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MARGARET

Specialty Definition: MARGARET

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Specialty Definition: Maggie Simpson

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret Simpson ("Maggie") is the youngest daughter in The Simpsons household, eternally a baby. Her claim to fame is sucking on her pacifier, voiced by Matt Groening, and falling down frequently as she struggles to walk. She has spoken only one word in the normal continuity of the series, "Daddy" (voiced by Elizabeth Taylor), and no one heard it, as Homer was somewhat fuming over how Lisa's First Word wasn't "Daddy", but rather "Homer". Even when, in Lisa's Wedding, all the characters were aged so that she was a teenager, she was constantly interrupted when she was about to speak, or in the case of the last interruption by Hugh Grant, sing Amazing Grace.

Maggie however did say "Good night" in Good Night, the very first Simpsons short on the Tracey Ullman show broadcast on April 19, 1987, her voice provided by As Told By Ginger's Liz Georges and during one of the Halloween episodes, she was an Alien/Human crossbreed and had the voice of James Earl Jones. "Her" line was "This indeed is a disturbing universe", said after she chopped an axe down onto Groundskeeper Willie. There is also another ep, Flaming Moe's, where Homer thought he heard her say "Moe", and another where, "playing pat-a-cake" with the power plant's security system, a sleepless Homer thought that she had said her first words (remember that he never heard her say "Daddy", from above).

See: Characters from The Simpsons

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maggie Simpson."

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Margaret Douglas

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret Douglas
Countess of Lennox
click for larger version

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (October 8, 1515 - March 7, 1578) was the daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, (daughter of Henry VII of England and widow of James IV of Scotland)

Margaret was born at Harbottle Castle, Northumberland. Because of her nearness to the English crown, Lady Margaret Douglas was brought up chiefly at the English court in close association with the future queen Mary I of England, who remained her fast friend throughout life. She was high in the favour of her cousin, King Henry VIII of England, but was twice disgraced; first for an attachment to Lord Thomas Howard, who died in the Tower of London in 1537, and again in 1541 for a similar affair with Sir Charles Howard, brother of Queen Catherine Howard. In 1544 she married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516-1571), who was regent of Scotland in 1570-157I. During Mary's reign, the countess of Lennox had rooms in Westminster Palace; but on the accession of Elizabeth I, she moved to Yorkshire, where her home at Temple Newsam became a centre for Roman Catholic intrigue. She succeeded in marrying off her son Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, to Mary I of Scotland. In 1566 she was sent to the Tower, but after the murder of Darnley in 1567 she was released. She denounced Mary, but was eventually reconciled with her daughter-in-law. In 1574 she again aroused Elizabeth's anger by the marriage of her other son, Charles, Earl of Lennox, with Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. She was sent to the Tower with Lady Shrewsbury, but was pardoned after her son's death in 1577. Her diplomacy largely contributed to the future succession of her grandson, James VI of Scotland, to the English throne.

The Lennox jewel, made for Lady Lennox as a memento of her husband, was bought by Queen Victoria in 1842.

Updated from 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret Douglas."

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Margaret I of Denmark

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret I Queen of Denmark and Norway, Regent of Sweden (1353 - October 28, 1412) was born in Vordingborg Castle, the daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark. She married, at the age of ten, King Haakon VI of Norway, who was son to Magnus II of Sweden.

Her first act after her father's death in (1375) was to procure the election of her infant son Olaf as king of Denmark. Olaf died in 1387, having in 1380 also succeeded his father; and in the following year Margaret, who had ruled both kingdoms in his name, was chosen regent of Norway and Denmark. She had already given proofs of her superior statesmanship by recovering possession of Schleswig from the Holstein counts, who had held it absolutely for a generation, and who now received it back indeed as a gift (by the compact of Nyborg 1386), but under such stringent conditions that the Danish crown got all the advantage of the arrangement. By this compact, moreover, the chronically rebellious Jutish nobility lost the support they had hitherto always found in Schleswig-Holstein, and Margaret, free from all fear of domestic sedition, could now give her undivided attention to Sweden, where the mutinous nobles were already in arms against their unpopular king, Albert of Mecklenburg.

At a conference held at Dalaborg Castle, in March 1388, the Swedes were compelled to accept all Margaret's conditions, elected her "Sovereign Lady and Ruler", and engaged to accept from her any king she chose to appoint. On February 24 1389, Albert, who had returned from Mecklenburg with an army of mercenaries, was routed and taken prisoner at Aasle near Falköping, and Margaret was now the omnipotent mistress of three kingdoms.

Stockholm then almost entirely a German city, still held out; fear of Margaret induced both the Mecklenburg princes and the Wendish towns to hasten to its assistance; and the Baltic and the North Sea speedily swarmed with the privateers of the Viktualien brodre or Vitalianer, so called because their professed object was to revictual Stockholm. Finally the Hansa intervened, and by the compact of Lindholm (1395) Albert was released by Margaret on promising to pay 60,000 marks within three years, the Hansa in the meantime to hold Stockholm in pawn. Albert failing to pay his ransom within the stipulated time, the Hansa surrendered Stockholm to Margaret in September 1398, in exchange for very considerable commercial privileges.

It had been understood that Margaret should, at the first convenient opportunity, provide the three kingdoms with a king who was to be her nearest kinsman, and in 1389 she proclaimed her infant cousin, Eric of Pomerania, king of Norway. In 1396 homage was rendered to him in Denmark and Sweden likewise, Margaret reserving to herself the office of regent during his minority. To weld the united kingdoms still more closely together, Margaret summoned a congress of the three Privy Councils to Kalmar in June 1397; and on Trinity Sunday, on June 17, Eric was solemnly crowned king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The proposed act of union divided the three Rigsraads, but the actual deed embodying the terms of the union never got beyond the stage of an unratified draft. Margaret revolted at the clauses which insisted that each country should retain exclusive possession of its own laws and customs and be administered by its own dignitaries, as tending in her opinion to prevent the complete amalgamation of Scandinavia. But with her usual prudence she avoided every appearance of an open rupture.

A few years after the Kalmar Union, Eric, now in his eighteenth year, was declared of age and homage was rendered to him in all his three kingdoms, but during her lifetime Margaret was the real ruler of Scandinavia.

So long as the union was insecure, Margaret had tolerated the presence near the throne of "good men" from all three realms (the Rigsraad, or council of state, as these councillors now began to be called); but their influence was always insignificant. In every direction the royal authority remained supreme. The offices of high constable and earl marshal were left vacant; the Danehofer or national assemblies fell into desuetude, and the great queen, an ideal despot, ruled through her court officials acting as superior clerks. But law and order were well maintained; the licence of the nobility was sternly repressed; the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway were treated as integral parts of the Danish state, and national aspirations were frowned upon or checked, though Norway, as being more loyal, was treated more indulgently than Sweden.

Margaret also recovered for the Crown all the landed property which had been alienated during the troublous days of Valdemar IV. This so-called "reduktion", or land-recovery, was carried out with the utmost rigour, and hundreds of estates fell into the Crown.

Margaret also reformed the Danish currency, substituting good silver coins for the old and worthless copper tokens, to the great advantage both of herself and the state. She had always large sums of money to dispose of, and a considerable proportion of this treasure was dispensed in works of charity.

Margaret's foreign policy was sagaciously circumspect, in sharp contrast with the venturesomeness of her father's. The most tempting offer of alliance, the most favourable conjunctures, could never move her from her system of neutrality. On the other hand she spared no pains to recover lost Danish territory. Gotland she purchased from its actual possessors, Albert of Mecklenburg and the Livonian Order, and the greater part of Schleswig was regained in the same way.

Margaret died suddenly on board her ship in Flensburg harbour on October 28, 1412. Her sarcophagus stands behind the high altar in the cathedral of Roskilde, near Copenhagen. She had left property to the cathedral on the condition that Masses for her soul would be said regularly in all future. At the Reformation (1536) this was discontinued; however, to this day a special bell is being rung twice daily in commemoration of the Queen.

Preceded by: Olaf IV/Olaf III	List of Norwegian monarchs List of Danish monarchs	Succeeded by: Eric of Pomerania
Preceded by: Albert of Mecklenburg	List of Swedish monarchs

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret I of Denmark."

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Margaret I of Flanders

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret I of Flanders (1202-1278) was countess of Flanders from 1244 to 1278.

She was the younger daughter of Baldwin I of Constantinople, who was also count of Flanders and Hainaut, and Marie of Champagne. He left on the Fourth Crusade before she was born, and her mother left two years later, leaving Margaret and her older sister Jeanne in the guardianship of their uncle Philip of Namur.

After her mother died in 1204, and her father the next year, the now-orphaned Margaret and her sister remained under Philip's guardianship until 1208, when he gave their wardship to King Philip II of France.

In 1212 Margaret married Bouchard d'Avesnes, a prominent Hainaut nobleman. This was apparently a love match, though it was approved by Margaret's sister Jeanne, who had herself recently married. The two sisters subsequently had a falling out over Margaret's share of their inheritance, which led Jeanne to attempt to get Margaret's marriage dissolved. She alleged that the marriage was invalid, and without much inspection of the facts of the case Pope Innocent III condemned the marriage, though he did not formally annul it.

Bourchard and Margaret continued as a married couple, having 2 children, as their conflict with Jeanne grew violent and Bouchard was captured and imprisoned in 1219. He was released in 1221 on the condition that the couple separate and that Bouchard get absolution from the pope. While he was in Rome, Jeanne convinced Margaret to re-marry, this time to William of Dampierre, a nobleman from Champagne.

This situation caused something of a scandal, for the marriage was possibly bigamous, and violated the church's strictures on consangunity as well. The disputes regarding the validity of the 2 marriages and the legitimacy of her children by each husband continued for decades, becoming entangled in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1246 king Louis IX of France, acting as an arbitrator, gave the right to inherit Flanders to the Dampierre children, and the rights to Hainaut to the Avesnes children. This would seem to have settled the matter, but in 1253 problems arose again. The eldest son, John d'Avesnes was uneasy about his rights, convinced Count William II of Holland to seize Hainaut and the parts of Flanders which were within the bounds of the empire. William of Holland was, as emperor-elect, overlord for these territories, and also John's brother-in-law. A civil war followed, which ended when the Avesnes forces defeated and imprisoned the Dampierres at the Battle of Walcheren.

Preceded by: Jeanne of Flanders

Count of Flanders

Succeeded by: Guy of Dampierre

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret I of Flanders."

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Margaret I of Scotland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret, Maid of Norway (1283-1290), was queen of Scotland (1286-1290).

With the sudden death of Alexander III, Scotland was left without an obvious heir to the throne. At first, Alexander's wife Yolande declared that she was pregnant with an heir, countering the claims of two powerful nobles, Robert Bruce (father of Robert I of Scotland) and John Balliol, each of whom wanted the throne for himself. When it was discovered that Yolande was not really pregnant, it was decided that Alexander's only surviving descendant, his three-year-old great-granddaughter Margaret, would ascend to the throne under a regency of six nobles.

Margaret was the daughter of Eric II of Norway and his wife Margaret, granddaughter of Alexander III, died in childbirth. Fearing that a young and powerless queen would invite civil war between the rival claimants to the throne, the Scottish nobles appealed to Edward I of England to intervene. Eager to extend his own influence in Scotland, Edward arranged the Treaty of Birgham (1290), by which Margaret was betrothed to his son the Prince of Wales (later Edward II of England), in return for an assurance of Scottish independence (though he would serve as ward for the young queen). Margaret set sail from Norway to her new realm, but took ill during the stormy voyage and died soon after reaching the Orkney Islands. With her death, the Canmore dynasty came to an end.

In the two years that followed, Scotland was left with fourteen claimants to the throne. Once again, Edward was asked to intercede. His efforts to exert his own authority over the country eventually led to the First Scottish War of Independence.

Preceded by: Alexander III

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: John Balliol

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret I of Scotland."

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Margaret of Anjou

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret of Anjou (March 23, 1429 - August 25, 1482) was the Queen consort of Henry VI of England from 1445 to 1471.

Margaret was born in the province of Lorraine in France, the daughter of Rene I of Naples, Duke of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily. She married King Henry VI, who was eight years her senior, on April 23, 1445, at Titchfield in Hampshire.

Henry, who had more interest in religion and learning than in military matters, was not a successful king. He had reigned since he was a few months old and his actions had been controlled by regents. When he married Margaret, his mental condition was already unstable, and by the time their only son, Edward of Westminster, was born, on October 13, 1453, he had suffered a complete mental breakdown. Rumours were rife that he was incapable of fathering a child and that the new Prince of Wales was the result of an adulterous liaison on Margaret's part.

Margaret seems to have been quite mild-mannered until her husband was deposed, on March 4, 1461, by a rival claimant to the throne, Edward IV of England. She was determined to win back her son's inheritance, and fled with him into Wales and later Scotland, where she was assisted by Henry's half-brother, Jasper Tudor. Finding her way to France, she made an ally of King Louis XI of France, and at his instigation she allowed an approach from Edward's former supporter, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with his former friend and was now seeking revenge for the loss of his political influence. Warwick's daughter, Anne Neville, was married to Margaret's son, Edward, Prince of Wales, in order to cement the alliance, and Margaret insisted that Warwick return to England to prove himself, before she followed. He did so, restoring Henry VI briefly to the throne towards the end of 1470.

By the time Margaret, her son and daughter-in-law were ready to follow Warwick back to England, however, he had been defeated and killed by the returning King Edward IV, and Margaret was forced to lead her own army at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, at which they were defeated and her son was killed. Over the previous ten years, she had gained a reputation for aggression and ruthlessness, but now she was a broken spirit, imprisoned in the Tower of London until ransomed by the French king. She died on August 25, 1482, in Anjou, where she was buried.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret of Anjou."

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Margaret of Burgundy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret of York (May 3, 1446 - November 23, 1503) was the sister of Edward IV of England and wife of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. She was born at Fotheringay Castle, Northamptonshire, and died at Mechelen near Antwerp, Belgium.

William Caxton, who introduced the new art of printing into England, was a staunch Yorkist, who counted Margaret as one of his patrons. The single surviving copy of The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, his first English book, has a specially made engraving showing Caxton presenting the book to Margaret. The volume is now in the Huntington Library, San Marion, California.

Her marriage to Charles the Bold at Bruges, July 9, 1468, was a dynastic marriage that was long delayed by Charles' enemy, Louis XI of France, who entertained alternate matches for each of the partners with the royal senior line of Valois. Extravagant even by the standards of the most extravagant and cultured European court of its day, the celebrations surrounding the marriage constituted one of the undisputed pinnacles of display in the history of the court of Burgundy. Included in the wedding celebrations was the Tournament of the Golden Tree. The tournament was arranged around an elaborately detailed allegory, designed to honor Margaret.

Margaret wore a beautiful coronet (now in the treasury of Aachen Cathedral). trimmed with pearls and decorated with precious stones, and enamelled white roses for York between red, green and white enamelled letters of her name, with gold Cs and Ms, entwined with lovers' knots.

The parades, the streets lined with tapestry hung from houses, the feasting, the masques and allegorical entertainments, the jewels, impressed all observers as the marriage of the century. It is annually reenacted today at Bruges for tourists.

Later, following the deaths of her brothers, Edward IV and Richard III of England, Margaret as Dowager Duchess of Burgundy became a staunch supporter of anyone who challenged Henry VII's hold on the throne of England, including Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. Although Warbeck was undoubtedly an impostor, Margaret acknowledged him as her nephew, Richard, Duke of York.

Of the many splendid manuscripts commissioned by Margaret as Duchess of Burgundy, the richest, most powerful and stylish Duchess of Europe, pride of place goes to the illuminated Visions of Tondal illuminated by Simon Marmion (now at the Getty Museum; a facsimile has been published).

External links

• Notes on the 1468 wedding, especially its music.
• Burgundian Netherlands court life, reflected in collections of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret of Burgundy."

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Margaret Thatcher

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Baroness Thatcher

Period in Office:	May 4, 1979 - November 22, 1990
PM Predecessor:	James Callaghan
PM Successor:	John Major
Date of Birth:	October 13, 1925
Place of Birth:	Grantham, England
Political Party:	Conservative Party

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven (born October 13, 1925) is a British politician, the first woman to become leader of the British Conservative Party and the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, a position she held from 1979 - 1990.

Early Career

She was born Margaret Hilda Roberts on October 13, 1925, in the town of Grantham, the daughter of a grocer. Educated at Somerville College, Oxford, she studied chemistry and worked as a research chemist. After marrying Denis Thatcher in 1951, she returned to study law and later briefly worked as a tax lawyer. Her twin children, Carol and Mark were born in 1953.

She was elected to the British House of Commons in 1959 as the Conservative MP for Finchley, North London. Later, as Minister of Education and Science under Edward Heath, she was forced to administer a cut in the Education budget. She decided that abolishing free milk in schools would be less harmful than other measures. Nevertheless, this provoked a storm of public protest, earning her the nickname "Maggie Thatcher, milk snatcher". After the Conservative defeat in 1974, she challenged Heath for the leadership of the party, winning the post in February 1975.

In 1976 she was dubbed "The Iron Lady" by the Russians after making a speech containing a scathing attack on the Soviet Union. The speech declared that "The Russians are bent on world dominance" and "They put guns before butter". She took delight in the name and it soon became associated with her remarkable unwavering and steadfast personal character. She had many other nicknames such as Attilla the Hen, and The Grocer's Daughter (obviously due to her father's profession) — which led to Edward Heath being nicknamed The Grocer.

Most United Kingdom newspapers supported her, with the exception of The Daily Star, The Mirror and The Guardian, and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her press secretary, Bernard Ingham. This led to the name "Maggie" being popularised by the tabloids, which in turn led to the well-known "Maggie Out!" protest song, sung throughout that period.

Prime Minister

She led the Conservative Party to victory in the general election, forming a government on May 4, 1979, with a mandate to reverse Britain's perceived economic decline and to reduce the role of government. Many argue that Britain had been in a gradual relative economic decline since the late 19th century and that this worsened considerably during the 1970s. She was a philosophic soulmate with Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980 in the United States, and to a lesser extent Brian Mulroney, who was elected around the same time in Canada. It seemed for a time that conservatism might be the dominant political philosophy in the major English-speaking nations for years to come.

During Thatcher's years as prime minister, unemployment rose sharply, doubling during her first term, reaching 3 million in 1982. It was not to start declining again until mid-1986. Since the mid-1990s, Britain has consistently had lower unemployment than most of continental Europe. Thatcher's supporters claim this is the result of her structural reform of the labour market, though this is disputed by many left-leaning commentators.

Her political and economic philosophy emphasised free markets and entrepreneurialism. The economic policy of her government was predominantly monetarist, emphasising control of inflation as a primary economic goal.

She is widely remembered in the UK for her government's antipathy to the Trade Union movement -- trade unions were much more powerful in the 1970s, and Thatcher did much to reduce their influence on British industry.

Thatcher's pro-American stance and her acceptance of US nuclear Cruise missiles on British soil, coupled with her equanimity over the US bombing raid on Libya from bases in Britain, helped bolster Western confidence after the failed detente of the late 1970s. However, it did nothing to improve her relationship with the leftist British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Thatcher's popularity received an unexpected boost from the Falkland Islands War. In 1982 the military dictatorship of Argentinian forces invaded the Falkland Islands, a British colony to which Argentina laid claim as described in History of the Falkland Islands. Thatcher's government sent a force to the Falklands which defeated the Argentineans. On the back of her Falkland Islands policy, Thatcher led the Conservatives to a landslide victory in the parliamentary elections of June 1983.

Thatcher successfully confronted the trade unions during the Miners' Strike (1984 - 1985), deploying the police to prevent the movement of miners and their pickets. The radical miners, led by a socialist trade union, under the leadership of Arthur Scargill, had been in conflict with several previous governments. However, Thatcher refused to give in to their demands. Frequent battles were reported between the miners and police and the claim was often made by Thatcher's opponents that the police were being used for political purposes. The Government was able to win the dispute partly by good planning e.g. storing coal at power stations so that the economy could outlast the ability of the union militants to prolong the strike. One of the fiercest of the battles with the miners, the 1984 Battle of Orgreave, was reconstructed on June 17, 2001 by a 1,000 strong cast. [1].

Thatcher's stance on EEC, now EU, led to many disagreements with fellow members but did successfully negotiate UK rebate in 1984 after famously be quoted as saying I want my money back.

On October 11, 1984 she escaped injury when a bomb planted by the terrorist organization the Provisional Irish Republican Army exploded in Brighton's Grand Hotel during a party conference. 5 people died in the attack, including the wife of Government Chief Whip, John Wakeham. A prominent member of the Cabinet, Norman Tebbit, was injured, along with his wife, Margaret, who was left paralyzed. See: Brighton hotel bombing.

In December 1984 she visited China and signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with Deng Xiaoping on December 19, stating the basic policies of the People's Republic of China (PRC) regarding Hong Kong after the handover in 1997.

By winning the 1987 general election she became the only Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the 20th century to serve for three consecutive terms. Thatcher worked to diminish the role of the government in the economy, improve competitiveness and encourage entrepreneurship. She privatised many nationalised industries (among them British Telecom, British Gas, BP, British Airways, British Steel, the water industry, and the electricity industry), aiming to greatly improve their efficiency. Although she cut the budgets of many social programmes, overall public spending as a fraction of GDP remained roughly stable or increased slightly.

In 1989 Thatcher introduced a tax on individuals, (the "community charge") that became known as the poll tax. This was an attempt to reform the widely criticized and antiquated local tax system (Rates) by replacing the previous tax on housing with a simple per-person flat rate. However, the perceived inequitable nature of a flat rate was widely disliked among the British public and resulted in people going to jail to avoid payment on principle, mass demonstrations and, finally, a number of riots. This political misjudgment was a major setback for the Thatcher government. However Thatcher also brought about major changes in the ownership of council housing that initially spread her popularity to many former Labour voters.

One of her final acts in office was to pressure US President George H. W. Bush to deploy troops to the Middle East to drive Saddam Hussein's army out of Kuwait. Bush was somewhat aprehensive about the plan, but Thatcher famously told him that this was "no time to go wobbly!"

Fall from power

In 1989 she was first challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party, by Sir Anthony Meyer, a previously unremarkable backbench MP from North Wales, who was viewed as a "stalking horse" candidate for more prominent members of the party. Thatcher easily defeated Meyer's challenge, but he received a surprisingly large number of votes from his colleagues who feared for their seats at the next election if Thatcher's policy on the community charge was not changed. This was viewed as a warning to Thatcher, one she failed to heed.

In 1990 controversy over Thatcher's policies on taxation, her handling of the economy, her perceived arrogance and her reluctance to commit Britain to economic integration with Europe resulted in a more substantial challenge to her leadership. She resigned on November 22, after the first round of a leadership challenge initiated by Michael Heseltine, and was replaced as party leader and Prime Minister by John Major.

Although the introduction of the community charge had marked a significant increase in the opposition to Margaret Thatcher, substantial opposition to Margaret Thatcher had already been running for some years prior to her actual resignation, and in 1985 Oxford University had refused her an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for education. [1]

Legacy

Many United Kingdom citizens remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard that Margaret Thatcher had resigned and what their reaction was. She brings out strong responses in people. Some people credit her with rescuing the British economy from the stagnation of the 1970s and admire her committed radicalism on social issues; others see her as authoritarian, egotistical and responsible for the dismantling of the Welfare State. Britain was widely seen as the sick man of Europe in the 1970s, and some argued that it would be the first developed nation to return to the status of a developing country. In the 1990s, Britain emerged with a comparatively healthy economy, at least by previous standards.

In 1992 she become Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven and entered the House of Lords. In addition, Denis Thatcher, her husband, was given a Baronetcy, which is a rare kind of hereditary knighthood. He became Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt. This assured that Margaret Thatcher's son, Mark, would inherit a title. Sir Denis died on June 26th 2003.

Since leaving power, she has made many speaking engagements around the world. However, in March 22, 2002 she was told by her doctors to make no more public speeches on health grounds, having suffered several small strokes which left her in a very frail state. Since then she visited Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York (in 2003), and compared his offices to those of Winston Churchill's War Room.

"Margaret Thatcher" is an anagram of "That great charmer", a phrase whose aptness has caused a great deal of debate. A clear illustration of the divisions of opinion over Thatcher's leadership can be found in recent television polls: Thatcher appears at Number 16 in the 2002 List of "100 Greatest Britons" (sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public), alongside such other greats as David Beckham, Aleister Crowley and Johnny Rotten; she also appears at Number 3 in the 2003 List of "100 Worst Britons" (sponsored by Channel Four and also voted for by the public), narrowly missing out on the top spot, which went to Tony Blair.

See also:

• Thatcherism
• Euroscepticism

External links

• The Thatcher Era - Written on the 10th anniversary of her resignation on November 22
• The George H. W. Bush Library - 22 November, 1990 - President George H. W. Bush talks about Thatcher resignation
• On This Day 22 November - New York Times marks Thatcher's resignation

Books

• The Downing Street Years by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 1993)
• The Path to Power by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 1995)
• Statecraft by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 2002)
• Thatcher for Beginners by Peter Pugh and Paul Flint (Icon Books, 1997) ISBN 1874166536
• Britain Under Thatcher by Anthony Seldon & Daniel Collings (Longman, 1999)
• One of Us by Hugo Young (Macmillan, 1989)
• Mrs Thatcher's Revolution by Peter Jenkins (Jonathon Cape 1987, Reissued Pan 1989)

Preceded by: James Callaghan

Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

Followed by: John Major

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret Thatcher."

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Margaret Tudor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489 - November 24,1541), the daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, was a notable figure in 16th century Scottish and English history. She was born on November 28, 29 or 30, 1489 at the Palace of Westminster.

She married three times: The first time to James IV of Scotland, and their child became James V. The second time to Archibald Douglas 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter Margaret Douglas was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley who married Mary Queen of Scots and fathered James VI of Scotland. The third time to Henry Stuart Lord Methven.

She died of 'palsy' at Methven Castle, Perthshire. She was buried at the Carthusian Abbey of St John, Perth.

External link

• A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time: http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1500.htm

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret Tudor."

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Margaret, Alabama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Margaret is a town located in St. Clair County, Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 1,169.

Geography

Margaret is located at 33°40'33" North, 86°28'4" West (33.675957, -86.467641)¹. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 24.1 km² (9.3 mi²). 24.1 km² (9.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.21% water.

Demographics

As of the census² of 2000, there are 1,169 people, 401 households, and 326 families residing in the town. The population density is 48.6/km² (125.8/mi²). There are 457 housing units at an average density of 19.0/km² (49.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 65.18% White, 32.59% Black or African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 401 households out of which 41.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% are married couples living together, 16.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% are non-families. 16.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.92 and the average family size is 3.26. In the town the population is spread out with 31.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $30,147, and the median income for a family is $32,019. Males have a median income of $28,798 versus $16,855 for females. The per capita income for the town is $13,764. 15.9% of the population and 14.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 16.9% are under the age of 18 and 13.1% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Margaret, Alabama."

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Marguerite de Valois

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Marguerite de Valois (1553 - 1615), "Queen Margot" of France and Navarre.

Born Marguerite Valois at the Royal Château in Saint-Germain-en-Laye on May 14, 1553 and nicknamed Margot by her brothers, she was the daughter of Henri II and Catherine de Medici. Three of her brothers became kings of France: François II , Charles IX and Henri III.

Her sister Elizabeth (b. April 2, 1545) became the third wife of King Philip II of Spain. Although Margot loved Henri, Duke of Guise, her ambitious mother would never allow the House of Guise any chance of controlling France. Instead, she offered to marry Margot to Philip II's son Don Carlos but that did not work out and Margot was made to marry another Henri (the future Henri IV), the son of the Protestant Queen of Navarre, a marriage that was designed to reunite the family ties and create harmony between the two clashing religions. Although Henri's mother, Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, opposed the marriage, many of her nobles supported it, and the marriage was arranged.

On August 18, 1572, Margot married Henri. The groom, a Huguenot, remained outside the church for much of the wedding. It was reported that during the ceremony, the bride and groom stared straight ahead, never looking at each other. When the Cardinal asked Marguerite if she willingly took Henri to be her lawfully wedded husband, she did not answer; so King Charles IX, placed a hand on his sister's head, compelling her to nod in agreement.

Just six days after the wedding, on St Bartholomew's Day, Catherine de Medici orchestrated the slaughter by French Catholics of thousands of Huguenots, a massacre of such brutality that even Russia's Ivan the Terrible condemned it.

After the marriage and turmoil, Henri escaped Paris back to Navarre, leaving behind his wife. Under the control of her brother the king, Margot became a virtual prisoner in her own home. Finally granted permission to return to her husband, for the next three and a half years Margot and her husband lived a scandalous life in Pau. Both openly kept lovers and quarrelled frequently. After an illness in 1582, Marguerite returned to her brother's court in France. The beautiful and strong-minded Margot took many lovers, notably Joseph Boniface de La Molle and Bussy d'Amboise. In 1586, she was confined to the castle of Usson, in Auvergne, where she spent eighteen years. In 1592 negotiations began to dissolve her marriage to Henri IV. It would take seven years, but they were concluded in 1599 with an agreement that allowed her to maintain the title of queen. Her ex-husband would become one of France's most beloved monarchs.

During this time Queen Margot wrote her memoirs, which were published in 1658, years after her death. These writings consisted of a succession of stories relating to the reigns of brothers Charles IX, Henri III and her former husband, Henri IV that scandalized the population.

In the end, with her beauty fading, she lived in poverty hounded by creditors to the point of selling all of her jewels. Queen Margot died in Paris on May 27, 1615, and is buried in the Chapel of the Valois.

Alexandre Dumas's Queen Margot is a fictionalized account of the events surrounding Margot's marriage to Henri.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Marguerite de Valois."

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Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

HRH The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (Margaret Rose Windsor) (August 21, 1930 - February 9, 2002) was the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Their parents were the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

Margaret fell in love with an RAF pilot and Battle of Britain hero, Peter Townsend, who was some years her senior. Townsend was divorced; had Margaret married him, she would have had to forfeit her place in the line of succession. Although she was only third in line to the throne, Margaret took advice from the Archbishop of Canterbury and senior politicians, and decided not to marry him, making a public announcement to this effect in October, 1955.

In 1960, she married photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, in a glittering ceremony, the first "modern" royal wedding thanks to the wider availability of television in the UK. In honor of his Welsh descent, her husband was created 1st Earl of Snowdon -- he was a son of Ronald Owen Lloyd Armstrong-Jones and his first wife, Anne Messel, later Countess of Rosse -- and, for the duration of her life, Margaret officially was known as HRH The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. They had two children, David Armstrong Jones, aka Viscount Linley, and Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, before getting divorced in 1978.

Margaret was well-known for being active in high-society circles, but was also involved in causes such as children's rights and supporting the arts. However, it was her indiscretions that always made headline news. She spent much of her spare time on the Caribbean island of Mustique, and had a relationship with a younger man, Roddy Llewellyn. (The revelation of this relationship led to her divorce; in reality her marriage had ended years earlier, with the Snowdons by the late 1970s barely being on speaking terms.) This led to her conduct being questioned by the media, and she was described in the House of Commons as "this wayward woman" by anti-monarchist MP, Willie Hamilton. Suggestions were made that she should be removed from the Civil List.

Margaret never remarried, although her ex-husband did (he married Lucy Davies, formerly wife of film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg, in 1978, and had further issue, including an out-of-wedlock son with an editor of Country Life). As royal divorces became commonplace, her past record appeared less scandalous, and she was once more respected for her charity work. Ill-health, partly due to heavy smoking, affected her later years, and her last public appearances were made in a wheelchair.

A 2003 ITV programme¹ claimed that Margaret had had a two-year sexual relationship with American socialite Sharman Douglas (1929-1996), the daughter of Lewis W. Douglas, a United States Ambassador to the Court of St James (Britain). (Douglas, a mining and chemicals heiress who was briefly married to importer Anthony Hay from 1968 to 1977, reportedly confirmed the youthful liaison.) It further suggested that Margaret and her husband were potential targets for blackmail of Russian Spy Eugene Ivanov, whose affair with Christine Keeler (who was also having an affair with War Minister John Profumo) helped destabilise the government of Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan. The programme also said that Princess Margaret developed a crush on Rolling Stones lead singer Mick Jagger and used cocaine. Though long rumoured, these allegations had not been published and broadcast in such detail before. The statement that she had a relationship with comedian and actor Peter Sellers was long known, having been confirmed by his family.

See also: British Royal Family

Footnote

¹ Margaret: The Secret Princess, first broadcast on ITV February 10 2003.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom."

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Saint Margaret

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Several Saints Margaret exist:

• Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque
• Saint Margaret of Cortona
• Saint Margaret of England
• Saint Margaret of Scotland
• Saint Margaret the Virgin
• Saint Margaret the Widow

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint Margaret."

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Saint Margaret of Scotland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Saint Margaret of Scotland (circa 1045 - 1093), Edgar Atheling's sister, married King Malcolm Canmore

The daughter of the English prince Edward the Exile or "Edward Outremer", son of Edmund Ironside, Margaret was probably born in Hungary. Her mother was Agatha (kinswoman of Gisela, the wife of St. Stephen of Hungary). When her uncle, King Edward the Confessor, died in 1066, she went to England where her brother, Edgar Atheling, had decided to make a claim to the English throne. After the conquest of England by the Normans, the widowed Agatha decided to leave Northumberland with her children and return to the Continent, but a storm drove their ship to Scotland where they sought the protection of King Malcolm Canmore. The marriage of Malcolm and Margaret soon took place and was followed by several invasions of Northumberland by the Scottish king, probably in support of the claims of his brother-in-law Edgar. These, however, had little result beyond the devastation of the province.

Far more important were the effects of this alliance upon the history of Scotland. A considerable portion of the old Northumbrian kingdom had been reduced by the Scottish kings in the previous century, but up to this time the English population had little influence upon the ruling element of the kingdom. Malcolm's marriage undoubtedly improved the condition of the English to a great extent, and under Margaret's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I, the Scottish court practically became anglicized.

Margaret died on 16 November, 1093, four days after her husband and her eldest son Edward, who were killed in an invasion of Northumberland. She rebuilt the monastery of Iona, and was canonised in 1251 by Pope Innocent IV on account of her great benefactions to the Church.

The Roman Catholic church marks the feast of Saint Margaret of Scotland on 10 June.

See Chronicles of the Picts and Scots (Edinburgh, 1867) edited 1876, by W. F. Skene; and W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh).

Original text from 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

''Acta SS., II, June, 320; CAPGRAVE, Nova Legenda Angliae (London, 1515), 225; WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, Gesta Regum in P.L., CLXXIX, also in Rolls Series, ed. STUBBS (London, 1887-9); CHALLONER, Britannia Sancta, I (London, 1745), 358; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 10 June; STANTON, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887), 544; FORBES-LEITH, Life of St. Margaret. . . (London, 1885); MADAN, The Evangelistarium of St. Margaret in Academy (1887); BELLESHEIM, History of the Catholic Church in Scotland, tr. Blair, III (Edinburgh, 1890), 241-63.''

• Article from University of Pittsburg
• newadvent.org article
• Article from an individual's page

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint Margaret of Scotland."

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Modern Usage: MARGARET

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Commercial Usage: MARGARET

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Image Slideshow: MARGARET

Photos: MARGARET More pictures...

Illustrations: MARGARET More pictures...

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Photo Album: MARGARET

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Margaret McCalla of NOAA cleans trash off the beach at Ft. McHenry, MD. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.		Margaret Davis and Harry Husch shop in the International section of Giant Foods in Dumfries, VA. Credit: USDA.
	The new lilac cultivar named Betsy Ross, released by Margaret Pooler of the U.S. National Arboretum, has fragrant white flowers and tolerates powdery mildew. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Margaret Pooler..		New Chinese redbud cultivar named Don Egolf, released by Margaret Pooler of the U.S. National Arboretum. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Margaret Pooler..
	[Army Nurse Lt. Margaret M. Strong, at work in laboratory]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		[Senator Pat McNamara and Margaret C. Schweinhaut in the Clinical Center Lobby]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Is christened by author Margaret Mitchell (Mrs. John R. Marsh), during launching ceremonies at the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company shipyard, Kearny, New Jersey, 6 September 1941. Credit: NAVY.		Scene on the ship's fantail, during her commissioning ceremonies at the New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N.Y., 24 December 1941. Standing in the foreground are (left to right): Captain Samuel P. Jenkins, Commanding Officer; Rear Admiral Adolphus Andrews; Margaret Mitchell (Mrs. John R. Marsh), ship's Sponsor; Captain Harold V. McKittrick; and Rear Admiral Edward J. Marquart. Credit: NAVY.
	Not Ellen but Margaret, with fear in her face and tired eyes, alone. Credit: Library of Congress.		Then she ushered Margaret into the room where Marie was sitting. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: MARGARET
 

"Stop" by Zoltan Szalay Commentary: "Red lamp in the tunnel at Margaret bridge, Budapest."	"BS 00" by Lucien Aréstegüi Commentary: "BIO STRUCTURE 00 Model: Margaret Patera Candid shots of her sleeping =)."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: MARGARET

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Use in Literature: MARGARET

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Non-Fiction Usage: MARGARET

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Spoken Usage: MARGARET

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Speeches: MARGARET

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Usage Frequency: MARGARET

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: MARGARET

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Derived & Related Names: MARGARET

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Cities: MARGARET

INDEX

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