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Maya

Specialty Definition: Maya

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The word Maya or maya can refer to:

• Maya civilization - a Mesoamerican Pre-Columbian people of southern Mexico and northern Central America
• Maya language - the language of these people
• See also:
  • Maya mythology
  • Maya calendar
  • Maya numerals

It can also refer to:

• maya (illusion) - in vedic philosophy, the illusion of physical reality
• Maya (mythology) - in Hindu mythology, the mother of Guatama Siddartha (the Buddha)
• Maya (software) - a computer program for generating 3D visual images
• Maya (television show) - hour long adventure series
• Eurasian Tree Sparrow - Maya is the common name (even in English) for this bird species in the Philippines, and was once the national bird.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya."

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Maya (illusion)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In vedic philosophy, maya is the illusion of physical reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Many philosphies or religions seek to "pierce the veil" in order to glimpse the transcendant truth, from which the illusion of a physical reality springs.

In Hinduism, maya is believed to be one of three bonds that must be cast off in order to achieve moksha (liberation of the soul from the cycle of death and rebirth) - the other two being anava (ego) and karma.

In Sikhism, maya (the world as you normally perceive it) is said to be no more manifest than a dream. Sikhism, as well as many other paths of spirituality, state that the world is like a dream, and there is nothing in it which is yours. (This last sentence has been transliterated right from the Guru Granth Sahib). An example of this is when our dreams can feel so solid and real sometimes, how do we know if we don't wake up to one every morning? What can a person actually call "MINE" in the temporary existence of a life spanning a three-quarters of a century?

A modern concept that illustrates Maya / Illusion wonderfully is the Sci-Fi Movie "The Matrix". Everything in The Matrix is believed to be real, until the character Neo wakes up, and sees that its just a dream world. One who is asleep never knows he is until he wakes up.

Maya is related to the Sunyata concept in Buddhism. Some dialogues of Plato also contain ideas reminiscent of maya, especially the famous "Parable of the Cave".

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya (illusion)."

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Maya (mythology)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In Hinduism, Maya is the mother of Guatama Siddartha (the Buddha). In a dream, she saw the spirit of the future Buddha enter her uterus in the shape of a small white elephant. Seven days after he was born, Maya died of ecstacy.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya (mythology)."

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Maya (software)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Maya is a high-end 3D computer graphics software package used in the film and TV industry, as well as for computer and video games.

Maya comes in two main versions, Maya Complete (confusingly, this is a cut-down version) and Maya Unlimited. Maya Unlimited used to be considered too expensive for home users but is now priced similar to other 3D programs. There is also Maya Personal Learning Edition (PLE) for non-commercial use, which is completely free, but each rendered picture or frame contains a large notice saying that it cannot be used for commercial things.

Maya is written by Alias wavefront, and is released for the Microsoft Windows, Linux, IRIX and Mac_OS_X operating systems. The latest version of Maya, version 5.0, was released in early 2003.

The most important feature of Maya is its openness to third-party software, which can strip Maya completely of its standard appearance and, using only the Maya kernel, can transform it into a highly customized, proprietary version of the software. Apart from its intrinsic power and flexibility, this feature in itself made Maya extremely appealing to large studios which tend to write quite a lot of proprietary code for their productions.

Apart from the openness to machine code, Maya also features a powerful, interpreted, cross-platform scripting language (Maya Embedded Language, a.k.a. MEL, very similar to PHP, conceptually resembling C). This allows users to tweak almost everything, starting from simple interface changes/helpers up to complex animation effects. This feature is intended for small-medium studios which don't have huge budgets but still need some level of customization.

Some of the features of Maya include:

• Simulation of particle effects (good for smoke, water droplets etc)
• A realistic fluid simulator (good for water, explosions, added in Maya 4.5)
• Inverse kinematics (to realistically simulate human limb movement, for example)
• Cloth simulation (simulate clothing and fabrics moving realistically)
• Fur (good for simulating fur and hair).
• Physical effects (simulate colliding objects, object deforming under pressure etc).

Maya is used extensively by Hollywood studios to create CG effects.

See also:

• Level design

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya (software)."

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Maya (television show)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Maya was an hour-long US adventure television series that ran on NBC from September 16, 1967-February 10, 1968. Set in the Indian jungle, it was about an American boy searching for his missing father, a big game hunter. It starred child Jay North as Terry Bowen, and Sajid Khan as Raji, a native boy who joined up with the lead. Raji's pet elephant, Maya, gave the series its name.

Filmed entirely on location, it was produced by Frank King.

Internet Movie Database entry: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061278/

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya (television show)."

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Maya civilization

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Maya are a people of southern Mexico and northern Central America with some 3,000 years of rich history. The Maya were part of the Mesoamerican Pre-Columbian cultures. Contrary to popular myth, the Maya people never "disappeared"; millions still live in the region, many of them still speak one of the Maya family of languages. This article will mostly concern itself with their civilization before the conquest by Spain.

Origins

Archaelogical evidence shows the Maya started to build ceremonial architecture some 3000 years ago. There is some disagreement as to the borders and difference between the early Maya and their neighboring Pre-Classic Mesoamerican civilization, the Olmec culture. The Olmec and early Maya seem to have influenced each other.

The earliest monuments consist of simple burial mounds, the precursors to pyramids erected in later times.

Eventually, the Olmec culture faded after spreading their influence into the Yucatan peninsula, present-day Guatemala, and other regions.

The Maya developed the famed cities of Tikal, Palenque, Copán and Kalakmul, as well as Dos Pilas, Uaxactun, Altun Ha, and many other sites in the area. They developed an agriculturally intensive, city-centered empire consisting of numerous independent city-states. The most notable monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the accompanying palaces of their rulers. Other important archaeological remains include the carved stone slabs usually called stelae (the Maya called them Tetun, or "Tree-stones"), which depict ruler along with heiroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, war victories, and other accomplishments.

The Maya participated in long distance trade in Mesoamerica and possibly further lands. Important trade goods included cacao, salt, and obsidian; see also: Obsidian use in Mesoamerica.

Art

Many consider Maya art of their Classic Era (c. 200 to 900 a.d.) to be the most sophisticated and beautiful of the ancient New World. The carvings and stucco reliefs at Palenque and the statuary of Copan are especially fine, showing a grace and accurate observation of the human form that reminded early archaeologists of Classical civilization of the Old World, hence the name bestowed on this era. We have only hints of the advanced painting of the classic Maya, mostly what has survived are funerary pottery and other Maya ceramics. Also a building at Bonampak holds ancient murals that survived by fortunate accident. With the decipherment of the Maya script it was discovered that the Maya were one of the few civilizations where artists attached their name to their work.

Architecture

As unique and spectacular as any Greek or Roman architecture, Maya architecture spans a great many thousands of years; yet, often the most dramatic and easily recognizable as Maya are the fantastic stepped pyramids from the Terminal Pre-classic period and beyond. During this "height" of Maya culture, the centers of their religious, commercial and bureaucratic power grew to become the incredible cities such as: Chichen Itza, Tikal, and Uxmal. And, through its many commonalties as well as decided stylistic differences, remnants of Maya architecture are an important key to understanding the evolution of their ancient civilization.

Urban Design

As Maya cities spread throughout the varied geography of Mesoamerica, the extent of site planning appears to be minimal; their cities being built somewhat haphazardly as dictated by the topography of each independent location, Mayan architecture tends to integrate a great degree of natural features. For instance, some cities existing on the flat limestone plains of the northern Yucatan grew into great sprawling municipalities, while others built in the hills of Usumacinta utilized the natural loft of the topography to raise their towers and temples to impressive heights. However, some semblance of order, as required by any large city, still prevailed. At the onset of large-scale construction, typically a predetermined axis was established in congruence with the cardinal directions and, depending upon the location and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or cenotes, the city grew by connecting great plazas with the numerous platforms that created the sub-structure for nearly all Maya buildings, by means of sacbeob causeways. At the heart of the Maya city existed the large plazas surrounded by their most valued governmental and religious buildings such as the royal acropolis, great pyramid temples and occasionally ball-courts. Immediately outside of this ritual center were the structures of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines ... essentially, the less sacred and important, the greater the degree of privacy. As more structures were added and existing structures re-built or remodeled, the great Maya cities seemed to take on an almost random identity that contrasts sharply with other great Mesoamerican cities such as Teotihuacan and its rigid grid-like construction. Yet, though the entire layout continued as nature dictated, careful attention was placed on the directional orientation of temples and observatories so that they were constructed in accordance with Maya interpretation of the orbits of the stars. Outside of the constantly evolving urban core, the less permanent and more modest homes of the common people existed.

Classic Maya urban design could easily be described as the division of space by great monuments and causeways. In this case, the open public plazas were the gathering places for the people and the focus of the urban design, while interior space was entirely secondary. Only in the Late Post-Classic era did the great Maya cities develop into more fortress-like defensive structures that lacked, for the most part, the large and numerous plazas of the Classic.

Building Materials

A surprising aspect of the great Maya structures is their lack of many advanced technologies that would seem to be necessary for such constructions. Lacking metal tools, pulleys and perhaps even the wheel, Maya architecture required one thing in abundance: manpower. Yet, beyond this enormous requirement, the remaining materials seem to have been readily available. All stone for Maya structures appears to have been taken from local quarries; most often this was limestone which, while being quarried remained pliable enough to be worked with stone tools ... only hardening once removed from its bed. In addition to the structural use of limestone, much of their mortar utilized crushed, burnt, and mixed limestone that closely mimicked the properties of cement and was used just as widely for stucco finishing as it was for mortar; however, later improvements in quarrying techniques reduced the necessity for this limestone-stucco as their stones began to fit quite perfectly, yet it remained a crucial element in some post and lintel roofs. In the case of the common homes, wooden poles, adobe, and thatch were the primary materials utilized; however, instances of what appear to be common houses of limestone have been discovered as well. It should be noted that one instance, in the city of Comalcalco, fired-clay bricks have been found as a substitute for a lack of any substantial stone deposits.

Building Process

All evidence seems to suggest that most stone buildings existed on top of a platform sub-structure that varied in height from less than a meter, in the case of terraces and smaller structures, to 45 meters in the case of great temples and pyramids. A flight of often steep stone steps split the large stepped platforms on at least one side, contributing to the common bi-symmetrical appearance of Maya architecture. Depending on the prevalent stylistic tendencies of an area, these platforms most often were built of a cut and stucco stone exterior filled with densely packed gravel. As is the case with many other Mayan relief, those on the platforms often were related to the intended purpose of the residing structure. Thus, as the sub-structural platforms were completed, the grand residences and temples of the Maya were constructed on the solid foundations of the platforms. As all structures were built, little attention seems to have been given to their utilitarian functionality and much to their external aesthetics; however, a certain repeated aspect, the corbeled arch, was often utilized to mimic the appearance and feel of the simple Maya hut. Though not an effective tool to increase interior space, as it required thick stone walls to support the high ceiling, some temples utilized repeated arches, or a corbeled vault, to construct what the Maya referred to as pibnal, or sweatbath, such as those in the Temple of the Cross at Palenque. As structures were completed, typically extensive relief work was added ... often simply to the covering of stucco used to smooth any imperfections; however, many lintel carvings have been discovered, as well as actual stone carvings used as a facade. Commonly, these would continue uninterrupted around an entire structure and contain a variety of artwork pertaining to the inhabitants or purpose of a building. Though not the case in all Maya locations, broad use of painted stucco has been discovered as well.

It has been suggested that, in conjunction to the Mayan Long Count Calendar, every fifty-two years, or cycle, temples and pyramids were remodeled and rebuilt. It appears now that the rebuilding process was often instigated by a new ruler or for political matters, as opposed to matching the calendar cycle. However, the process of rebuilding on top of old structures is indeed a common one. Most notably, the North Acropolis at Tikal seems to be the sum total of 1,500 years of architectural modifications.

Notable Constructions

Ceremonial Platforms

These were commonly limestone platforms of typically less than four meters in height where public ceremonies and religious rites were performed. Constructed in the fashion of a typical foundation platform, these were often accented by carved figures, alters and perhaps tzompantli, a stake used to display the heads of victims or defeated Mesoamerican ball game opponents.

Palaces

Large and often highly decorated, the palaces usually sat close to the center of a city and housed the population's elite. Any exceedingly large royal palace, or one consisting of many chambers on different levels might be referred to as an acropolis. However, often these were one-story and consisted of many small chambers and often at least one interior courtyard; these structures appear to take into account the needed functionality required of a residence, as well as the decoration required for their inhabitants stature. Archaeologists seem to agree that many palaces are home to various tombs. At Copan, beneath over four-hundred years of later remodeling, a tomb for one of the ancient rulers has been discovered and the North Acropolis at Tikal appears to have been the site of numerous burials during the Terminal Pre-classic and Early Classic periods.

E-groups

This common appearance in the Maya cities remains somewhat of a mystery. Appearing without fail on the western side of a plaza is a pyramid temple, facing three smaller temples across the plaza. It has been theorized that these E-groups are observatories due to the precise positioning of the sun through the small temples when viewed from the pyramid during the solstices and equinoxes. Other ideas seem to stem from the possible creation story told by the relief and artwork that adorns these structures.

Pyramids and Temples

Maya temple with intricate roof comb and corbeled arch

Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering Maya pyramids, as assumedly the closest place to the heavens. While recent discoveries point toward the extensive use of pyramids as tombs, the temples themselves seem to rarely, if ever, contain burials. The lack of a burial chamber, however, allows those sacred Mayas access to, at most, three cramped rooms to use for various ritual purposes. Residing atop the pyramids, some of over two-hundred feet, such as that at El Mirador, the temples were impressive and decorated structures themselves. Commonly topped with a roof comb, or superficial grandiose wall, these temples might have served as a type of propaganda. As occasionally the only structure to exceed the height of the jungle, the roof combs atop the temples were often carved with representations of rulers that could be seen from vast distances. Beneath the proud temples sat the pyramids that were, ultimately, a series of platforms split by steep stairs that would allow access to the temple.

Ball Courts

Great Ball-court at Chichen Itza

As an integral aspect of the Mesoamerican lifestyle, their ritual ball-game and its courts were constructed throughout the Maya realm and often on a grand scale. Enclosed on two sides by stepped ramps that lead to ceremonial platforms or small temples, the ball court itself was of a capital I shape and could be found in all but the smallest of Mayan cities.

Writing system

The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphics from a vague superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing, to which it is not related) was a combination of phonetic symbols and ideograms. It is the only writing system of the Pre-Columbian New World that can completely represent spoken language to the same degree as the written language of the old world. The decipherment of the Maya writings has been a long laborous process. Bits of it were first deciphered in the late 19th and early 20th century (mostly the parts having to do with numbers, the calendar, and astronomy), but major breakthroughs came starting in the 1960s and 1970s and accelerated rapidly thereafter, so that now the majority of Maya texts can be read nearly completely in their original languages. Unfortunately zealous Spanish priests shortly after the conquest ordered the burning of all the Maya books. While many stone inscriptions survive (mostly from cities already abandoned when the Spanish arrived), only 3 books and a few pages of a fourth survive from the ancient libraries. Rectangular lumps of plaster and paint chips are a frequent discovery in Maya archaeology; they are the tantalzing remains of what had been books after all the organic material has decayed.

In reference to the few extant Maya writings, Michael Coe, a prominent archeologist at Yale University stated:

"[O]ur knowledge of ancient Maya thought must represent only a tiny fraction of the whole picture, for of the thousands of books in which the full extent of their learning and ritual was recorded, only four have survived to modern times (as though all that posterity knew of ourselves were to be based upon three prayer books and Pilgrim's Progress)." (Michael D. Coe, The Maya, London: Thames and Hudson, 4th ed., 1987, p. 161.)

Mathematics

The Maya (or their Olmec predesessors) independently developed the concept of zero (indeed, they seem to have been using the concept centuries before the Old World), and used a base 20 numbering system (see Maya numerals). Inscriptions show them on occasion working with sums up to the hundreds of millions. They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to any other civilization working from naked eye observation. The Maya calculation of the length of the solar year was somewhat superior to the Gregorian Calendar.

Decline of the Maya

In the 8th and 9th centuries AD Classic Maya culture went into decline, with most of the cities of the central lowlands abandoned. Warfare, ecological depletion of croplands, and drought or some combination of those factors are usually suggested as reasons for the decline. There is archaeological evidence of warfare, famine, and revolt against the elite at various central lowlands sites.

The Maya cities of the northern lowlands in Yucatan continued to flourish for centuries more; some of the important sites in this era were Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Etzna, and Coba. After the decline of the ruling dynasties of Chichen and Uxmal, Mayapan ruled all of Yucatan until a revolt in 1450; the area then devolved to city states until the Spanish Conquest.

Post-Classic Maya states also continued to thrive in the southern highlands. One of the Maya kingdoms in this area, the Quiché, is responsible for the best-known Mayan work of historiography and mythology, the Popol Vuh.

The Spanish started their conquest of the Maya lands in the 1520s. Some Maya states offered long fierce resistance; the last Maya city state was not subdued by Spanish authorities until 1697.

The Spanish American Colonies were largely cut off from the outside world, and the ruins of the great ancient cities were little known except to locals. In 1839 however, American traveller, John Lloyd Stephens, hearing reports of lost ruins in the jungle, visited Copan, Palenque, and other sites with English architect & draftsman Frederick Catherwood. Their illustrated accounts of the ruins sparked strong interest in the region and the people, and they have once again regained their position as a vital link in Mesoamerican heritage.

Much of the contemporary rural population of Guatemala and Belize is Maya by descent and primary language; a Maya culture still exists in rural Mexico.

List of Maya Sites

Most important sites

• Chichen Itza
• Coba
• Copan
• Kalakmul
• Tikal
• Uxmal

Other important Maya sites

• Altun Ha
• Becan
• Bonampak
• Caracol
• Chinikiha
• Comalcalco
• Dos Pilas
• Dzibilchaltun
• El Mirador
• Etzna
• Gumarcaj
• Iximche
• Izamal
• Jaina
• Kabaah
• Kaminaljuyu
• Labná
• Louisville, Belize
• Lubaantun
• Mayapan
• Mixco Viejo
• Naranjo
• Nim Li Punit
• Palenque
• Piedras Negras
• Quirigua
• Rio Bec
• Sayil
• Seibal
• Tonina
• Tuluum
• Uaxactun
• Utatlan
• Xunantunich
• Yaxchilan
• Zaculeu

See also: Maya mythology, Maya calendar, Pre-Columbian Maya dance, Vision Serpent, The jaguar in Mesoamerican culture, rollout photography

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya civilization."

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Maya language

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Maya language is actually a family of related languages spoken from South-Eastern Mexico through northern Central America as far south as Honduras. It goes back at least some 5000 years in the Pre-Columbian era of Mesoamerica. Although the Spanish language (and in Belize the English language) is the official language of the area today, dialects of Maya are still spoken as a primary or secondary language by over 3 million Maya people in the region today. The group is sometimes known as the Mayance languages, a coinage that reflects the belief that the current Maya languages bear the same relation to the speech of the classical Maya civilization as the Romance languages have to the speech of the Roman civilisation.

The largest dialect of Maya is often called Yucatec Maya by linguists but known simply as Maya to the speakers. It is spoken in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico as well as in parts of northern Belize and the Peten region of Guatemala. It is documented in the ancient heiroglyps in Pre-Columbian Maya civilization sites such as Chichen Itza, has a rich literature through the Spanish Colonial era, and remains common as the first language in rural areas in Yucatan today, where in many towns even the Ladinos have a working knowledge of the tongue.

The second most important dialect is Chol, spoken only in pockets in Chiapas and Guatemala today. A closely related dialect, Chorti Maya is spoken in a region around the boundries of the nations of Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. These particular dialects are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology, and are closely related to the language of the inscriptions of the ancient sites of the Classic era Central Lowlands.

In the Highlands of Guatemala are the Quiché Maya dialects, including Quiché proper, Cachiquel, Kekchi, Tzutuhil, Pocomam, and Mam. The famous Popul Vuh is in Quiché.

The Huastec language is considered to be in the Maya language family, although it is distant both linguistically and geographically from the rest of the language family.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya language."

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Maya mythology

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Evidence of the Maya civilization's religious beliefs is extensive.

Some gods had different aspects based on four directions. There were thirteen gods of thirteen heavens and nine gods of nine underworlds. Natural elements, stars and planets, numbers, crops, days of the calendar and periods of time all had their own gods.

The Quiché Maya creation story is the Popol Vuh. This has the world created from nothing by the will of the gods. Man was made unsuccessfully out of mud and then wood before being made out of maize and being assigned tasks which praised the gods - silversmith, gem cutter, stone carver, potter, etc. Some argue that the Maya did not believe in art per se; all of their works were for the exaultation of the gods. The Popul Vuh then tells of the Hero Twins and their adventures in defeating the lords of Xibalba, the underworld.

The last thirteen creator gods (built humanity from maize):

1. Ajbit
2. Ajtzak
3. Alom
4. Bitol
5. Chirakan-Ixmucane
6. Gucumatz
7. Hunahpu-Gutch
8. Huracan
9. Ixmucane
10. Ixpiyacoc
11. Tepeu
12. Tzacol
13. Xumucane

The second seven creator gods (built humanity from wood):

1. Alom
2. Bitol
3. Gucamatz
4. Huracan
5. Qaholom
6. Tepeu
7. Tzacol

The first three creator gods:

1. Gucamatz
2. Huracan
3. Tepeu

The four gods who held up the corner of the world were (Bacabs):

1. Cauac
2. Kan (later replaced by Chac)
3. Ix
4. Mulac

The four progenitors of the human race were:

1. B'alam Agab
2. B'alam Quitze
3. Iqi B'alam
4. Mahucatah

Some of the named Maya gods:

1. Ac Yanto
2. Acan
3. Acat
4. Ah Bolom Tzacab
5. Ah Cancum
6. Ah Chun Caan
7. Ah Chuy Kak
8. Ah Ciliz
9. Ah Cun Can
10. Ah Cuxtal
11. Ah Hulneb
12. Ah Kin
13. Ah Kumix Uinicob
14. Ah Mun
15. Ah Muzencab
16. Ah Patnar Uinicob
17. Ah Peku
18. Ah Puch
19. Ah Tabai
20. Ah Uincir Dz'acab
21. Ah Uuc Ticab
22. Ahau Chamahez
23. Ahau-Kin
24. Ahmakiq
25. Ahulane
26. Ajbit
27. Ajtzak
28. Akhushtal
29. Alaghom Naom
30. Alaghom Naom Tzentel
31. Alom
32. Bacabs
33. Backlum Chaam
34. Balam
35. Balam-Agab
36. Balam-Quitzé
37. Bitol
38. Bolontiku
39. Buluc Chabtan
40. Cabaguil
41. Cabrakan
42. Cacoch
43. Caha-Paluma
44. Cakixia
45. Cakulha
46. Camaxtli
47. Camazotz
48. Camulatz
49. Cauac
50. Chac
51. Chac Uayab Xoc
52. Chamer
53. Chaob
54. Chibirias
55. Chiccan
56. Chirakan
57. Choimha
58. Cit-Bolon-Tum
59. Cizin
60. Colel Cab
61. Colop U Uichkin
62. Coyopa
63. Cum Hau
64. Ekchuah
65. Ghanan
66. Gucumatz
67. Gukumatz
68. Hacha'kyum
69. Hun Came
70. Hun Hunahpu
71. Hunab Ku
72. Hunahpu
73. Hunahpu Utiu
74. Hunahpu-Gutch
75. Hunhau
76. Hurakan
77. Iqi-Balam
78. Itzamna
79. Itzananohk'u
80. Ix
81. Ix Chebel Yax
82. Ixchel
83. Ixmucane
84. Ixpiyacoc
85. Ixtab
86. Ixzaluoh
87. Kan
88. Kan-u-Uayeyab
89. Kan-xib-yui
90. Kianto
91. K'in
92. Kinich Ahau
93. Kinich Kakmo
94. Kisin
95. Kukulcan
96. Mahucutah
97. Mitnal
98. Mulac
99. Nacon
100. Naum
101. Nohochacyum
102. Popol Vuh
103. Tecumbalam
104. Tepeu
105. Tlacolotl
106. Tohil
107. Tzakol
108. Tzununiha
109. Voltan
110. Votan
111. Vucub Caquix
112. Xaman Ek
113. Xecotcovach
114. Xmucane and Xpiayoc
115. Yaluk
116. Yum Caax
117. Zipacna
118. Zotz

External Links

http://www.geocities.com/athens/academy/7286/popolvuhmain.html

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maya mythology."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Maya

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Modern Usage: Maya

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Commercial Usage: Maya

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Image Slideshow: Maya

Photos: Maya More pictures...

Illustrations: Maya More pictures...

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Photo Album: Maya

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Retired Lt. Gen. Harry A. Goodall presents the U.S. flag to the family of 2nd Lt. Richard Van de Geer during a full-honors funeral Oct. 27, at Arlington National Cemetery. Goodall was the wing commander at the time Van de Geer participated in the USS Maya.		The Japanese "Center Force" leaves Brunei Bay, Borneo, on 22 October 1944, en route to the Philippines. Ships are, from right to left: battleships Nagato, Musashi and Yamato; heavy cruisers Maya, Chokai, Takao, Atago, Haguro and Myoko. Credit: NAVY.
	Japanese Carrier Division Three under attack by U.S. Navy aircraft from Task Force 58, in the late afternoon of 20 June 1944. Anti-aircraft shell bursts are visible in the upper right. Photographed from a USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) plane. Heavy cruiser circling at right, nearest to the camera, is either Maya or Chokai. Beyond that, obscured by the flash from gunfire or a bomb, is the small aircraft carrier Chiyoda. Credit: NAVY.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Maya
 

"Maya Artisan" by Luis Alves Commentary: "A Maya descendent artisan in Yucatan Peninsule - Chichén Itzá - Mexico Deep within the jungles of Mexico and Guatemala and extending into the limestone shelf of the Yucatan peninsula lie the mysterious temples and pyramids of the Maya... ---------------"	"Maya" by Ariel C. Commentary: "Maya."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Maya

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Non-Fiction Usage: Maya

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Spoken Usage: Maya

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Usage Frequency: Maya

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Maya

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Derived & Related Names: Maya

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Expressions: Maya

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Maya

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Modern Translation: Maya

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Derivations & Misspellings: Maya

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Rhyming with "Maya"

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Anagrams: Maya

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