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Mars

Specialty Definition: Mars

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Specialty Definition: Ares

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Aries, the constellation and Zodiac sign is unrelated to Ares, the Greek god of war described below. Aries, the peer-to-peer file sharing program, is also unrelated to Ares, the Greek god of war described below. Ares, in Greek mythology, is the god of war and son of Zeus and Hera. Also called Mars by the Romans. When Halirrhotius raped Alcippe, Ares' ("man", "male", "strife") daughter by Aglaulus, Ares murdered him, for which he was tried in a court -- the first murder trial in history. He was acquitted. His companions included his sister Eris, his sons Phobos and Deimos and Enyo. Ares was followed by a retinue including Pain, Panic, Famine and Oblivion. Though immortal, he was very sensitive to pain and went running to his father, Zeus, whenever he got wounded. He was worshipped primarily in Thracia.

Otus and Ephialtes were two brothers and giants. The brothers at one point wanted to storm Mt. Olympus. They managed to kidnap Ares and hold him in a jar for thirteen months. He was only released when Artemis offered to sleep with Otus. This made Ephialtes envious and the pair fought. Artemis changed herself into a doe and jumped between them. The Aloadae, not wanting her to get away, threw their spears and killed each other.

Ares gave Hippolyte the girdle that Heracles took.

One night, while having sex with Aphrodite, Ares put a youth named Alectryon by his door to guard them. He fell asleep and Helios, the sun, walked in on the couple. Ares turned Alectryon into a rooster, which never forgets to announce the arrival of the sun in the morning.

During the Trojan War, Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares' mother, saw Ares' interference and asked Zeus, Ares' father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares and he threw his spear at the god. Athena drove the spear into Ares' body and he bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back.

In some versions of the story of Adonis, Artemis or Ares (her lover in this story) sent a wild boar to kill Adonis. This version is suspect because it implies that Artemis had sex with Ares and by virtually all accounts, she remained chaste throughout time.

Ares Enyalius was sometimes used as an epithet for Ares, though the name probably referred to a separate, Spartan god of war originally.

Consorts/Children

1. Aglaulus
   1. Alcippe
2. Aphrodite
   1. Anteros
   2. Deimos
   3. Eros
   4. Harmonia
   5. Himerus
   6. Hymenaios
   7. Phobos
   8. Priapus
3. Astyoche
   1. Ascalaphus
4. Atalanta
   1. Parthenopeus
5. Chryse
   1. Phlegyas
6. Cyrene
   1. Diomedes
7. Otrera
   1. Hippolyte
   2. Penthesilea
8. Rhea Silvia
   1. Remus
   2. Romulus
9. Sterope
   1. Oenomaus
10. Unknown mother
    1. Antiope
    2. Biston
    3. Cycnus
    4. Enyo
    5. Eurytion
    6. Tereus
11. Unknown woman
    1. Antiope
    2. Hippolyte
    3. Melanippe
       

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ares."

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Mars

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mars can refer to different things:

• Mars, the Roman god
• Mars, the planet
• The Mars computer
• Mars (band)
• Mars (candy bar) by Mars, Incorporated.
• Mars (confectioner)
• Mars, a commune in the Ardèche département, in France
• Mars, a commune in the Gard département, in France
• Mars, a place in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
• Mars (manga)

Mars is part of the name of Mars Hill, Maine.

This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars."

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Mars (band)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mars were a short-lived New York City No Wave band formed by vocalist Sumner Crane in 1975. He was soon joined by China Burg, Mark Cunningham and Nancy Arlen. The group released a single live EP in 1980 and compilation called 78 in 1986, although both releases were posthumous as the band broke up in 1978.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars (band)."

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Mars (god)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mars was the Roman god of war. He was the son of Juno and a magical flower (or Zeus) and initially was the Roman god of fertility and vegetation, and protector of cattle, but later he became associated with battle. As the god of spring, when his major festivals were held, he presided over agriculture in general. In his warlike aspect, Mars was offered sacrifices before combat and was said to appear on the battlefield accompanied by Bellona, a warrior goddess variously identified as his wife, sister or daughter. His wife was also said to be Nerio.

It is believed that Mars was originally an ancient chthonic god of spring, nature, fertility and cattle. He fused with the Greek Ares and became a god of death and war as well.

In Rome, his primary temple was on the Capitol, shared with Jupiter and Quirinus. The temple to Mars Ultor ("the avenger") was in the Forum Augustus. Another temple to Mars Gradivus ("he who precedes the army in battle") was where the army gathered before leaving for a war. The Campus Martius ("field of Mars") was dedicated to him; it was where soldiers and athletes trained. Mars was called Mavors in some poetry (Virgil VIII, 630), and Mamers was his Oscan name.

In the Regia on the Forum Romanum, the hastae Martiae were kept in a small chamber. Any movement of the hastae Martiae, the "lances of Mars," was seen as a omen of war. If Rome was attacking, the generals moved lances and repeated Mars vigila ("Mars awaken").

On March 1, the Feriae Marti was celebrated. On October 19, the Armilustrium was celebrated; the weapons of the solders were purifed and stored. Every five years, the Suovetaurillia was celebrated; a pig, sheep and bull were sacrificed. On February 27 and March 14, the horses race of the Equirria were held. On March 23, the Tubilustrium was celebrated by purifying weapons and war-trumpets.

Priests of Mars and Quirinus were called Salii ("jumpers"). They were referred to as jumpers because they jumped down streets and sang the Carmen Saliare. A priest of Mars alone was called a flamen Martialis.

In art, Mars is depicted as an armored warrior with a crested helmet. The wolf and woodpecker are sacred to him. His children are Fuga and Timor.

The month of March and the planet of Mars was named after him.

Mars, unlike his Greek counterpart, Ares, was more widely worshipped than any of the other Roman gods, probably because his sons Romulus and Remus were said to have founded Rome; the Romans called themselves sons of Mars. As the consort of Rhea Sylvia and father of Romulus and Remus, Mars was considered the father of the Roman people.

He is associated with Quirinus, said to be the Spirit of Romulus, the founder of the City. Quirinus may have been a Sabine deity, however.

See also: Ares, Roman Mythology

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars (god)."

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Mars (planet)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

simple:Mars

Mars Orbital characteristics Mean radius 227,936,640 km Eccentricity 0.09341233 Revolution period 686.98 days Synodic period 779.95 days Avg. Orbital Speed 24.1309 km/s Inclination 1.85061° Number of satellitess 2 Physical characteristics Equatorial diameter 6,794.4 km Surface area 144 million km2 Mass 6.4191 × 1023 kg Mean density 3.94 g/cm3 Surface gravity 3.71 m/s2 Rotation period 24.6229 hours Axial tilt 25.19° Albedo 0.15 Escape Speed 5.02 km/s Surface temp min mean max 133K 210K 293K Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 0.7-0.9 kPa Carbon dioxide 95.32% Nitrogen 2.7% Argon 1.6% Oxygen 0.13% Carbon monoxide 0.07% Water vapor 0.03% Neon Krypton Xenon Ozone Trace

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named for the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color.

Physical characteristics

Mars has always fascinated people. Its red, fiery appearance was mysterious and intriguing. Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth and only 1/10th the mass (though because it lacks oceans the area of Mars's accessible dry land is approximately equal to that of the Earth's dry land). Mars has two small moonss, Phobos and Deimos, both small and oddly shaped, possibly captured asteroids. Mars's atmosphere is very thin: the surface air pressure is only 7.5 millibars compared to an average 1013 millibars on Earth. The atmosphere on Mars is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, with only a trace of oxygen and water.

Mars has an important place in human imagination due to the old belief that life existed on Mars. This was supposed because of observations of linear features on the surface that appeared artificial and seasonal changes in the brightness of some areas that were thought to be caused by vegetation growth. This gave rise to many stories concerning Martians. The linear features are now know to be non-existent or in some cases, ancient dry watercourses. The color changes have been ascribed to dust storms. On August 6, 1996 NASA announced that analysis of the ALH 84001 meteorite thought to have come from Mars, shows some features that may be fossils of single-celled organisms, although this idea is controversial. There is as yet no conclusive evidence that there has ever been life on Mars.

See the NASA Mars Fact Sheet, Mars' size compared to Earth

Topography

Zero elevation. Since Mars has no oceans, thus no 'sea level' a zero-elevation surface or mean gravity surface must be selected.

Zero meridian. Mars' 'equator' needs to be accurately established for mapping. A crater in the Sinus Meridiani ('Equatorial Gulf') has been arbitrarily selected to represent zero meridian.

Some basic features of Martian topography. Mars has polar ice caps that contain frozen water and carbon dioxide. An extinct shield volcano, Olympus Mons ('Mount Olympus'), is at 27 km the tallest mountain in the solar system. It is in a vast upland region called Tharsis, containing several large volcanos. Mars also has the solar system's largest canyon system, Valles Marineris or the scar of Mars, which is 4000 km long and 7 km deep.

The dichotomy of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows and the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is consequently divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian 'continents' and given names like Arabia Terra ('land of Arabia') or Amazonis Planitia ('Amazonian basin'). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erytherium, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is Syrtis Major.

The largest impact crater on Mars is the Hellas impact basin, covered with light red sand.

The International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature is responsible for naming Martian surface features.

• Introduction to Martian topography, with Hubble Space Telescope photos.

See also the list of mountains on Mars and list of craters on Mars.

Mars's moons

Both Phobos and Deimos are tidally locked with Mars, always pointing the same face towards it. Since Phobos orbits around Mars faster than the planet itself rotates, tidal forces are slowly but steadily decreasing its orbital radius. At some point in the future Phobos will impact on Mars's surface. Deimos, on the other hand, is far enough away that its orbit is being slowly boosted instead.

Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall, and are named after the characters Phobos and Deimos in Greek mythology, sons of the Greek god Ares.

Mars's natural satellites

Name	Diameter (km)	Mass (kg)	Mean orbital radius (km)	Orbital period
Phobos	22.2 (27 × 21.6 × 18.8)	1.08×1016	9378	7.66 hours
Deimos	12.6 (10 × 12 × 16)	2×1015	23,400	30.35 hours

The exploration of Mars

Unmanned probes

Many robotic probes have been sent from Earth to Mars, with a few spectacular successes and a notably high failure rate. Some of the failures can be ascribed to technical incompetence, but enough others have failed for no apparent reason for researchers to half-jokingly speak of an Earth-Mars "Bermuda Triangle" or of a Great Galactic Ghoul which subsists on a diet of Mars probes. In order to understand the history of the robotic exploration of Mars it is important to note that launch windows occur at intervals of slightly over 2 years (the planet's synodic period).

Two Soviet flyby probes were launched towards Mars in October 1960 but failed to reach Earth orbit. In 1962, three more Soviet probes failed -- two remaining in Earth orbit and one losing communication with Earth en route to Mars. In 1964, there was another failed attempt to reach Mars.

Between 1962 and 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory designed and built 10 spacecraft named Mariner to explore the inner solar system. These spacecraft were designed to visit the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time. The Mariners, relatively small robotic explorers, were launched on Atlas rockets. Each weighed less than half a ton.

Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were identical spacecraft designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly. Mariner 3 failed to reach Mars. Three weeks later, on November 28, 1964, Mariner 4 was launched successfully on an eight-month voyage to the red planet.

Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14, 1965, providing the first close-up photographs of another planet. The pictures, played back from a small tape recorder over a long period, showed lunar-type impact craters. Some of them seemed touched with frost in the chill Martian evening.

NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of Mars flyby probes at the next launch window. These probes reached the planet in 1969. See Mariner 6 and 7 for details. During the following launch window the Mariner program again suffered the loss of one of a pair of probes. Mariner 9 successfully entered orbit about Mars, after the launch time failure of its sister ship, Mariner 8. When Mariner 9 reached Mars, it and two Soviet orbiters, found that a planet-wide dust storm was in progress. The mission controllers used the time spent waiting for the storm to clear to have the probe rendezvous with, and photograph, Phobos. When the storm cleared sufficiently for Mars' surface to be photographed by Mariner 9, the pictures returned represented a substantial advance over previous missions. These pictures were the first to offer evidence that liquid water might at one time have flowed on the planetary surface.

In 1976 the two Viking probes entered orbit about Mars and each released a lander module that made a successful soft landing on the planet's surface. These missions returned the first color pictures and extensive new scientific information.

The Soviet probes of the Mars probe program attempted a number of landings several years before Viking, but were not nearly as successful as the Martian missions of the Mariner program.

The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, landing on July 4, 1997, carried a tiny remote-controlled rover called Sojourner, which travelled a few metres around the landing site, exploring the conditions and sampling rocks around it. The mission website was the most heavily-trafficked up to that time.

Next came Mars Global Surveyor. This mission was the first successful one to the red planet in two decades when it launched November 7, 1996, and entered orbit on September 12, 1997. After a year and a half trimming its orbit from a looping ellipse to a circular track around the planet, the spacecraft began its primary mapping mission in March 1999. It has observed the planet from a low-altitude, nearly polar orbit over the course of one complete Martian year, the equivalent of nearly two Earth years. Mars Global Surveyor recently completed its primary mission on January 31, 2001, and is now in an extended mission phase.

The mission has studied the entire Martian surface, atmosphere, and interior, and has returned more data about the red planet than all other Mars missions combined. This valuable data is archived at http://wufs.wustl.edu/missions/mgs/mola/ .

Among key scientific findings so far, Global Surveyor has taken pictures of gullies and debris flow features that suggest there may be current sources of liquid water, similar to an aquifer, at or near the surface of the planet. Magnetometer readings show that the planet's magnetic field is not globally generated in the planet's core, but is localized in particular areas of the crust. New temperature data and closeup images of the Martian moon Phobos show its surface is composed of powdery material at least 1 meter (3 feet) thick, caused by millions of years of meteoroid impacts. Data from the spacecraft's laser altimeter have given scientists their first 3-D views of Mars's north polar ice cap.

Recent findings by the Mars Odyssey probe's gamma ray spectrometer and neutron spectrometer have determined that there are vast deposits of water ice in the upper three meters of Mars's soil within 60° latitude of the south pole. Similar quantities of ice are expected to be present in the north polar region as well, but measurements will not be made until later in 2002.

On June 2, 2003, the European probe Mars Express set off from Baikonur Cosmodrome to the Mars, expected to arrive there in December 2003. Although the landing probe will not move, it carries a digging device and possibly the smallest mass spectrometer, as well as a range of other devices, on a robotic 'arm' in order to accurately analyse soil beneath the dusty surface

On June 10, 2003, NASA's MER-A ("Spirit") Mars Exploration Rover was launched. It is planned to land in an area called "Gusev Crater" (believed to once being a crater lake) on January 4, 2004. It will examine rock and soil for evidence of the area's history of water. On July 7, 2003, a second rover, MER-B ("Opportunity") was launched. It is planned to land on January 25, 2004 in an area called "Meridiani Planum" and will carry similar geological work. The two names for these rovers were chosen by looking at essays from kids around the U.S.

Several other recent probes from the United States and Russia have failed upon arrival at Mars.

Manned missions

Many people, from Wernher Von Braun on, have long advocated a manned mission to Mars as the next logical step for a manned space program. As well as the undeniable romanticism of human exploration, such advocates believe that the amount of scientific work able to be performed in a human mission would be far superior than that possible with robotic explorers, thus making the large cost of a manned mission justifiable. With present technology, Mars Direct, forcefully advocated by Robert Zubrin of the Mars Society, is believed by many as the most practical and affordable plan for a manned Mars mission.

Longer term, some scientists believe Mars to be a good candidate for terraforming and human colonization, though other prominent skeptics (such as Robert Park) hotly dispute its practicality.

This image was acquired at the Viking Lander 1 site with camera number 1. The large rock just left of center is about 2 meters wide. This rock was named "Big Joe" by the Viking scientists. The top of the rock is covered with red soil. Those portions of the rock not covered are similar in color to basaltic rocks on Earth. Therefore, this may be a fragment of a lava flow that was ejected by an impact crater. (Larger image)

The "Ares Vallis" area, which is among the rockiest parts of Mars, as photographed by the Mars Pathfinder lander in its 1997 mission. The "twin peaks" are seen in the distance. (Larger image)

Mars with caps

Miscellaneous

Earth passes Mars every 26 months at a distance of about 80 000 000 km. However, this varies because the orbits are elliptic.

On August 27, 2003, at 9:51 UTC, Mars made its closest approach to Earth in nearly 60,000 years: approximately 34,646,416 miles (55,758,000 kilometers). This close approach while in opposition made Mars particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to be in 57,617 BC. Detailed analysis of the solar system's gravitational landscape forecasts an even closer approach in 2287.

A handful of objects are known that are surely meteorites and may be of Martian origin. Two of them may show signs of ancient bacterial activity.

See also

• "The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects" at Journal Of Evolution and Technology
• Mars in fiction
• Darian calendar

External link

• BBC News story on ice deposits on Mars

The Solar System

Sun - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Asteroids - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto - Comets - Kuiper belt - Oort cloud

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars (planet)."

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Mars computer

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Mars was an attempt to produce a compatible replacement for the DEC PDP-10 series of computers. A legendary tragic failure, the archetypal Hacker Dream Gone Wrong. Mars was the code name for a family of PDP-10-compatible computers built by Systems Concepts (now, The SC Group): the multi-processor SC-30M, the small uniprocessor SC-25, and the never-built superprocessor SC-40. These machines were marvels of engineering design; although not much slower than the unique Foonly F-1, they were physically smaller and consumed less power than the much slower DEC KS10 or Foonly F-2, F-3, or F-4 machines. They were also completely compatible with the DEC KL10, and ran all KL10 binaries (including the operating system) with no modifications at about 2-3 times faster than a KL10.

When DEC cancelled the Jupiter project in 1983, Systems Concepts should have made a bundle selling their machine into shops with a lot of software investment in PDP-10s, and in fact their spring 1984 announcement generated a great deal of excitement in the PDP-10 world. TOPS-10 was running on the Mars by the summer of 1984, and TOPS-20 by early fall. Unfortunately, the hackers running Systems Concepts were much better at designing machines than at mass producing or selling them; the company allowed itself to be sidetracked by a bout of perfectionism into continually improving the design, and lost credibility as delivery dates continued to slip. They also overpriced the product ridiculously; they believed they were competing with the KL10 and VAX 8600 and failed to reckon with the likes of Sun Microsystems and other hungry startups building workstations with power comparable to the KL10 at a fraction of the price. By the time SC shipped the first SC-30M to Stanford in late 1985, most customers had already made the traumatic decision to abandon the PDP-10, usually for VMS or Unix boxes. Most of the Mars computers built ended up being purchased by CompuServe. This article is based in part on an article from the jargon file. The jargon file is in the public domain.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars computer."

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Mars in fiction

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The dramatic red color and rapid apparent motion of the planet Mars as seen in the sky of Earth has always made it an object of interest, and this was only increased by early scientific speculations that its surface conditions might be capable of supporting life.

The standard depiction of Mars in fiction until the arrival of planetary probes derives from the astronomers Percival Lowell and Giovanni Schiaparelli. Schiaparelli had observed (or thought he had seen) linear features on the face of Mars, which he thought might be water channels. However, since the Italian word he used for channels was canali, the accounts of his work in english tended to translate that as canals; with attending implications of artificial construction. Lowell's books on Mars expanded on this notion, and the standard model of Mars, as a drying, cooling dying world was established, with ancient Martian civilizations having constructed irrigation works that spanned the planet. This of course, was the origin for a large number of science fiction scenarios.

Some of these concerned the attempts by the Martian race(s) to take the desirable warmer wetter world of Earth:

• The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells
• Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon

This was spoofed by Fredric Brown in Martians, Go Home.

Edgar Rice Burroughs, true to form, was more concerned with writing adventure stories, so his novels featuring earthman John Carter on Mars (called by the natives Barsoom) are pure primitive space opera, with princesses, energy weapons and swords, and exotic animals. Leigh Brackett's The Sword of Rhiannon (1953) is another example of the type.

More thoughtful approaches to the planet, generally featuring intelligent Martians much older and wiser than humans include:

• The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury
• Stanley G. Weinbaum's A Martian Odyssey, in which alien intelligent beings are described who really don't think or act like humans (a rare feature for pulp science fiction of the time)
• C.S. Lewis' Out of the Silent Planet, an interesting example of theological science fiction.
• H. Beam Piper's short story "Omnilingual", in which archaeologists excavating the remains of a humanoid Martian civilization find an entire library: but the problem is, what can they use for a Rosetta stone?
• Robert A. Heinlein's teenage fiction Red Planet; the Martians in this book very closely resemble the (offstage) Martians of his later Stranger in a Strange Land.

Philip K. Dick's Mars adopts the common scenario, but is just used as a backdrop for the interactions of his characters: his Mars is an almost empty, dry land, with isolated communities and individuals, most of whom don't want to be there. (The Days of Perky Pat, The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch, Martian Time Slip). The characters in these stories could be in small communities in the Arizona desert, but placing them on Mars emphasises their isolation, both from one another and from Earth.

After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, the canals and ancient civilizations had to be abandoned. Roger Zelazny's "A Rose for Ecclesiastes" was the exception to this: knowing the true conditions of Mars, Zelazny deliberately set the story in farewell to the old conception of Mars, complete with canals and an ancient, dying Martian race. (Just as his story "The Doors of His Face, the Lamps of His Mouth" was a farewell to the old science fictional Venus). Authors soon began writing stories based on the new Mars:

• Man Plus by Frederik Pohl, in which an astronaut is cyborged into a form capable of living on Mars.
• Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy (Red Mars, Green Mars, Blue Mars, concerned with a centuries-long program of terraforming the planet. His Icehenge also features a Mars in process of terraforming.
• Red Dust by Paul J. McAuley, a story of the failing terraforming of Mars.
• Moving Mars by Greg Bear
• Mars Underground by William K. Hartmann
• Mars Crossing by Geoffrey A. Landis, about a stranded expedition.
• First Landing by Robert Zubrin

A common theme, particularly amongst American writers, is of a Martian colony in revolt for independence from Earth. This is a major plot element in Bear's and Robinson's books, and was part of the plot of the movie Total Recall and the television series Babylon 5.

Not taking itself at all seriously was Larry Niven's Rainbow Mars — the title seems to be a lampoon upon Robinson's three-colored Mars Trilogy — in which a time machine is used to visit ancient Mars. The only problem being that time travel is impossible, and the machine actually travels back to a fictitious Mars. The protagonist meets a wide variety of different Martians, including most of those from the pre-spaceprobe novels listed above.

In Robert Heinlein's The Number of the Beast, the heroes flee Earth in a car capable of flight in six dimensions, and find Mars colonised by the British.

Other stories

• Ananke by Stanislaw Lem (a story in More Tales of Pirx the Pilot)
• Outpost Mars by "Cyril Judd" (C.M. Kornbluth and Judith Merril)
• No Man Friday by Rex Gordon
• The Sands of Mars by Arthur C. Clarke

Film and television

• Robinson Crusoe on Mars, a pastiche of the classic Daniel Defoe novel.
• Total Recall, loosely based upon a Philip K. Dick short story, "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale".
• Armitage III, an anime by Hiroyuki Ochi.
• Mars Attacks, a satirical film directed by Tim Burton.
• Invaders From Mars, filmed in both the 1950s and 1980s.
• Martian Successor Nadesico, an anime series
• Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, known as one of the worst movies ever made.
• My Favorite Martian, a television comedy series and film.
• The Man Who Fell to Earth, novel by Walter Tevis, film starring David Bowie and directed by Nicolas Roeg.
• Ghosts of Mars, directed by John Carpenter, a science fiction remake of his earlier Assault on Precinct 13.
• Mission to Mars, a derided and unsuccessful Brian de Palma film.

• The alien Marvin the Martian, a Looney Tunes cartoon character.

Other media

• The pop song "Life on Mars?" by David Bowie (which isn't really about life on Mars).
• The game Doom, the classic first-person shooter game, begins on Mars.
• The computer game Elite 2 starts on Mars too in one scenario.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars in fiction."

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Mars, Incorporated

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mars, Incorporated is a world-wide manufacturer of confectionery.

They are an American corporation, most famous for its Milky Way and Mars bars. Mars also manufactures M&M's and Snickers (known in the United Kingdom as Marathon until 1990), as well as pet foods (such as the well-known Whiskas brand,) human foods (including Uncle Ben's) and non-confectionery snack foods (including Combos).

The company was founded in Tacoma, Washington in 1911, when Frank C. Mars started producing and selling candy. In 1923 he invented the Milky Way. The company grew quickly. The company also has a very large operation in Britain, based in Slough.

In 1963 a big factory was opened in Veghel, the Netherlands.

Mars, Incorporated is one of the largest privately-owned corporations in the United States. The company is almost entirely owned by the Mars family.

Many of Mars's products are famous-name brands, including:

• Celebrations
• Dove Bar
• Mars Bars
• M&Ms
• Milky Way
• Snickers (The top-selling candy bar in the United States)
• Three Musketeers
• Skittles
• Starburst
• Twix

Other confections, no longer produced, include:

• Opal Mints
• Spangles

Mars Limited is the name of the British branch of Mars, Inc. The company is based in Slough, England. Some Mars brands manufactured in the United Kingdom but not the United States include Galaxy Milk Chocolate, Maltesers and Tunes.

The Mars bar is called "Milky Way" in the US and the Milky Way is called the "3 Musketeers".

Mars, Ltd. was first to introduce the Starburst line, originally known as Opal Fruits.

External link

• Mars Inc. corporate web site

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars, Incorporated."

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Mars, Pennsylvania

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mars is a borough located in Butler County, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 1,746.

Geography

Mars is located at 40°41'48" North, 80°0'44" West (40.696594, -80.012205)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.2 km² (0.4 mi²). 1.2 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,746 people, 687 households, and 395 families residing in the borough. The population density is 1,498.1/km² (3,906.5/mi²). There are 715 housing units at an average density of 613.5/km² (1,599.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 98.68% White, 0.46% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.23% from two or more races. 0.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 687 households out of which 25.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 42.4% are non-families. 38.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 24.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.16 and the average family size is 2.89. In the borough the population is spread out with 18.6% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 33.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 70.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 64.2 males. The median income for a household in the borough is $33,073, and the median income for a family is $46,136. Males have a median income of $34,083 versus $26,080 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $17,701. 9.3% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.8% are under the age of 18 and 14.4% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mars, Pennsylvania."

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Operation Mars

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Operation Mars was a World War II strategic offensive launched in the winter of 1942 by Soviet forces against a German salient in the vicinity of Moscow. Though in fact a more important offensive in STAVKA planning than the near-simulataneous Operation Uranus, today Operation Mars is virtually unknown, thanks largely to Soviet efforts to expunge this disastrous defeat from historical accounts of East Front fighting.

Casualties

• Soviet: 500,000 men, 1700 tanks
• German: 40,000 men

Resources

• Glantz, David M. Zhukov's Greatest Defeat: The Red Army's Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942 (1999). ISBN 070060944X.

External link

• Operation Mars (November-December 1942): Marshal Zhukov's Greatest Defeat

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Operation Mars."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Mars

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Synonyms within Context: Mars

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Modern Usage: Mars

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Commercial Usage: Mars

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Image Slideshow: Mars

Illustrations: Mars More pictures...

Computer Images: Mars More pictures...

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Photo Album: Mars

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	"Orrery" (movie) by Marijke van Gans. Watch Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars orbit the Sun, while the Moon orbits Earth. From inside DPGraph, click on Edit for more information.		Mars Airplane. Credit: NASA.
	Mars Microprobe Heatshield Evaluation. Credit: NASA.		Evidence for Recent Liquid Water on Mars. Credit: NASA.
	Viking 2 Image of Mars Utopian Plain. Credit: NASA.		Hubble telescope images of Mars detail a rich geologic history and provide further evidence ... Credit: NASA.
	The recently refurbished Hubble telescope obtained the sharpest view of Mars ever taken from ... Credit: NASA.		Image of the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner. Credit: NASA.
	Global mosaic of Mars. Cerberus region. Reproduced from Volume 14 of theMars Digital Image Model (MDIM) CD-ROM set. Credit: NASA.		NASA's Mars Polar Lander launches aboard an Air Force Delta II.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Mars
 

""black work"" by Tina Lorien Commentary: "Night of 27/8 . Mars is close- real close."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Use in Literature: Mars

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Non-Fiction Usage: Mars

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Speeches: Mars

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Usage Frequency: Mars

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Mars

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Derived & Related Names: Mars

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Usage in Company Names: Mars

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Mars

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