisina (r), em (all), derman. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | чаклунство (conjury, enchantment, hoodoo, incantation, magic, necromancy, voodoo, witchcraft, witchery), медицина (physic), медикамент (medicament), лікувати (amend, doctor, treat). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | y khoa thuốc khoa nội bùa ngải, y học, phép ma (devilment, diablerie, diabolism). (various references) | |
Welsh | moddion (means), meddyglyn (drug), meddyginiaeth (remedy), ffisigwriaeth (physic), ffisig (physic). (various references) | |
Yucatec | ts'aak (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
Zulu | umuthi (drug, pharmaceutical). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | apollo, iecore, iecori, iecoris, iecur, inremediabilibus, medicamenta, medicamentum, medicamina, medicamine, medicina, medicinam, remedium, rememdium. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | baêshaza. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Ezekiel Chapter 47, Verse 12 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai epi tou potamou anabhsetai epi tou ceilouV autou enqen kai enqen pan xulon brwsimon ou mh palaiwqh ep' autou oude mh ekliph o karpoV autou thV kainothtoV autou prwtobolhsei dioti ta udata autwn ek twn agiwn tauta ekporeuetai kai estai o karpoV autwn eiV brwsin kai anabasiV autwn eiV ugieian |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et super torrentem orietur in ripis eius ex utraque parte omne lignum pomiferum non defluet folium ex eo et non deficiet fructus eius per singulos menses adferet primitiva quia aquae eius de sanctuario egredientur et erunt fructus eius in cibum et folia eius ad medicinam |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And on the streme of rayn, and ryuers therof, and on eche part, al tree berynge appul shal be brouyt forth; a lefe shal not fle awey therof, and the fruyt of it shal not fayle; by eche monethes it shal brynge first fruytis, for the waters therof shuln go out of sayntuarie; and fruytis therof shuln be in to mete, and lefis therof to medecyne. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And by the river upon its bank, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for food, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall its fruit be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to its months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and its fruit shall be for food, and its leaf for medicine. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And by the edge of the river, on this side and on that, will come up every tree used for food, whose leaves will ever be green and its fruit will not come to an end: it will have new fruit every month, because its waters come out from the holy place: the fruit will be for food and the leaf will make well those who are ill. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Ezekiel Chapter 47, Verse 12 |
| Cebuano | Ug haduol sa suba ibabaw sa iyang tampi, niining daplina ug niadtong daplina moturok ang tanang mga kahoy nga makaon, kansang dahon dili malaya, ni mawad-an sa iyang bunga: kini mobunga sa bag-ong bunga matag-bulan, tungod kay ang katubigan niana nagaagay-ay gikan sa balaang puloy-anan; ug ang bunga niana makaon man, ug ang dahon niana ikatambal nga makaayo. |
| Croatian | Duž potoka na obje strane rast æe svakovrsne voæke: lišæe im neæe otpadati i s njih neæe nestajati ploda; svakog æe mjeseca roditi novim plodom jer im voda dotjeèe iz Svetišta. Plod æe njihov biti za jelo, a lišæe za lijek'. |
| Danish | På begge Flodens Bredder skal der vokse alle Hånde Frugttræer, hvis Blade ikke falder af, og hvis Frugter aldrig får Ende; hver Måned bærer de nye Frugter; thi dens Vand udspringer i Helligdommen. Frugterne skal tjene til Føde og Bladene til Lægedom." |
| Dutch | Aan de beek nu, aan haar oever, zal van deze en van gene zijde opgaan allerlei spijsgeboomte, welks blad niet zal afvallen, noch de vrucht daarvan vergaan; in zijn maanden zal het nieuwe vruchten voortbrengen; want zijn wateren vlieten uit het heiligdom; en zijn vrucht zal zijn tot spijze, en zijn blad tot heling. |
| Finnish | Mutta virran varrella, sen molemmilla rannoilla, kasvaa kaikkinaisia hedelmäpuita. Niistä eivät lakastu lehdet eivätkä lopu hedelmät: joka kuukausi ne kantavat tuoreet hedelmät, sillä niitten vedet juoksevat pyhäköstä, ja niitten hedelmät ovat ravitsevaiset ja niitten lehdet parantavaiset. |
| French | Sur le torrent, sur ses bords de chaque côté, croîtront toutes sortes d`arbres fruitiers. Leur feuillage ne se flétrira point, et leurs fruits n`auront point de fin, ils mûriront tous les mois, parce que les eaux sortiront du sanctuaire. Leurs fruits serviront de nourriture, et leurs feuilles de remède. |
| German | Und an demselben Strom, am Ufer auf beiden Seiten, werden allerlei fruchtbare Bäume wachsen, und ihre Blätter werden nicht verwelken noch ihre Früchte ausgehen; und sie werden alle Monate neue Früchte bringen, denn ihr Wasser fließt aus dem Heiligtum. Ihre Frucht wird zur Speise dienen und ihre Blätter zur Arznei. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Di sepanjang kedua tepi sungai itu tumbuh segala macam pohon buah-buahan. Daun pohon itu tidak pernah layu, dan buah-buahnya tidak pernah habis. Pohon-pohon itu akan menghasilkan buah-buahan yang baru setiap bulan, sebab air yang mengairinya mengalir dari Rumah TUHAN. Buah-buahnya menjadi makanan dan daun-daunnya berguna untuk obat." |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Dan pada tepi sungai pada tebingnya kiri kanan akan tumbuh pelbagai pokok buah-buah yang daunnya tiada akan layu dan buah-buahnyapun tiada akan kurang, pada tiap-tiap bulan berbuah-buah baharu; sebab airnya selalu mengalir dari dalam tempat yang suci, maka buah-buahnya akan makanan dan daun-daunnya akan obat. |
| Italian | Lungo il fiume, su una riva e sull'altra, crescerà ogni sorta di alberi da frutto, le cui fronde non appassiranno: i loro frutti non cesseranno e ogni mese matureranno, perché le loro acque sgorgano dal santuario. I loro frutti serviranno come cibo e le foglie come medicina». |
| Maori | Na ka tupu ki te taha o te awa, ki tona pareparenga, ki tetahi taha, ki tetahi taha, nga rakau kai katoa; e kore nga rau e memenge, e kore ano nga hua e kore; ko ona hua, hou tonu i o ratou marama ano, no te mea i puta mai o ratou wai i te wahi tapu: na hei kai tona hua, hei rongoa tona rau. |
| Norwegian | Ved bekken skal det på begge dens bredder vokse op allehånde frukttrær; deres blad skal ikke visne, og deres frukt skal ikke høre op; hver måned skal de bære ny frukt; for vannet til dem går ut fra helligdommen; og deres frukt skal være til mat, og deres blad til lægedom. |
| Portuguese | E junto do rio, à sua margem, de uma e de outra banda, nascerá toda sorte de árvore que dá fruto para se comer. Não murchará a sua folha, nem faltará o seu fruto. Nos seus meses produzirá novos frutos, porque as suas águas saem do santuário. O seu fruto servirá de alimento e a sua folha de remédio. |
| Rumanian | Dar lkngq rkul acesta, pe malurile lui de amkndouq pqryile, vor crewte tot felul de pomi roditori. Frunza lor nu se va vesteji, wi roadele lor nu se vor sfkrwi; kn fiecare lunq vor face roade noi, pentru cq apele vor iewi din sfkntul Locaw. Roadele lor vor sluji ca hranq, wi frunzele lor ca leac.`` |
| Russian | х РПФПЛБ РП ВЕТЕЗБН ЕЗП, У ФПК Й ДТХЗПК УФПТПОЩ, ВХДХФ ТБУФЙ ЧУСЛЙЕ ДЕТЕЧБ, ДПУФБЧМСАЭЙЕ РЙЭХ: МЙУФШС ЙИ ОЕ ВХДХФ ХЧСДБФШ, Й РМПДЩ ОБ ОЙИ ОЕ ВХДХФ ЙУФПЭБФШУС; ЛБЦДЩК НЕУСГ ВХДХФ УПЪТЕЧБФШ ОПЧЩЕ, РПФПНХ ЮФП ЧПДБ ДМС ОЙИ ФЕЮЕФ ЙЪ УЧСФЙМЙЭБ; РМПДЩ ЙИ ВХДХФ ХРПФТЕВМСЕНЩ Ч РЙЭХ, Б МЙУФШС ОБ ЧТБЮЕЧБОЙЕ. |
| Spanish | "Junto al río, en sus riberas de una y otra parte, crecerá toda clase de árboles comestibles. Sus hojas nunca se secarán, ni sus frutos se acabarán; cada mes darán sus nuevos frutos, porque sus aguas salen del santuario. Sus frutos servirán para comida, y sus hojas para medicina." |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "medicine": medicined, medicines. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "medicine": aeromedicine, biomedicine. (additional references) | |
Words containing "medicine": aeromedicines, biomedicines. (additional references) | |
| |
"Medicine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Bedinini, Gedimino, Macibini, Madechie, madicine, medanite, med'cin, Med'cine, Medecin, medecine, medecyne, Medenine, Medesano, Medicaea, medican, medicean, medicene, medician, medicin, medicina, mediciner, mediciney, Medicins, mediciny, mediscan, medising, meditive, mediwipe, Medizing, mexicanum, midocean, mitoxine. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "medicine" (pronounced me"dusun) |
| 4 | -u s u n | comparison, diocesan, garrison, jettison, myosin, unison, venison. |
| 3 | -s u n | fasten, aflatoxin, angiotensin, antitoxin, arson, assassin, basin, bison, bolson, businessperson, capsaicin, chairperson, chasten, christen, claxon, congressperson, damson, delicatessen, dioxin, Dobson, ensign, Gibson, glisten, hasten, Hyson, keelson, kelson, layperson, lessen, lesson, listen, loosen, Mason, moisten, Nelson, newsperson, oxen, oxytocin, parson, person, rechristen, rhodopsin, salesperson, spokesperson, toxin, washbasin, weatherperson, worsen. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-d-e-e-i-i-m-n" | |
-1 letter: endemic. | |
-2 letters: edenic, icemen, meinie, minced. | |
-3 letters: deice, denim, diene, emend, imide, imine, indie, medic, medii, mince, mined, niece. | |
-4 letters: cede, cedi, cine, deem, deme, dene, deni, dice, dime, dine, eide, emic, iced, idem, imid, meed, mend, mice, midi, mien, mind, mine, mini, need, neem, nice, nide, nidi. | |
-5 letters: cee, dee, den, die, dim, din. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-d-e-e-i-i-m-n" | |
+1 letter: medicined, medicines. | |
+2 letters: cimetidine, endemicity, mediagenic, nematicide, reminisced. | |
+3 letters: biomedicine, cimetidines, cinematized, medicinable, mendacities, mendicities, nematicides. | |
+4 letters: aeromedicine, biomedicines, diseconomies, endemicities, improvidence, intermediacy, mendicancies, misconceived, recriminated, reindictment. | |
+5 letters: aeromedicines, credentialism, decriminalize, densitometric, determinacies, deterministic, eudaemonistic, improvidences, indeterminacy, interepidemic, interpandemic, microinjected, reindictments. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Frequency 16. Names: Derived from | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Bible Trace 22. Abbreviations 23. Acronyms 24. Derivations | 25. Rhymes 26. Anagrams 27. Bibliography |
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